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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 n$ l. D3 b p9 mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
. M" I2 ~* b* \Exposure to Testosterone9 V6 W2 V; H! s8 ]$ i
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 T6 L/ M1 l8 y7 D+ u6 @
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 }5 y, x7 |( }. {2 Q/ G$ F' o
Clinical Pediatrics
& u7 X. v' j2 r. O% f6 Y# VVolume 46 Number 6% |+ ^/ W' G6 B8 p
July 2007 540-543& M( m* Z; E6 l. E8 q
© 2007 Sage Publications0 U! D4 R3 o: v/ Z5 n2 h6 L7 k
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 r; @$ A7 G* Q+ M# phttp://clp.sagepub.com" h; P$ a% k3 b) f% X7 \* f
hosted at
4 \# a9 j, ]8 r/ w. i) X" Z5 Q; Bhttp://online.sagepub.com5 z, n+ N2 | _4 S& x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# z# k( L9 C& @5 lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ b* O& W+ Q4 u6 ~4 fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, w0 K+ r, D V* K* Z: r! n) h7 a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; M# ]* ]1 V8 \! g
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system. z5 T& |- S Z% I8 `5 P0 P, K
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ S5 y s6 } v3 H2 z2 ~
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 ~! a, r I* v( Phair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 J+ n2 @( Z. J# {5 C; N& Q2 _7 Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; c* H/ H! s& w# c' v
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 n: C j- e4 @2 a+ A# henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 Y- K% Q3 i, N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% {' l0 ~. x: x: Q6 N! l, {: y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: ?8 y- t" x" j, N- ^$ p9 T/ V
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, ^6 m3 k- D! v; D8 Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 O8 U6 ]- Q$ m7 r" T2 U! q! }) zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 h0 F! N3 f* v
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 i. R. W. Z F& ~" L9 q+ Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the# o$ F. o8 u. f5 P0 i l3 F
literature.4
; E8 e9 |/ R) l, J# @ }Patient Report
) p/ Y2 Z. l) T- \# qA 16-month-old white child was referred to the: p$ G( T' s4 d6 y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 a+ Z% U5 }8 T0 Z
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& Q) D/ }5 ]3 ?; S3 elight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 O i9 l2 z# E$ TFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 ?/ \: R/ q& B
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 U8 t" J* ?9 K/ r2 _6 R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ b+ c4 s' ?+ K1 A S3 @: C# u& VProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& Q9 \# y! [$ X# F$ L. I& g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
, h& X3 S' w: \- b4 O0 P, N) ke-mail: [email protected].' F5 p t- h" ~
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! y! U P# M) C% f/ N) edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 x- T/ l4 f" x% Mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 J. I3 l$ o8 h. p: N3 W3 Wwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 l B, L9 f; Z, X' K7 b$ a. N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
q/ D/ }) V; {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 l/ `! D$ a. ~+ I& }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& Q: i% Q' a ~0 |solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% q' D; d) q% B& R8 L' x! m& a. ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 |7 q) U0 }- y8 Gwas age appropriate.
- e+ X4 u9 M. }7 W. V; B$ KThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 |5 ]* i# U% H2 K$ Vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, d5 g1 Q3 t& P9 |$ `7 v# y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! ]9 T* ^+ N4 `/ h$ nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: H2 Y2 N% V0 E$ N& f0 X# |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! `( w+ U' H: V* U2 u
The father denied taking any other medication. The6 c2 M4 G$ _7 B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 F/ B: L( k. _- i! ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet6 h% q! V, Y5 u/ M( B: U* y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' @6 k' _5 t$ v4 M. M; Q/ lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( s* p% G% @: q- i' V
tives. There were no siblings.
9 ~# s* b0 F" @! { DPhysical Examination
& W1 y5 j; k% \* ?8 ]: O/ E+ XThe physical examination revealed a very active,
6 R7 y( J$ N0 f8 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: O0 P; u. ^# _9 ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; E! v, F9 I6 z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; J$ F5 [; W: S6 ^% t5 X4 c, D) P# P3 l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ V5 \" c' ?4 g( q# x3 X
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
i( L- }# M. b, W6 C4 fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: O! F3 A- z" p w8 I
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 ~& p0 r1 f9 ?% S
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! U: O( Z; |, {3 m/ q7 S: p
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
1 s- C9 O! k! Ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 H- \) m! S# K+ Q7 R: r
540
) e/ Y! H7 X6 i8 I" sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' l" i/ @9 s' N$ r. x2 ~4 H+ o
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; y- y2 M3 z! k+ R' z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 L8 z' T! g# d. a
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
U6 [ b( R5 D% z/ W& W. ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 q. m& u1 I8 M9 N+ tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.! G7 b1 N, _# ^8 D! H' T" k
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( L; n; ^$ O0 j) ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- _* o5 ^% a" I% j
of papilledema.8 \* A# R* O- D# r' M2 v0 |; I
Laboratory Evaluation* ?0 J: K/ P' M5 w/ m# L
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# Q- \* t- h# y+ @: iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 h, d j" h: F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" Q: b7 m/ r5 ^/ y& Q3 l; ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% Y: B0 t& Q1 r" q/ t Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" R% L, Q" w& r9 g9 J3 Y0 @/ qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 X* U9 A5 I6 x/ A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 }$ ]' J: O. | E# yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
! i% p; ? ]8 N! c) gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration8 _% U7 w# K9 k; [
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: e! C# E4 |- [ M- i! R(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 D+ P7 y5 x' j% k# l: g/ L' Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" |7 F- t" L& _4 Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 v0 ^. v1 g( l }* m
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 W2 x7 c/ g6 F; H3 d' g8 H49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 |( J' E* E; ~9 o" t- X# dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( g1 l9 b4 [0 j! a, ]+ vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. t3 [. a9 g4 r1 Q. xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 L9 a7 V3 V3 [7 p0 `+ X# e5 Pand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 y& N) `8 @ |" `5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 [* m4 G0 O# z5 G# z. M
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( N; |% G- N2 [. H: V Jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; _( l: J8 \( A5 Y' g4 R
(prepubertal).
3 ]& t: C; ~7 n6 e" \/ i' `The parents were notified about the laboratory7 y- t) y+ d/ w. B- L J6 B! C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
4 @: Z6 s8 x7 ?( L1 Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The! [' U0 g {. Z b3 J- o/ H [, `
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- U( c! X! Z/ b. |9 r( x" t5 ^" q# m! j+ X
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 i3 M3 \! [6 M" W: O$ mever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 e; s, F3 ?; s, X! a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ j( B$ j' N( V8 |- s; p& Mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( `6 E, K& M8 q; H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: U) o2 A) t% v/ c6 N; t1 xunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; p4 N1 A! R- I( C
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' X5 j2 t% s- X) a& y+ L6 dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& W4 |; E# c+ I3 v; f- q. q% omL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& h# i; F6 Q6 O, V3 F% c3 @The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 Q5 E( p. q6 V y* c/ L
ing frequent erections.3 n9 Z" t$ x1 w
Both parents were again questioned about use of
& g* `, ?4 R- F4 a) j; ^2 aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! z: d2 m1 n! G& e8 F6 U7 Z; @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
! J7 T0 p- J+ C9 sTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! u' N4 K. K9 P" T; \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( `: k- S z0 L6 {4 d8 K
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 T, ]& V, C- {. R# D! I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' ?" q% w- B( c4 w! oto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! Q' p. _7 n( Q6 P8 @/ T2 m( gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido z g# @) \8 G. Y
secondary to depression.
* J5 ?3 `. t7 b+ y( ZThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
! Z$ w5 t: }8 ~4 q9 C. f9 sThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( @# e% i1 w' b; C9 D3 I$ q' ^0 j) U
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: J% f' p, A, q9 j# q Tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& G% L: ?- g) F4 d. Y, iThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 T" f# Y7 i- k6 W! o) {when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! K4 V" `+ g1 I8 swas high, he then read the product information
7 Q0 B+ b6 F$ v1 ^/ P Zpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ b. I! o& f2 I- |) _ @' r" [
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ e5 ^/ `/ \5 g" g7 gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! }$ S% q [% R2 i* ^! k4 ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had( ?8 h6 X4 K2 U/ u- @: C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 L! H" l' i B
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 c/ r+ h/ [* K& _1 e0 [9 E
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 x$ x/ ^3 f" L) NDiscussion
/ G# v$ J7 i- ~2 L2 y* OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 r- p7 |- t# G, P# {6 ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* z B, h9 t1 U% F. NPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ d% T6 M( h6 h* a5 C; Rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% f$ Y [: ?5 p4 a; h4 I3 X' E j: r
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ M7 B! a" N0 x6 L7 Hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( f2 S7 @* {/ E' ?( a
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, A6 P f: y, z0 a( i/ f3 mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: l- K( J1 R2 B" damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 a" z+ N/ ]) l# N6 Y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ a+ h* P9 {9 w/ q* tboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, G, ]% L# T7 Z) y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! n6 i, ?& t$ O$ |0 [/ V9 urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ u: q( H- s' y3 _5 r4 w- Rgonadotropins.1,3; s/ X3 C8 Z ]. N6 ^* x4 U6 X! M
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 |( _4 {, Z& y6 g8 I6 ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( F+ }' U' X7 X# n$ c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or; p5 F4 H/ w& x1 `# l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ I5 \9 L- N. q" p4 t3 h$ y7 ?! ]ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 ^2 c5 ]9 g5 e8 Z# N8 l/ q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 M' l. v, N# V" i0 F& \1 T; E3 }adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 z; x: m j- c6 {puberty in boys.3,46 s3 R5 i6 T- n1 ^
The most common form of congenital adrenal8 p2 O0 @( q: b1 ~1 ^# o, G7 ]
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( G0 T% r4 n4 H0 l9 E2 b9 q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& I. S& N( g# t E* I( O; [excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ q( T4 a' j8 l1 y4 N% R/ Oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) M, m# @4 R# _! j) }+ T% u+ l
excess.1,3/ g& z0 [ `' w; \: j
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 r# g! p6 f7 [2 j8 `$ B1 |$ w0 b7 }542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 i4 x/ g7 q; W3 a, eA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ Z6 A# K3 k1 n3 i, U- D. o
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# q; S* |! X2 l: z1 n' v- L5 Jas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# n* V+ J/ O3 q: b5 l
very young age. The physical findings in these boys/ w0 l! U# k+ p6 r( B& x$ j/ p
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: `* d- C+ _3 w. l* B% ~* O
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ K+ @! {' j1 xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 l; j8 Y$ X5 w6 S/ H! U5 n: L- Bare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 }8 T: k+ P8 G' mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# L g+ f) r( {" N1 u' Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% E. _0 a+ ?5 _4 [2 B- i% Y+ R* S: |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& `& S& o5 @: B6 e( Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family; I1 J* W$ l/ H
may have similar precocious puberty.3
/ u0 G9 [: m7 j. q2 Y; i2 z8 SIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
, P8 D" d5 ]9 V+ msistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& \9 y @3 ~. w3 F8 j
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, ?$ g& d# `: }4 X5 ?: j7 v1 L0 K
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
y$ H: z: M* ?# b4 K! @started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 x. D1 x# ~7 z, `5 X4 R7 Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the9 A% V7 Q1 o- j$ N( f$ T6 P0 x, X
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 g+ M7 o- X( Y4 ^7 G1 g6 kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" k0 X0 E) D% Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,- H! {4 h/ z! n+ L" ^: l# @
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ w9 I6 l9 H ], }. y6 u
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 K# U. [% L3 E5 L6 king the normal level of adrenal steroids.# z5 v+ W7 n: S9 L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 t0 a% j' t- E& Q$ Ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- B2 x) y6 h2 Lthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-: ^2 B: R5 R; B" H; [5 R# o
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 E) ?; n# ^2 Q+ G" v- xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( t* I+ }. J' b
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ E# x, k% ^# T) ~+ dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 l# c/ |" ]1 m% W- J( ^6 C
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
1 s' i8 G1 Q! K: {; v7 R+ kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 }% h2 f6 W# ~7 h
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& i# h% h. r1 G4 gSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 T, z6 O* Z# W [9 c8 {/ q+ l$ T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to0 ]+ |" [% c$ y: d3 I6 j" ?
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' j* a0 X G5 _% |
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& i% W7 j1 e% A5 L) x, b
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ `! _! G" a) h0 W2 A- c4 vOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ e* P" }9 W% @, [" M; r
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! T/ g" w; y6 H8 @1 G; u% ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" K- a- k# ]9 W2 t% D7 ]8 x7 v
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) ?$ b: C0 `8 L9 d; C
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( p- S4 {. c7 }, W0 }# _3 x1 Z0 A( jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 }% y6 y: Y3 ~7 D! e
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( ^7 Y0 L) f4 ]- K, }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 P ]; }) Z% Q4 o+ E) {$ I( d* z! [' achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 F9 m# I, X& z U1 Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 H' f. j. R: v6 c0 zThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; `" ^& m2 W* B$ rearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 x/ l6 R, P O0 V' n! T' g$ Radult height are not fully known and always remain: c: j* Q0 D/ p. @6 d9 w! o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 r- ]. w( N) }. r7 Bterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: ~- G% p' H+ [* t) ?
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, X9 t# D! f0 G$ _* }# R# P$ t0 w& hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
w# j2 X+ z% h" {- odecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 c# L4 C: L+ C6 w1 j
There are conflicting reports and controversy# A( k2 I( J8 {$ H2 Z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! I" ]/ d. Y% i) v- l1 ypenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ Z2 @9 j& F$ _: ^+ [! f
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
5 Z: ~. b! I# m# c- \1 o& ~ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ L; c/ ^) ?; ]9 S! H pSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 ?: z, o4 W0 w% p, O! wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
- C( _: p2 X% R1 |1 ipenile length in clinical studies.
, W% S% v9 |; {) ]/ k3 {/ \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 C6 R# a3 Q3 c5 S; g6 c% S
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 e, Q, U" f9 x3 F. Q5 T% ^' }& O7 j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' t* s. w5 ]& u4 v7 F! c! ]the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 j0 m' u* F8 ]% \# }) I0 b8 sAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
) S: o4 d$ y- }/ [# I8 C. idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: O/ U ^$ M4 J0 M& s5 V6 {the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( h: y; R1 A4 S3 }) q u7 v
height will not be affected.
5 P5 @5 ?) ^ m9 gAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% o; Z( A. u3 Y6 |0 R1 R5 xability of androgen products in our society may
3 `& b+ M" I" H* Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female. [* K; [: u, d9 t. d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, e- v6 u" ^8 b) w
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 J' f3 a8 }7 ~7 r0 Z5 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) V5 X$ q5 p& k; ggel should be asked of the family members during$ T" G0 W; [: f# v }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ v* z8 w3 Q2 a4 X, v
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
h4 j( j5 q* D; q! Z. Fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 B0 z0 D3 J( N/ N. e3 N2 b7 f( u- O7 s
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a1 p$ Y. K+ b$ A, q4 E' N
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may/ j7 F6 o$ x+ O7 F0 b3 N2 q
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( b4 z3 Y; h& f. N( @6 Cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 r, w8 R: U$ M5 i$ u) H6 X# Z
aware of this fact, because most of these children) R* q! M6 H5 S. O Q$ i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& Q' t' K& }6 x8 s% `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
# d* x# H' k% wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 {" E" c. E+ E$ S
female child who might come in contact with some-
. }# G5 @' X. i1 ?/ O3 Mone using any of these products.& v. b; p# X5 d6 y0 z7 Z, r- F
References# ^2 k% \6 A+ C# _" t: O/ B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- _& {' q# h+ c. g J5 o9 [and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric ^: ` P/ y4 C% {& i
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) w9 @' \5 K8 |0 j+ c" R2002: 565-628. Q; y$ w- `) i- w
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! t0 U: C; F7 R1 @2 N: dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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