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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ C; v" v8 {! Q1 D/ g& o
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ g. m# R1 {, H0 B, HExposure to Testosterone
% K; {3 h, w' z gSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ ?9 }1 v$ ^! sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 o% v- f: f+ K
Clinical Pediatrics
; E7 ~, y0 _$ Q/ UVolume 46 Number 6
2 e. _6 q: w( K, h$ bJuly 2007 540-5439 c) V! Y9 u! [% \. {- ]
© 2007 Sage Publications
: {3 K2 _! W# _3 {; E; e, G& d10.1177/0009922806296651" y5 W2 a8 b. ~! I
http://clp.sagepub.com9 a# A$ y9 K$ ~) v, T }( e
hosted at
2 j/ F. d6 y" k7 `7 h! fhttp://online.sagepub.com. }1 l V) q) }2 t7 W! ]% X+ ^5 R
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" S& o& o- J# u0 f, e! l% \0 `) jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
% B$ H# R0 b/ q% @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' D) u9 D. I; y/ s( Y5 t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ l" b7 H8 {& u* n, f) t1 q7 O3 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( n# f! A: @. wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 O3 S' {! N6 v9 o) ^, Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 y, A4 k4 `6 e: e* [1 `( K! b8 {
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( O; P# g" W- Y" \$ L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# I2 J6 [$ z2 {- _8 Z% Y* }
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; C) F d+ |$ v6 |( \& n1 qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: y! r( X# I6 ~" u- x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" u& a& }/ U/ y; J
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 o: _: `/ s' P; C' h, lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ D1 X% }/ f* p; [8 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# H4 T; {( p1 w
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& B" [+ C; y9 S7 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
h% r. I: t& X% Tbly more common than the rare case report in the
, Q0 L: b' Z0 z q) Bliterature.4
9 D, x6 D5 a( Q3 t/ p/ {$ T: JPatient Report B" W; L1 h$ Z- ^# Z4 b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 z1 a) j$ q+ T) V( X3 X, Qendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ v" A1 O$ O* P/ y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% |$ C( @2 O" S1 s% H, tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! _' m& M$ p8 c k" oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( V. E% ^) u- ^5 H9 e: G; b# ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- D4 \7 k4 R5 |6 F( R! dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! y) f+ l% H2 @& |, O6 D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ o$ @4 b9 x. s8 a* fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ _8 j# T ?. {2 Z# d) he-mail: [email protected].$ \$ I, ~0 B5 ^; {* T
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 ~8 W4 |3 _. ^. V7 t' I
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; u" @6 I0 L8 s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 V) {# f# Y" B) R1 {! x' R4 iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" @. R- a9 r% A6 S$ }2 \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. T5 S S4 P) [, _, `
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; C% a. P* _9 bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) z+ H, Q5 X9 m+ Z* B, fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 l& X( r- a) [* q% h
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 B) K% t; L5 q& Q5 ^4 J
was age appropriate.
6 \* t5 ^5 Q. a6 v; _The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 M5 ?8 A: M) |- G* T u, W) _who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 f1 V" C+ t" M7 d2 \+ Wwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* w" P; m4 n# l9 J, J2 M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& Z9 |2 Q/ Z- \8 V5 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ m# ^7 a9 v+ R8 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! v8 h( R) f8 b3 xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ M2 [ k4 Q, b6 B! t/ ^+ cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ X" A8 r+ y! r0 A3 v8 [* r7 V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 U* q/ y) Q2 f4 \$ Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 S0 {; M: d! r9 r) I7 K1 k% btives. There were no siblings.
0 p" K8 `$ U% IPhysical Examination# r3 Y3 E3 C. }8 E3 Q* L
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 W/ \ c; ]+ X2 [. e6 {" h% ?
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 u& e4 Q5 ^2 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. E' y& l/ H2 R' ~5 ^90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ g9 o. c; @9 d t) i6 B(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' d5 \' j2 c( s/ E* C2 J7 B) {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 U, u* e R$ u, { ~* M$ Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 D# w* B6 ~: E Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 c N9 R1 {; G3 ]1 m: R
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 [' R1 j8 ?5 a/ Q; R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 r6 {$ k1 b, [1 T% Ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" ]! W/ W" I( V- V: d
540
" X* q- J% k: B3 p0 v. |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* q) i1 u0 E# p( }5 F( e; ?% bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 o' R% r! Q1 J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 P, e( k# c5 W6 Y) k# A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ x5 e" u8 S1 M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 y* f' t" D3 ^% C& T+ o+ A4 Yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- _( R, w7 b/ ?4 _7 e
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ M# I% ?/ o1 t& |# D, A- E- lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" E$ H2 W# G# k. f) ]) ~, A, Nof papilledema.0 Z; S& ~6 n( O; U& |
Laboratory Evaluation$ x) _# S# r N5 R/ N# E4 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% A$ @! R& F5 Dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" B4 t5 a3 V: E; n+ R6 g' z# g
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: Z, K* O* h5 l' Q) N1 v% y0 wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 L( k! Z! q' D& R' Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! N% Z2 G2 x0 i% e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& S! N+ b, Z7 \3 A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ A5 ?9 ~. e! y0 I; v# W: Y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* p w* g% K3 x" M6 t9 M
within normal range for his age. The concentration+ k( O. ]+ Q E6 \4 p
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 B2 u2 P L' ?5 ^5 Z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ n' g3 U# h; X& a( A% E8 G5 Tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 a! I/ F0 P# l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 c6 V& J( h/ @- idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# d! `. @8 \ ]3 H X$ W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 h" b! ~; J. @4 S7 r: S3 Q& y( f
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' L4 G7 Q$ }5 R* D) O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total _6 ~6 l' I: |* R3 s9 n
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: J* E! c4 i2 l
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 a/ b A# v& p: h: Y$ f; d/ S
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 r! p% T: w! J
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
u! z* l: ~9 Q. I6 i& E4 Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 Y8 }1 Z' Y; s5 y
(prepubertal).8 s1 G0 [; ?5 u; W* i
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! W. }. K1 t; c+ m8 {2 _/ | {results and were informed that all of the tests were2 M- g! u( }4 ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 ] n j5 k/ j3 C. W, rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* P. N. O: G6 k% b. x0 c
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ ~: H( W& V7 D3 d5 b2 l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 [: N& _; [+ T" g4 s5 l, ?" M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; z! n0 \) r! T7 J5 X2 |9 _& \- r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 U9 b" f+ o) M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 R7 N# A0 C5 W: Y A2 l9 k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. ^& k& a! m5 N" J6 J% ?
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% C) ]( T ]# d5 t. ~8 d# T2 }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 Z0 ]8 h5 T6 A" t1 u1 mmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ @, D2 M D! c5 Q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: h) Q' `' Z1 [0 g6 M8 b( D. P. _ing frequent erections.
1 o1 E' R+ p! _6 g6 _6 c) o* G* `Both parents were again questioned about use of
* O7 j% W4 l- _- X, ~) X) Bany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& g7 H* D+ p3 x- }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 C' H7 P5 i8 L" w& C3 O
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ S) T8 @) q" D# \6 J
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- G2 w( A# a" i- }: h: c; c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' ]0 r; [5 y4 W7 z7 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: W2 l; W! a- j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre- Q/ i* ^; K/ t2 [( O. `$ z+ w) g- D
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ I N' f) M+ a( v! j, Ssecondary to depression.+ J1 C1 `2 N1 c7 c6 P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 `) G9 \) g$ v+ b- X. {The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
F" J% ]# E1 n; uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" \; B3 e0 I3 ^0 |; N7 P# T
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& I# t8 G8 x- [/ F. p7 Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,4 ~' |0 r7 i6 i3 @& {- S G/ g" ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 _/ Z; K1 Z4 Hwas high, he then read the product information
; T; q' m/ Y2 O8 L+ ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ [. m. F0 }5 z* E0 O
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 E. `9 I- Q( n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' D! ~" d- }; {7 n0 n! R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 s, `0 \7 Q7 ]5 X) l, h, H/ P. mbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 b& |" b5 k# U9 E6 atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the. \' {: R' t1 b, y, N) n
laboratory to obtain the test.9 ]! O5 P; u, L+ P0 u" n
Discussion" k$ M1 U; I; b( H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, K6 B4 c- ~4 j' `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 C$ @; Y s7 L- {/ b/ m" _5 @
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) {5 |$ U+ u8 b1 y G5 w# m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ f ^ k$ l6 r9 W K8 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# o* Y% E( I3 `8 H
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) Z1 w5 L8 E) E, b. i5 f
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* r1 b/ z- {6 H# sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ r+ c1 ]: _+ \" x2 \: X& Pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# W4 b8 s+ ]3 E& }8 F% f, c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 {( Q7 j/ h5 V n" f/ {1 f
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- v) t7 @; X( ]( x# j
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- v; z2 z! _* |3 `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' P `$ \& a8 S' e" qgonadotropins.1,3+ M% H( Y: y1 o" ]% I
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 R+ k" ?6 }1 Q& |1 Y" Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% M l+ |4 a! c8 n2 y4 Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 e% m, p2 j# O; h4 `( |; j7 B: ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 C, K6 m3 N( r$ H" E+ v9 Z6 K
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
?# N* r5 t! {8 @8 h' a# Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive h* p# e5 V* M) v5 d) z f. C( ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 b7 b( z: f, [2 d s O3 M3 qpuberty in boys.3,40 P7 _% H, I9 t3 r; @, @- i" b' c$ d
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 w0 V2 c* C# f# chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 R [3 t/ H- `' \4 z( B7 BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
; u% @; @! f( Y1 |# f0 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& P( H- [& m6 Y7 t( }$ Z9 {0 san adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 {" l9 e. x1 B a/ I9 k1 \; h# iexcess.1,3# \' V( e0 P, ?: p9 }1 J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% Y: ~8 V U; V& |2 R8 j8 r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ `7 o3 c& p/ M8 mA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 m3 ?& g( l8 T9 C; Y! O, A9 [, d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, M% l. f- b- |5 t* y& }as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 @& \ z) g8 @6 b: f5 Z Z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 T9 t: Z9 E5 O. m! h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; ^! A" ~* n9 k+ b, yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( W; O' N" e7 W @
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ M7 K8 a; \: @4 w0 nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' q9 u+ f& M+ G$ }1 o+ e4 A. F5 kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 h' d* e- a: Y4 d; o/ m8 ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 [- d1 o. \' }4 o0 S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" `9 p) m; U6 P: [6 J6 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
}: P5 M. s! b2 O I8 |& b4 V2 v* Omay have similar precocious puberty.3' e6 L/ U9 [9 K" Q! D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-% z3 I- e, M1 B [. g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 e4 Q; x/ b7 W
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: D! z. g' w% |
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# q9 w" E3 R5 Q1 N2 m0 H4 C& G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
u z- P9 H) f# r) Qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the1 V& u) s: h x# p+ {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( e; h! N, ~3 L3 x* G
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- `% l/ P* j+ g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 U( ~1 C5 N& o% a2 W; [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ [+ f4 u3 ?' x5 x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( o/ Y- {1 }# d! Y$ \9 ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- M* T* W# d% Q9 t6 f) B* fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" s) Q2 X( Z3 s# f1 J$ x- d/ B7 dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
?5 C4 m* n5 ~; Q9 U( x9 Q* `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% q/ r& g( X2 @7 ?# l8 g, U- s& l1 qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" n1 Q- g( ^4 ?, F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 \8 ~2 d# c8 e; c
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: y& M- x- g) \! B; p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" T. h+ v& i6 D0 q2 r( hDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ W% K% Y1 D2 g$ N
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 Z- U7 Z! q/ n% w
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- M0 `( C @0 U
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 n: ^$ A0 K: q' [; x" Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 M7 H& `+ u1 K( L: z% t, \even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 `* H) T8 z$ a5 r. H1 A% a8 Y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. ^; p" O" E7 L7 p& [tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented. `5 K3 y* a& g _. g8 N
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 k' q# d, A7 m' G! x8 @1 F1 @which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: n5 W- d$ t, }$ M4 ?7 b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-7 [ t) F7 D4 L9 Z" U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" P- c p x+ X2 M& t/ B
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 S; `& ~4 _+ ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy- R- P, J/ M7 Z/ x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% o4 ?7 H# O$ P8 a! u6 o- `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# L& L! V r% ? @" h- c7 i3 rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* P( c& I9 \& r" A# Tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ C+ N$ \6 A! r; WThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 j4 h5 p, |. ?8 f) n0 F! {
early childhood on pubertal development and final1 I. j% p9 u l0 r8 A
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 g) ~2 `9 ~. k: u/ t
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 T8 J- S3 t% k* v3 l; L+ c$ |
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- z" V8 x# ~" K' g4 Vacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 a4 G% ] W9 i/ ]
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 [& D5 W: D. I$ ~. h' I2 I0 h+ u0 \
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 s. }, R$ s- N( P! D" K OThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 p. z/ S2 }; x% d/ `) p% F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% E! e" S& Y3 s* F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; e. S# O9 j1 W( |/ W; Z2 p- v( e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' [' O# M9 G, Q9 W3 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) n0 i! H q; cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 z7 O @+ o: e6 P
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# S5 x0 w- z6 M: F0 npenile length in clinical studies.9 o, [" Q+ |4 M9 ]
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ d7 x4 F% [" [6 ]going to experience any of the untoward effects from. V& y7 J% g" ` ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: |1 C1 F6 n+ c* p8 U; [! h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ k. K1 z9 S, CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ G r6 k* e# }% q5 p) z6 D' Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 U U% ~! a8 g' t1 M5 Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 B: Q2 }, {- ~' L1 k- A: ]height will not be affected.2 V6 \3 g1 L2 A9 u# M" e A) j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. D$ K: ^9 ]' V M8 U+ a
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 C: p( E: P/ `- H6 l! A4 N# `4 iindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' N' s* |$ `% M6 P& _# ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
f. M* s2 b6 `5 Z7 Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
* y9 n4 A3 Y* G, D4 t5 `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 [' i. U% E3 L/ E) F9 Xgel should be asked of the family members during
7 f) H/ f$ e C" uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-! Y; q. _% e- e4 n m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" F% c* y# G8 p' bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by i3 m P9 G4 U3 `, e% }+ E+ d/ h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 l- D$ A( G3 f) H+ Y( k) Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 U) W5 r3 M, c8 p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. f9 D2 h& V7 P+ ]+ K: b. v# [& K
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 j i1 y; ^# Y0 B6 v, w% g# Q: O9 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 Y& c9 z) u e4 k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' s0 I# ^) ` X. [$ z2 ` f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% l2 Z$ [. `/ l0 O1 Y* Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% |. r" q1 T" f- Z
female child who might come in contact with some-2 h& M! l- \3 i. i/ O6 b/ `
one using any of these products.
& K% _. i8 M$ @0 s+ G& m% o2 Z" YReferences
9 x* @( r+ X G5 E1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 C5 _! R" m: {$ j& J, y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. l+ F' P) v, v; h& ~; d8 k! Z. M( a, mEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& u7 l4 q1 G# @# F. v9 m1 _
2002: 565-628.
8 e3 ? b7 d' n+ o- y$ Y- w0 j. [& j2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 F; N) V; P. v& \% p: y' Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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