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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& ^7 J" J5 P: K% B  q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% H, b/ p$ c' e9 k) _1 M. K8 l
Exposure to Testosterone
& c/ `, q# w5 \0 z) E( [$ RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ `7 u9 r9 l7 `! Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: R0 h4 N' E0 u
Clinical Pediatrics
/ m' X% A# `9 aVolume 46 Number 6( M1 {* }3 K5 Q0 _
July 2007 540-543
9 U2 |9 v& P3 O© 2007 Sage Publications) n; r3 u; i' x, R
10.1177/00099228062966513 {  Z- D; w  D2 Z8 B6 z
http://clp.sagepub.com6 X' e2 F; r- r) `, x: y
hosted at
/ B4 ?0 V, ~/ T" H  Thttp://online.sagepub.com6 l% N$ O4 {" Z0 J
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" g6 B! ~3 `" V) p' K+ q! Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" t8 k! l$ G  r) j( E- B+ N# D& cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 U* D+ ~/ g9 k- ], E0 nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! L( _& ^  s) b4 da higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 k0 p* Z& Y2 @. E$ g4 J
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 V) M. _  N: \: {% hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! L: t9 w$ w  Y+ s. q
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ v* y' l9 S( W4 a7 \3 o+ ?( Fcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 u- w  k* v) P2 d! D2 e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( h$ w+ B' Y3 R  G. D2 Z3 R9 E- z3 Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 W' z: E# ]+ V, }0 z% iment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 G. @% i: V6 [% D; k. u0 M
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# x% P  W. W, a5 g8 j
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 U' m  A  F" u4 k" t0 P' t. Z, r$ |mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: p, I6 U* x! @9 z. s0 S: t: o. Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& z( _8 Q! [/ j) h2 A3 ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ [4 s; c4 D2 [4 g/ y( Ibly more common than the rare case report in the
+ }) T& n2 H* L5 vliterature.4+ e& Z; U9 `( d8 u2 H9 h% \* @% @
Patient Report% ~& u; L' {- a% j9 U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. u) k' k% u+ C- iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, R* e# [! {! D4 c/ j' S6 K* Hof early sexual development. His mother noticed' {+ ^. k) i3 |9 w4 Y2 [3 G2 g. N8 L' Q
light colored pubic hair development when he was
* W! W7 a3 q& F( Y/ ^4 q, pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; F+ l' d5 z) [# M1 e: r* u1 oSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ |* X- w! `% N& U0 N- ^: @' p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& q; {' L0 v3 p: @; }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* \" T* m- ~. Z" n1 ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) S6 w0 x/ d, \- c& ~5 fe-mail: [email protected].+ f7 B& A# j4 H& B/ M
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 E0 T0 a1 u2 }. f2 ?darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) d6 t5 m2 J4 s1 I) v  ~, q6 s! [ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 s  a. e: B: J% }7 _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: {/ E1 }. Z3 m7 F
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, S% Y5 M' j  H# h# E- b( L8 C5 w% z* `
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( ~7 D& ?! i4 [8 W) D- z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" r  X  B+ s" j, v4 ]
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,  k6 Z) P9 L+ B$ O0 p
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- _- y* t" z2 S5 k6 Z  s2 Uwas age appropriate.4 Z: f8 L8 t! d$ V  Z6 C
The family history was remarkable for the father,3 e1 z; G4 @# A2 A1 `+ f5 e) |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( M$ H$ G; t  y- X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  B) B2 C% ~+ p3 t# u
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* \9 P! w0 y: n8 R
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." o1 K/ v6 @: N  R( Q5 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The. j9 `9 k6 k$ k2 r& ^; p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& V' A' |7 J0 S4 r3 f4 bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( P. m# t) \, d- q: g+ j) g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" k1 L6 }6 \: O# ]: x- ]cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 m# j; U: O. w8 X- Y, ttives. There were no siblings.
9 B, a# E4 x8 Q- N+ Y2 g" p  cPhysical Examination
: s) U% ^7 H/ h% t; }- sThe physical examination revealed a very active,) N0 \8 k  b& Q9 Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
% K, z& U7 ?" e2 R. G/ [a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ z" m( R' J$ X* H" b8 n8 r90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 d4 G5 R  i. m. d  k2 P  H(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 G2 O1 t5 N9 {; Cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* t/ K5 n. J2 q% S4 G9 [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ X4 ~: X9 O! Y4 u: i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for) d5 l9 I$ C9 A) G$ ]! s
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 ?5 o4 O  K0 i" a' z0 n  P/ u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, N6 L( k5 {! n2 [. ]! e, {developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 j/ W. ]# G. y5 M+ Q" @' o* F
5401 U8 i& r5 e; n% B2 t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 b' ^# ?, p4 Y. `& I
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  Q- u; C5 A) `. ~0 B8 l1 ~4 Utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& A6 r: L5 j3 n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ @1 u9 p0 w) n* A! C: goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- P8 T. U/ Q4 k0 _7 Y. f/ Pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 n$ a  K! e- ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 ?4 u8 Q& J# E3 u
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ _7 |5 I" R3 p2 Kof papilledema.
# d! v% ~1 P2 k8 `5 C: r5 t2 L. |Laboratory Evaluation
$ `9 D: v: W2 p) k  A& N7 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! ^5 g+ `' X/ y. h; M& @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* U! j2 ]0 z' Nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' l) s  D' K! Q& i6 t
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 `: \$ C# }5 \9 R( C& oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% I  [0 e7 X* C" m' X4 ]$ }2 S
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* N$ ?2 H1 X5 v  y5 x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 J# y( J( J* G4 p: V& e4 n- f  y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( o6 F7 [5 x. W# Fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration! T6 Y! b& [. j4 @! W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& \% n" ~$ ^& t) u2 d3 P' o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 k% ~1 r2 l1 a6 L8 r0 Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 i* O3 `; z+ _0 E0 K* i# j: X2 d2 cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ G, j+ n* N+ `# Gdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) O. x( H) {8 \& A, \' M49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% i/ p+ @% v7 M5 Ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 ^) ?6 U# w5 o( U: e& i" O6 G9 M
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
8 C0 E) \9 v& h& ~) e$ t& Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) a+ Y" s( y) m; V* w, N( \' n. ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 s8 \+ J/ A4 V! p+ p# q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& e# R: Q4 U" C0 nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" E3 n# h9 n5 h9 J! `/ c# Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 ~- S1 Q* Q3 |" p% D& m1 m' R0 k(prepubertal).9 l' R1 T* l, l
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 G& C+ R5 j7 V$ e5 v# H8 w3 \- _5 @
results and were informed that all of the tests were& v! O& }) {9 j3 S
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 d, H- G5 q4 w8 G, Z+ Bfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 n2 Q; [% p; R, Y1 u
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( j" M' b9 t4 _, c# q( L( Z
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* ^3 a  \! h" y- P+ D
Physical examination at this time revealed that the9 a0 T' u( r6 h  m% n& o' X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 y# N% U/ N# }
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# Q% z' i- {) C# _, t$ gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 \) {" B0 K* Z' c' w
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* o6 C3 O1 g9 W3 b  m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( E& \: H$ s1 a
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" t3 g. U" E$ G8 X1 c- d# xThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# S+ ?2 Z& s1 J
ing frequent erections.
9 ]( v; p, ?; D& Y- }& [Both parents were again questioned about use of
# r" |. e6 A, [# F" b: f8 Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! D- a" O& r& [0 y: b& vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the5 D& ]2 E8 a3 M5 V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, q2 j! o) n$ |' i  y
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& z8 ?0 n: R5 r6 \8 u( D3 ~
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# g( @! a+ ^0 \; p
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) n# [7 Q! V4 O8 b, U9 W3 V( h' n
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: D$ P3 F3 E8 Q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 x6 ?2 E) Z9 i$ |' e' s
secondary to depression.7 [( o0 }$ x, @% w8 b
The child slept in the same bed with parents.) p, E8 {9 e" O1 s9 h6 ^! n
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his: I1 U- F$ U" h. e0 J" w8 H- I2 C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; b, i! V& a" V( B- F5 W  J1 Qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.# {# b1 s% O8 t% y. z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 u& t6 j- m/ Y& E  J$ M$ ?7 {when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 u, U; G, D! r8 _/ r1 y; B0 qwas high, he then read the product information
4 G0 |2 l- F/ R. x0 g7 {! Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 M" g' f) Q; Q; p) o  b
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 Z2 M# I* b) I2 g3 I3 B0 @$ ]decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- W# H- y' Q/ U8 v9 S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had- S. l1 R! W  @9 _/ A* w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 m3 z& I' t6 @' q" ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& s4 W7 Q* ~2 y" A% `/ F$ S
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ S7 X! B3 w8 p* }' |; X, fDiscussion+ R0 S& Q1 ~4 v5 m: S
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary# G; q6 E$ \+ ^  ]" }" Z6 R; [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
( f- x: E" {2 m5 \: C' w& z( APrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 G9 _) z. }- @& H, ?' n
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 u7 D: i3 Q: R1 M0 o+ i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 r+ o6 t/ [. a% C6 N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* J4 w# D) ~3 X, Y8 K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is+ `1 i; Q) s7 g3 H6 m+ f; ~
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
7 W8 e+ ^; l0 F0 v0 oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' x' P' A) D) g. Z5 d6 X& nsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 W: l" V0 T3 n' v* B( [* l3 {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ ]* B3 ^1 _7 }) Z7 M& k, R" a' Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& H9 a# M% A/ Mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 q7 m9 u: g; l& \gonadotropins.1,3
( e# k1 N& w2 P' f5 Q) H# s6 U# q8 gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% |+ _" Y, X- k' l8 z/ U: {# A2 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 h8 i. @! W( E5 |& Z4 _. B; F& O0 P
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
, d! s. u1 l8 v/ P  uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: n6 J" e5 G' o+ O
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' Q7 }# r( _$ G2 ?+ L% l, Y6 t2 {5 K& `
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% _8 [: i1 ]! e+ Z5 o4 l+ O5 K# tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! N3 X; T+ K$ M6 u, y7 zpuberty in boys.3,4/ L, |% b- S( |+ D
The most common form of congenital adrenal% p: ^/ T" j: z8 [4 |9 @" x
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 c; r; [7 S. ~/ M5 Y% N# l7 U/ q7 \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 k! _2 O! P9 hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( m) L" o. d4 `: X8 z) F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' _# n4 I4 T3 b1 b7 Z! C+ N1 Kexcess.1,3# A1 c1 r& p/ L4 d/ ^) u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' @8 ~# i4 B3 K. B- [5 d542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007+ i# s" C: ~: K3 @; O. c: i* \5 a$ C
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. ~4 N9 }( [/ ^6 R+ ?# O) w$ [
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, N  h& @8 ^  z: {# q, Zas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' F) D! K3 z8 F% |/ R/ J2 T
very young age. The physical findings in these boys$ a. |# G- V/ w1 e" Y7 {+ u% j
with this disorder are full pubertal development,* R: ^1 o! V' a
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys  d( ~3 Y& i% f
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; z8 u" x# y) k6 N* E3 j6 rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) j4 U# b; J$ ?1 g# j7 }2 wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ W0 T( a$ T5 \- L! N, W/ P! N
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: d" t5 L% \4 s' [5 z, _' M+ Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 C: k0 h: d. {! U
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ H" U$ K: \  A, q) h( D' z
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" e8 _$ q4 l7 w' b2 O; \In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& }3 p1 ?) O- J4 j& Vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 B1 Q% `2 E" Pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 Z8 r6 u" f9 v; k4 Bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
  h  v8 ?  A! v5 y8 \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% L/ J, e* J2 {3 m: @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 ^' m5 [: B2 r) Y& H
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
6 L- A* Z. E' h* v7 c, Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our# O" \3 P$ L9 O& m- G; I2 Z" l: ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) _# R/ a5 {: W9 ]1 Eeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 K$ r3 R  w* N, o% A% k/ L
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 l/ j5 X; J! B' [. bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% Z- s" y& h1 p6 }The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 Y1 c! k( K3 G3 _- D1 ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 V% \- P) J) ^  wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" r$ q8 O7 U9 Y. tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; S( {" v$ X( E/ f+ O$ ]% D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* V  y, I4 L, Y; E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 E' _, R; {! U" h& ~6 x, O# M' g+ w
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 q$ S$ n, @: t- m) X9 v9 O
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: j1 W6 `' o5 d9 z) X. v! x% qcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' |+ m  X$ L3 H/ @. S) \
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 b) M# }3 Y; q: v( Y: G
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! A" B. F5 N1 u$ s
baseline value in those females who were exposed to# j, E' s. W4 C5 }
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% P* b  Q, Z1 M( i, P  a. Ipartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
! s; \6 a5 R/ f: S( k& i+ G( P0 Qtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* W! W( H( ]& k- x  p4 [  W3 {Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  a" I0 a5 B' y" }8 C7 N
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( M$ G$ V8 F$ \! G/ i( X0 e
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
; y. B2 n* W+ F+ Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# }# ~4 v) I& e4 @  I$ d6 r9 R0 W- [
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 \7 p4 u/ O! W- d1 Wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, C; n) ]7 P3 x. t
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 X+ b6 t7 X+ hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( H4 ^& U8 t- S8 A: l7 I1 N- n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
3 w3 ]. ]& _) z. cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 Q9 {/ p( B) ]" ^/ y+ t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 g. y$ ^9 Q7 i9 p* ], ?early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 D# b8 H3 [- H! w; k$ ^+ q8 ~% {adult height are not fully known and always remain
4 D+ w) T7 j* x- O# S* E/ z9 s) La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ d/ c- d' k, ?) \terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 x7 P' t3 R9 ?. Y/ C+ a: o# H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 h3 \: ^& b, z% E" Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! {4 T0 i5 f9 v# ~# |( p! odecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 m2 x5 a1 Q- F( oThere are conflicting reports and controversy
2 v# M8 f8 ~; {0 D/ h+ x, Qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
! b7 T/ q/ p* @" d2 V) u/ ?+ @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( D- q& w% Z" Yadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 X& g& ?+ n# b9 ^2 l$ C" ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# ~) \" L1 o- Q; U+ Z1 _9 sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) A# G( R1 [. l! D$ Uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% @& c  _. G8 J" J* b" M) P
penile length in clinical studies.
" K$ q: |+ g% L+ N! j: GNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) e8 v: u! K: r- w. Igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
, ]" q) {( l# ?5 W9 \( p$ {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because+ F% c; P- N% r. h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  b' r2 q7 b2 `' K: p
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of' ~4 O9 ~% t3 }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at  {/ A9 L9 K0 n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" L' C( U: ]0 B+ J3 I
height will not be affected.
# q) O+ T# {3 P/ W0 ]7 }7 qAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 T0 Q' ?6 [) A) ^* i+ t
ability of androgen products in our society may; p# p. B) n+ X, n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 P& K' \0 K7 Z9 r: Jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 [  h5 f$ g2 D/ B3 ~( k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 X1 C2 ?+ j* f! t! C# D3 mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or2 P3 a. B6 n& S8 _5 d2 d
gel should be asked of the family members during& e0 {" A0 p3 r$ U$ \. c5 n* G
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 C, X' |  \* [' s  ?2 g# }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* D9 f' c* [, g" _
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 q3 U# f' `0 A% |3 a% m# M1 P( Happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a0 c" v; Q4 v4 z4 v8 o
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' y# t; R7 P0 m' C. y: `
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 A; U$ A% G, S7 n; _
investigation. The primary care physician should be
8 r" C7 a; C; kaware of this fact, because most of these children$ h1 j$ d; k8 p! z" M! Z' k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
% z% O1 b( d) o7 ~. N$ O& B$ bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a8 n9 U/ F# T( ?* ^
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# w8 }' a& t, c; Z. Yfemale child who might come in contact with some-  g- p+ ]4 g+ G
one using any of these products.! M9 m$ a( \" ~  C2 W
References% N. l* P6 P  Z" Q/ G9 t
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
  T9 y! s. H$ h* I" A$ }and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* `; ]) b+ C# w3 Y# N, \# |, a' LEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 d. Z7 u$ y0 X7 L8 P* U; V
2002: 565-628.6 b7 |/ y* d! s/ }8 M( f- C0 N
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious5 I9 l& Y  t1 K: l. u) }: J, r
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 z# a! Z0 ^2 _& ~% d5 FBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
% j& l3 O4 p3 T9 s+ ]$ T& @Exposure to Testosterone
4 G$ R( w1 C+ c8 b4 g; ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 V) \/ J" M4 ^: A% Z1 |1 ~  e; s
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ E3 E9 T/ ~$ ?! L- f0 qClinical Pediatrics
& u/ m  Y/ f/ @Volume 46 Number 6
9 H2 N- g+ W. z& R( c) T$ B) \July 2007 540-543
3 d2 w$ ?0 l  O© 2007 Sage Publications
9 E& {: n  r+ p8 @; q4 i7 I" y10.1177/0009922806296651, q/ Y, l* l9 o  ^" K1 W
http://clp.sagepub.com1 x1 [) P1 D- t; O
hosted at) U$ i7 x4 u! C9 u" ?) I- R
http://online.sagepub.com7 a% q7 N! Q1 i3 ~- |4 u0 m+ O
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- K9 i- U+ Z; Q9 }4 w) Qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
& \- Z8 m. l4 H- J$ h0 A8 V! Kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% y2 [6 ~, j9 [6 ]' z( l% w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 r$ V( Z. @9 c( m9 I6 a
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 |' p$ z! s5 _/ l4 @
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* f; K1 Y3 @6 H4 \" u6 y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 _. p1 {; {# P& Uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( y9 O* z" j+ }( t$ s
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" K5 e1 @: x! l& I: C+ M7 ?
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# e& F1 A8 M4 [0 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 w& s% m4 H2 D/ F% F' `ment without testicular enlargement, which was due) a4 Q1 ~  t  X6 s- d4 b/ A/ L
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ ?7 j. b5 K$ M# ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-, m$ N: O$ U3 V. F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, D  I- {) `) e" M/ |3 \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 a- A. z0 E; i$ J* Ftestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-3 N, S* b$ f+ Q0 M& a  P# |
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ D; M  a/ }* C6 s5 I
literature.4
8 C" I$ A# S& Q3 O  {! D4 PPatient Report
4 B$ K9 R$ z* J" H% R: DA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ t7 [" c9 n/ m) r0 sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( S( k' K' \0 h+ `/ Z
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 q3 ^: f- h& r8 n: {light colored pubic hair development when he was; g/ P  I& z+ F% v  k5 s
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, M1 R( @6 X! E% s/ `2 J
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." u# d' m( P' o" k. G# h
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) s& j5 x) x. @. X0 K! h/ i, O
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! O' g$ ^! U# m9 u' g6 x# qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 o4 _+ j; d* R
e-mail: [email protected].
% P9 M1 c9 L( \! _3 ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. ^! ^/ ?- f) Vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  I; O' I) O6 R3 e( }
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! f! f/ [4 w. n- @  pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# Y# Y  D% l) [! f. t
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 E6 W7 L# @9 L: p1 H" u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, d. t6 u2 b4 P5 R& `of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- Z3 w! g" M. o6 D. l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 ]6 o6 [$ j, Q/ ~' \, Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 y" P. O+ S0 G  v* c
was age appropriate.% A2 o2 n5 @0 q  _/ y! T
The family history was remarkable for the father,$ ?% B3 s9 f- y; C) Y' u. _, S
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 J3 }$ w5 T8 E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
" L/ y4 M5 ?2 {( w& Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ o& ^& l. K/ ~) q1 W8 }
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% [0 y6 {7 I) e9 ?$ XThe father denied taking any other medication. The
+ T! c+ z- ~) P1 {% Nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% p* s1 H  x& U) J% R& Hwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' D2 X( Q4 f# y8 E# \- c/ w
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-' f8 P5 o- M2 N) _, v6 P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
( C- n5 X1 s+ s* u5 itives. There were no siblings.
  A7 @9 N5 D3 W& [) x% w4 ?3 h0 [  wPhysical Examination
+ D* Z& F* ~  r# G5 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 X2 i* K% o* G7 m# y  G, b; Aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  t0 D. g, [* |- }/ ~2 F! d4 t
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ [1 o3 p/ x0 @/ }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 A2 \! W1 c  e) V& s7 q1 o. a+ l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 W  y; B. y& L0 _; |velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: @# H3 K: b3 U& n$ g! w8 \the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ Z+ S9 t. O% M: T4 XThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for* |7 B* x9 f& f% W, |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! G/ L/ F# f+ C: `" s
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
' Q9 ^+ W5 L! N( Q. l& j, Bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around5 a! x/ _) R% z
540
  j% j3 b5 o5 L7 sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 e. Q1 ]# ?4 x1 c" \6 H. Gthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( N* \6 [; e9 T0 R( q4 X  p( ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 }7 r/ \: s" g9 w- |$ qThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  n: p/ T0 ?; A" m" n1 A! D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. {' T. v) K) Q$ K
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 w% h$ ^9 Y8 A* LNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 ?% r# r# L8 f0 e9 g6 P3 t! zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 r- C6 S) S0 r" b. M
of papilledema.; V0 s7 J% @5 \. t6 B
Laboratory Evaluation
5 w4 |+ p& H* \The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( V- _2 ?% E# {& P
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! _  D# a: q4 _  j2 C
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
2 j6 J, S  |$ {5 p( `: ~9 xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 E/ d2 v) o8 k: M
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ I& c8 Y2 r# X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ V) @- x8 c  A  g9 q: A7 Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* g4 b- W! K# @urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% X2 `: V- }$ t/ ]; Q. Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
, h/ [4 j+ m  e( W& V3 \3 Vof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 N! [) V6 l; l/ O: V! _
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 j8 M1 {! d) ~# \; J1 T# }7 S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ c* w: o8 u6 f  V6 Gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' ^7 z- D: @2 J9 D4 W. Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: H$ e! d/ z9 z) E* q9 E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# {- |# T/ {; _$ G# @+ \  ]6 S: H
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 F- G$ Y( D5 V2 z" y/ [% {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 t7 K) U) x% p; o$ q" w' F% P9 utestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- U6 b) |. f) B0 i/ a7 Y* t& _and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
* J/ s/ z6 Q; r! X5 ~; |6 n- S5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 H1 Q$ d' v: z- wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ X$ k, f& I% Y# R$ K% w) J; K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 T' `+ y) ^) u; w. N  w/ W
(prepubertal).8 p! L; v4 _* F- W9 z6 B
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! x5 Y! B( u0 V, C, Jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
; a9 w% v& O3 r% Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
' `+ Y# P, [9 B. {! _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- \! r) r0 |3 t8 n' G
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. d7 [! }* B" u( B3 A$ I. E9 @3 Fever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; Q: g( n: C0 {8 l% t- k+ yPhysical examination at this time revealed that the% \. ]% _( T6 k6 B3 j; I: r% E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ F- M7 n: Y5 ^" \' {- T+ D4 A  F+ ]
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  j0 k9 a6 `/ K2 [$ m, U+ @# G' K
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" y+ q* T! l% o! c6 p
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) Z/ D7 i; A. _. k
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 A4 P; ~% {* u* \6 F) f9 q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 n6 w/ V% l4 G. P" [& |
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" [9 S6 T' f- W; ^; f$ U# o/ O5 Ding frequent erections.3 w( |; k; G- F. O) Y9 g
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 w) A* U% C! e0 d, U
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- E! A& G. V' H# V, S- H
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# m# Z1 x4 M7 g4 [
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
& o/ F! Z& P8 o/ L, E. j3 Ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-  n1 a* t; E/ z! ~* K
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: L) r& ?% X- n4 p: j0 Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 {- C, `0 C* {" ]4 T4 Y+ p$ S9 Tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. S( m( T8 J% o
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido; ?: R+ l0 ^) u, g
secondary to depression./ p$ e- j0 T6 K7 Y$ m( r
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ }3 \  J- O3 hThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ O4 ~7 k( h, e
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, h- y2 c- p9 ]. R! ]- H
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' Q- u% v1 I( K
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# g: R2 G" b1 u' xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! A0 i* H* E2 V+ Q5 Gwas high, he then read the product information2 s9 u, f" P3 J2 q4 U8 Z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 Q- V$ f: \. V# N$ Q& ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% m, s- D6 Y$ P+ y( ?. }3 H- Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& s) K  W# Y% g
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ F  B: y* X, t% D  P3 l, Vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
' |; [9 e% O; S! \! q" Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! @/ r$ W9 f4 T7 R8 G5 Z$ z0 b. Ilaboratory to obtain the test.6 r+ m% t7 E, c' C
Discussion& u3 g" h( r0 }; \8 N# `/ g1 g
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 V, h% h. a, u
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 K% l  x3 ~2 S5 s/ E0 K) W8 S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, K2 `5 T- _7 v9 I" Y, W+ \9 G
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. U0 [% j6 W$ o& f; Mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-* e9 `7 z- x# U* e) d, K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 R* Y) ]. r) n' T) p8 E0 hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is- {/ v9 W7 B2 R2 p
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* a9 D# A. V. O+ c8 C- g+ q" f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% m, {  V, O1 `9 b# jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
  d* l5 A+ {% [" mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; w5 o6 G! O% Aization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ h  N5 p3 [7 Z7 Y( g# Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& j5 k- \& A6 E9 c
gonadotropins.1,3
- m7 X7 K% N1 X) PGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
& {1 P* M; R6 p  d: jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 C. C+ i* Z8 ?$ I5 Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' k- {6 E# w! Z4 ?
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
  Z3 F  Y6 H6 Z. o5 L, M! S* M+ dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  w' U6 d. a8 J* j9 ~& A2 v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% Y4 {9 {! W1 h) v, qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* v8 B6 e% S8 O7 `
puberty in boys.3,4+ P  M5 t* T' d6 P( B
The most common form of congenital adrenal6 E( b4 o5 V9 m: i. u% |
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 o* `( m: B% p0 q# U6 [5 EThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) W0 Z7 K. e, q( f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( K3 ]- _# g% A& d+ o: t  @% `% jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" l* |0 j  G- V6 P- w. nexcess.1,3
) k8 k+ Y  j2 {8 d& b1 hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- m3 c: D) V- ~! V9 ~
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: S# \$ I) y) a, c7 R4 E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 h% d( m; c- B" l+ `9 Nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known1 C- E& V' O# |/ U" H" B, H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# n( v3 s: y, Z% Wvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 {. q6 ]9 g. V1 Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 G1 u& Y9 J. E7 W" m- Z3 rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 \% p, h. D6 X+ fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 H+ l# U) v& D( @0 {* A% @" }5 lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* C0 B4 Z; Y( {" g9 b
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# L, W4 ~4 q$ d9 f; b# N+ e8 m0 |6 X" p
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ ^, |; p- W! B% Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& W' i/ o% C* Y% M! i( J  l( zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ y5 C0 D  D/ f6 S* l3 c. fmay have similar precocious puberty.3$ K2 t/ m: A- @) o% t6 N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-, L' E6 r$ C# U8 y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 w* o6 p4 H& ycles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% P  ?* U) l6 h4 ~! f# J, `was in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 x1 b3 Q# p2 L+ s% Zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! c" b2 r$ }  ]# G0 p/ p2 l3 ~testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: a# W+ H9 J: O8 i+ Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% w2 Q8 x, a; U  f0 R7 X& t
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 E. w) |; C$ U  I# U, h9 j8 w2 U6 |% Ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' C5 C% l; [9 T, t9 A" w2 J, Q; seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 q: r+ I$ s% d( T: w9 h4 n6 Q& E0 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ K# ?; t; v& X* l. U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 y! R$ K' D3 Q) rThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly# ?; F; ]  V* }* f1 P1 D. y2 v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& T# l/ Q6 H- a& U/ {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- z) j' Q  }7 O. `7 h
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 H( C; _  I5 W/ udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 a9 H0 E# U* g7 J1 P. X
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 Z, ^% w7 u- |. _9 C5 t7 F: Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% z% m2 [1 {0 l  L9 f! f
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 ~9 `' C, p4 D+ j; y& `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
8 O$ {2 `$ n8 v, Cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) r$ h( `4 P# p( j! FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ p* ]  ~1 H) Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to: X& G. M' X% a1 L) J% t5 p
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 s* Q. z: [0 z6 b: @9 _partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) G! R1 [* g' e( r/ mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! f. K  u& _6 T" n  L$ AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! l% J, I4 w  F4 M9 m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; K( F) L3 {2 X) rdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ x5 i- K( y4 ^: O7 i! O% }terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! ~* j1 ^; ?" Q$ F2 H
active in young children exposed to testosterone
' R- M) f$ T/ jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# |& d% u- [8 q0 c" a3 O" A2 g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( j5 J( k( t- ]$ r: Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. q0 N9 Q- n/ g4 T9 }  H
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
  F  U: p, L; C9 w- qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 X8 K& w. g! ?- N5 k
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& y  Y6 E; @$ K, u) t
early childhood on pubertal development and final
3 H+ H* g" R8 ~2 v6 Badult height are not fully known and always remain
7 g9 H3 B3 H  z6 Da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) Z: D: R; b) r: T$ k# ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  O8 u3 l1 {2 _$ T; ]( a% J
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- `0 j" ?0 m: b9 Fcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& X% }! Y! e8 V1 l7 R' h5 qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) f0 x3 T1 M" S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
% Y! [% b# k4 R6 \over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 R4 m+ `& s; }0 m2 K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 `( }4 X/ Y- ^& ?4 s
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ P2 ]/ X7 r3 e! ?$ d; T! O! h7 {+ Wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( E, U) R) \$ h6 J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! o  j& X9 |2 B8 Achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 O' M; ?6 S6 Ypenile length in clinical studies.
3 P8 N; E2 w5 }2 r3 S" RNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 u" |: c0 T# p) |
going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 w( E: n2 f3 @( J# v: Q. F$ R: E
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 s. x# K0 i4 u$ ?, v3 H, ~the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 v: k) f% w! V9 C4 L! hAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) q; a; h8 |# U' g0 A2 c2 O) c
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at  \3 p9 X2 M  q4 H% A! A4 b1 `9 l
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# S5 a) g- L/ q) B& O/ J; X% _
height will not be affected.
( ]3 U# E" b! q: p1 A& g0 g, SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! B0 s! t9 ^( p; E% }; Z0 uability of androgen products in our society may
' p. q# Y) O* u) H5 p, i# e+ ^indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 L4 J5 N( Z0 i/ F( n! jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* i+ P, J5 y& a5 R- p; [+ rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
% X$ g/ E0 X4 T6 V4 Ationing about the use of a testosterone product or
0 A: k/ t  w) C4 Q$ Rgel should be asked of the family members during/ L; f. ?  T1 _4 o) P- l( z2 l
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 v: H1 L' X& X4 b7 Qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  V7 P2 b) g5 q7 N( g
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ q4 [+ C7 }; f* v6 u; C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 p" ~5 ~) l+ P' w4 p, `+ [
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ \8 I& w& w. {  x  aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" @/ `. [, |3 G& Z5 e9 Sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
. J' Q  D( ~; e% Faware of this fact, because most of these children
! s) F; ?4 ]0 _: G% kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 S( Y4 N3 f1 q) n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a1 c) A0 z, b! a2 ^) g: F
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 D% J1 ^: x4 p: S( f( W* |female child who might come in contact with some-4 Q) S+ c5 R/ b5 I
one using any of these products.* r+ u( K0 B8 P* |
References; g* |7 C: l: X4 |" j
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 F" A! c, T/ q1 F
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! s* y3 _8 [/ D  p4 z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: p' M0 m6 P7 h$ m4 d$ n. `2002: 565-628.
" q: ^3 Y( Z- r5 }5 |+ S8 Y* B2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 Z9 b: Q7 `+ D% j5 w  f& p7 }) Tpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 y+ T  U4 p; l5 U2 R$ Q精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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