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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 t; p) |1 `# {* c0 x6 r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( ?* L% H2 B1 q( yExposure to Testosterone8 s& s; R! r+ h# {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: }/ C9 E; p: [- l# z: r: H' b4 Band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 E+ U% m5 Q5 H( [
Clinical Pediatrics
5 z3 L; a& a7 C' TVolume 46 Number 68 _) [5 w U6 p$ h+ i: H
July 2007 540-5438 p& P, b' r7 u% d$ ?1 l' J
© 2007 Sage Publications
# z) I2 b( \& r- G10.1177/00099228062966512 J$ q. M- Z4 B3 d9 q7 V1 b
http://clp.sagepub.com* v' O& f* s* c% H) g
hosted at
5 s8 A* ]* {; D+ Yhttp://online.sagepub.com
# b0 \, q4 o# |3 I0 k, D/ yPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 j$ o! y- j. C6 e0 Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central( |! p6 q4 o' L1 ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) m# i/ }. g2 ], a l! h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 {6 q3 ?% v4 I) m% y* _+ }- W8 O" L
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( d2 w: p" o" i% C; dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* e# T$ n: n' v F! s4 x0 Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 Z* s; M3 @7 U8 X' l9 o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ z8 A1 R2 o. {' }9 pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ r/ b2 q* M. x7 ]% creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! e+ R* n r; o3 A X' tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ g% M6 m5 b; Hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 Q& v* o, l6 q4 ^: X( Pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! t1 Y4 q6 |' [2 r: ~) c# Hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. a" d1 _2 x5 H/ C, B- `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, y4 x( g0 h( k- U Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 s, C+ d2 i( Ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. P' ^# h e9 G. C% b" Obly more common than the rare case report in the
9 Z$ u$ f/ o1 ]% s9 L% Iliterature.43 R/ n' U/ z6 S3 @7 f
Patient Report
8 k' P: s' a1 Z* O+ S, ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ b7 M0 z1 h% Y1 {. Y" k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) c" G& [/ j$ n" ~; Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed% N9 v% O) r# c
light colored pubic hair development when he was
0 L( l# L* j x+ DFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. T9 e9 {3 w1 o6 S5 p4 }0 T0 j+ s
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" H6 ?* s. Q5 `" G/ \2 y, f4 e6 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& R3 h$ t5 D! U9 K6 V9 e) z5 x9 zProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ ~5 R$ [, h0 Y9 Z+ l% P2 gMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 A) ^" q' _. a$ D& i2 Z' ?9 [
e-mail: [email protected].( J4 e) Z+ c& b3 U$ ?5 a) ~8 \& [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; {; S. F; Q# j! _# P; E* V1 o
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# F: F& o4 B) ]0 m9 _% `; T' f( M; Cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; O( {' h# }0 i2 s5 f) k$ Lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! @9 i. S4 `9 y0 U
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# w9 H' e0 ]8 T4 n/ q# H0 N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) Z E( X2 p! c/ V2 ~" Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# Z8 X: N- f& ^$ esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 M- K4 e' d, E ?4 s! Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' ]9 W( ?: ^ Z' s) L( b4 l
was age appropriate.' |5 n D; \ S; U9 V" g
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 j# l0 K4 l- r* Z- U/ h; q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( _1 c* y. Q% {4 k. P z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, T% f) ]3 U8 R+ Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) A$ D% `" w8 W# x9 ]0 s& |, V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. U4 `' s6 u. F. UThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! } P3 F+ {' n8 Y Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; V- W1 ?& `6 Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 s1 `9 a% u- y# Q a E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" B* T% {- I/ [ Q* \/ dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! L2 }' h7 ?% ~# u3 k; D
tives. There were no siblings.' K3 C: F D5 z' q* c5 t1 l7 G
Physical Examination
7 N, g& G: ~" F3 M( ?2 q1 O; L8 @The physical examination revealed a very active,# U5 y7 [" O* G6 ~( B! W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 h- J8 u0 J) y$ |+ Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 k' l, Z; ^8 X7 Q: T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( Q% s. D5 O$ N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" ~' |0 k! |" y: |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 D) P6 y! J, H7 u, O& q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- M- q, `6 e7 w' H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 _$ E j/ |+ P8 v* c# Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, V- X/ P% s( R2 K4 b: H: ?4 m- \* R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: z( V" k1 O5 y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 V" Y$ o( n5 F+ P6 d: d( ] R
540, `6 a0 q9 V1 `* R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ q$ F1 ^2 _9 {4 r* D( q" |the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. f& ]1 G. y& M: o, Q9 O
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- j- F7 _8 N7 ]8 I# a
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: {% P$ b/ h B: s* `
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 d3 @3 w5 i- V5 Z y& ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! H+ {/ y: G) U% x% K$ l) j0 sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 r8 e$ E. o ~! g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 g" v o' S% G% {1 p
of papilledema.' u% a3 C. t) H% Y5 j, V! G( s
Laboratory Evaluation* V* Y: j0 ~: R9 U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by* D9 K9 w$ ~9 L, w/ s0 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- b7 j0 P' D t/ ?logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 W) o y/ [8 s( e2 i
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: b- F, _% z& V& l
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. X2 C% ]8 @4 V) o P9 ?) L5 v- wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& I$ q5 p) I* Z7 d5 rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! W" z1 j5 [5 s1 p. Y& y9 I+ Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 w7 Y0 _0 k8 Y4 bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration5 E! ^, {# ]5 h" U( N5 d& V$ ~, k
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 _" M" [5 {. s& h- y( a W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* g! n2 X, L' [+ ~' `) {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* R; G, K+ K& T3 \ c, Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 o' O" `& u) @6 h. H( T& K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ _: H% M4 @7 \9 z- U: E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& G" h9 \' B' k+ I& \7 E P: u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 }( ]4 Z5 q+ v# j! M2 k9 btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% @# L0 Z2 m' i7 L2 V/ e! x* p/ {
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 ^/ Z/ K( j& {- |# K4 U, Q
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 J; T- C) o9 E8 T' A5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& @1 K! m3 K6 W |9 F8 y; i
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 b' |# g6 p9 `; gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) |& Q8 d T% C1 }
(prepubertal).
3 R) [) t( n5 LThe parents were notified about the laboratory
) P U% g: z8 D" E8 @; hresults and were informed that all of the tests were8 j5 |7 E9 @5 z$ Q- O7 g
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, ~4 A; {6 h2 f6 g N" k4 k. U
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& i* ~2 k0 P4 V: [5 N n) T4 Iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" h7 w2 K( n; u. [, `" ^3 wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 \* F; u8 P: ~; C, @5 R+ NPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
3 N; r9 v# A" A+ bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% F# O; A7 D0 v# L4 S; U2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, }4 V: M ?. n; V0 l/ Kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# B% m9 _1 ~0 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ m( n2 F: j2 ]- t) ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& w' X/ t$ d+ q. h u' y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 t. l$ |2 C, N3 B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- @ Y, F, X% S$ ? `, }, D/ U' z
ing frequent erections.
& W. n: h* W2 I9 `( C7 QBoth parents were again questioned about use of3 U7 }+ K0 j) Q# W) w) D9 ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 h1 `; e8 l& {5 T1 O; V0 dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# H2 k% t& }. n- Y: X+ Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- z/ K r6 ]) ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! P+ [1 h! V+ P, i+ S/ ~, B, Z2 j" g
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ G9 ~; s/ U9 t( h3 C9 Z2 ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 Y& G- i; z: ^; I+ i9 C' Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 o1 X& _3 h9 K' d% A! i# h; h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido" s+ w* Y/ g _
secondary to depression.
* S0 S4 {8 w# }+ N' v3 DThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: g1 c2 w: T. ~& UThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 D/ R r5 K) Echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ l. x% _/ ?) b; t O+ T, {4 mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. q" b/ l: j5 {. Y5 L g' d, tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ c2 x0 u. x$ J3 n' X' X
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' f7 b) L1 T5 p) z3 Y/ T# g9 d! f! r% ^. D
was high, he then read the product information
7 m+ ]: i" h6 v. B4 a/ J$ epacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. [ w" g) x( {, Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 V6 ^/ t6 \3 W: r7 Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 U4 \& E1 y. @1 I0 Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' p/ i/ r4 {0 s# o; A
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ A5 |$ c( g g. }' T7 h" b: g
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
}: ]9 p& g9 s; Y% mlaboratory to obtain the test.
& b) @! L4 n& HDiscussion- g1 i+ I* h/ }2 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 b! Z) F3 x7 Qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" b& K! T( k6 L0 H. D
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 g* Y( f( G9 Q7 \) H% @, Z- K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' j3 G7 a0 V9 {& K2 n: d( A$ g
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' g) d( x- q+ Q. Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; `, Z8 M J9 Y) q1 ~: K; _
may have a central nervous system lesion that is6 @+ F4 n" Y# c# p& G. Y5 [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 h% ~1 @( ]$ |0 {amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' l2 d; J$ ]8 ?; b1 Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 F; }9 E+ d- hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 K$ S7 ?- Z1 V) \6 lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; i: w% c4 o% M; D3 lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ K l1 g. A. U" v+ S* Kgonadotropins.1,3
( o2 ]2 @0 e) s' Q" \( ?9 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ l) c' M: E# s6 |( ]
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 c9 ^- p8 I0 Y% [7 s( }5 X7 g
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ `; E. l& m% c4 {9 O" k! ]
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* _3 u7 y- ]4 B/ o% W+ `. }" qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! ~4 I' C3 |+ h6 u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 q( z4 n' N/ W; A7 }, W
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 u e; }7 Q4 \6 I
puberty in boys.3,4* x* ]7 y7 N$ W0 a
The most common form of congenital adrenal/ V5 q5 S( n/ O* }. c- n. O. S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ P- z( d- j* M0 @5 W: d6 g
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ Z; V4 J, m6 h0 b/ j. u) L) P3 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ w" @; e4 V! {3 w
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& V" _& G- c, t5 U8 Jexcess.1,3
( ~; q( B& E4 S1 r5 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 D- @9 A5 m1 `1 c; r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- x/ c! v4 y! J8 Z0 a3 P6 RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
5 n8 l" \" n" m1 }7 ~% Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
, [# }+ g; ]" U1 i( uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 w: P0 O5 L) p6 R! v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; m4 `+ g$ A* x$ ^+ owith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: @* k9 a. h' G3 kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 d. Y* M6 F2 z9 V1 p
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ o9 N2 t8 P% o& \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 j0 U. k$ ]$ w- \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* W9 t1 x" m$ c- @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 B1 }8 y3 I6 p6 @% V* E1 ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 J* g4 w7 R) `7 x2 R4 omales; therefore, other male members of the family5 o' d6 I( q! j5 ~
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 h' ~3 O3 w, W% h: \In our patient, physical examination was incon-4 O( t- \) r6 i7 K# O y( H" N* }7 i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- n( ~2 z- L9 ^$ _: b
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% m/ _: T* `# `+ N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ L$ y. q3 J0 W! z _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ | f$ `, ?4 _2 }6 x" C$ r* x0 B
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ { F4 B. j/ m' \+ e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% S, Z" x0 _! \' y3 `1 s- s
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! o4 D3 ?" p: A! Q1 p# {3 ]( f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 B: j& {( _. X' ]1 K0 c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 g' @- T% B' K' {deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) q3 Y9 ^7 X' N' J9 N; m# i Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ Q" t: g1 F$ `+ g* U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 S: q/ j9 h" W _+ q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- j* N- |' h, K# X; Bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ z1 X3 C; x% {/ \" \+ }pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& w; D0 b' l9 a1 r* _( ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) N! l. a6 q2 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* I/ S: [% l0 Z! q" b U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" J1 y0 `! Q; T7 H2 [( MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. g: U0 k! _! M2 r/ C- Tcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 K2 M" q N$ B+ T! U( L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, G1 o2 o/ h; F$ g; F* tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. Z+ Y* y9 a. n$ y- q" @( A
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, `: }8 ~0 M# R5 u# s6 v! teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: B9 _. t4 }# w/ q5 H/ d8 D
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ W5 C' ?5 v5 D0 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! r! p3 L( C# c( o
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 }3 p# U+ Z. @: [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- F7 `" t# t( s! S* V+ p# W7 ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# e# L4 c4 g/ ^" v" Sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ A# e4 s# i2 d1 `active in young children exposed to testosterone& L! X( ~6 D, L* z# v8 }& x
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' p- ^6 d8 o# P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! J; S6 H. e" w* m, }2 O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- Q, `, q, n2 d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; s4 ?8 K' ]' |6 n: B5 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ a: x) v2 o' V; G& W J& K" P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ J# \ j& E6 z7 ]. bearly childhood on pubertal development and final t% h3 n; f0 E6 I+ j8 [4 E% X
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, @* q* t( U6 Q6 S, f( va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: n- S! s K F
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 L* e r5 I& Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- K/ {" S: \' O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, N C! t/ d% ~/ E# Ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 }' f$ o: M3 B; P- H: {. L
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 c$ L; l! d) f3 {' Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 x, z' ?* B" E' P8 ]+ s) s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; m. i% Y2 w5 Q$ Qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, k4 q; R/ ]% h' Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% a4 H0 i+ H6 ^5 |( @ ~
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 H2 i) U, w# U9 n- g) }2 g3 J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 Z7 G# G# R. E* U" L! m! Jpenile length in clinical studies.+ _, g ~7 e, T: d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' w/ Z. v- N x4 h) N& L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; Q, M c, V7 @/ Q" ?testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% @' {( p- n* j$ Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 B4 r S2 R2 pAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
* m: S2 s) B, {$ V1 k0 u7 q7 T' ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( s' d# q2 @& _the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 N0 b9 Y, u# B1 z) P6 u3 `0 V, nheight will not be affected.2 J( {- e( p1 f* [+ P
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail- _+ S. W& Z9 F
ability of androgen products in our society may
) E- Q# O8 o4 O* iindeed cause more virilization in male or female: E/ b+ v5 @4 [% T. E
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. z$ M5 P+ d) V+ dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" l& b+ `: a& S# W# P/ ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' t# n$ E- J1 T: ?6 E: Bgel should be asked of the family members during
- T/ D# }# X/ l0 \& ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; L4 m1 [: R+ A X( Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 [3 ^/ C$ P f* Snosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! b' P( {7 L+ G* `( u' q/ Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ E, H2 I3 S& ^' f- I; p# b4 s* m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! J6 m- M R, i( l7 oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" L- Y; `& t. H, }' Y$ x0 Q/ Z8 ~& N( D
investigation. The primary care physician should be' l/ a7 E' m# j& F
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 m L) `# @$ ^7 hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; C% B8 {' t" ?- d& R
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! [! x8 k/ m3 ? Q' x, p! V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( ~$ r4 K3 f. ]7 Yfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 c. V. r3 M7 G1 K% l7 x' [' H" K
one using any of these products.
' ~/ F7 f" Q8 M3 s9 uReferences
8 a# U, J+ y K q1 s0 t9 d1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: ~/ ~) P0 D$ {
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
u P+ g' ^# [+ N" B* cEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 {% r0 D5 j/ V3 Z( P9 B# ^/ t! n
2002: 565-628.8 M" a+ I0 b6 m- P3 S: [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& D) ^5 Z+ G @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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