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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 t; p) |1 `# {* c0 x6 r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( ?* L% H2 B1 q( yExposure to Testosterone8 s& s; R! r+ h# {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: }/ C9 E; p: [- l# z: r: H' b4 Band Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 E+ U% m5 Q5 H( [
Clinical Pediatrics
5 z3 L; a& a7 C' TVolume 46 Number 68 _) [5 w  U6 p$ h+ i: H
July 2007 540-5438 p& P, b' r7 u% d$ ?1 l' J
© 2007 Sage Publications
# z) I2 b( \& r- G10.1177/00099228062966512 J$ q. M- Z4 B3 d9 q7 V1 b
http://clp.sagepub.com* v' O& f* s* c% H) g
hosted at
5 s8 A* ]* {; D+ Yhttp://online.sagepub.com
# b0 \, q4 o# |3 I0 k, D/ yPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 j$ o! y- j. C6 e0 Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central( |! p6 q4 o' L1 ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated) m# i/ }. g2 ], a  l! h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 {6 q3 ?% v4 I) m% y* _+ }- W8 O" L
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( d2 w: p" o" i% C; dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* e# T$ n: n' v  F! s4 x0 Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 Z* s; M3 @7 U8 X' l9 o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ z8 A1 R2 o. {' }9 pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ r/ b2 q* M. x7 ]% creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! e+ R* n  r; o3 A  X' tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ g% M6 m5 b; Hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 Q& v* o, l6 q4 ^: X( Pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
! t1 Y4 q6 |' [2 r: ~) c# Hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. a" d1 _2 x5 H/ C, B- `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, y4 x( g0 h( k- U  Schild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 s, C+ d2 i( Ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. P' ^# h  e9 G. C% b" Obly more common than the rare case report in the
9 Z$ u$ f/ o1 ]% s9 L% Iliterature.43 R/ n' U/ z6 S3 @7 f
Patient Report
8 k' P: s' a1 Z* O+ S, ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ b7 M0 z1 h% Y1 {. Y" k
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) c" G& [/ j$ n" ~; Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed% N9 v% O) r# c
light colored pubic hair development when he was
0 L( l# L* j  x+ DFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. T9 e9 {3 w1 o6 S5 p4 }0 T0 j+ s
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" H6 ?* s. Q5 `" G/ \2 y, f4 e6 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& R3 h$ t5 D! U9 K6 V9 e) z5 x9 zProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ ~5 R$ [, h0 Y9 Z+ l% P2 gMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 A) ^" q' _. a$ D& i2 Z' ?9 [
e-mail: [email protected].( J4 e) Z+ c& b3 U$ ?5 a) ~8 \& [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; {; S. F; Q# j! _# P; E* V1 o
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# F: F& o4 B) ]0 m9 _% `; T' f( M; Cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; O( {' h# }0 i2 s5 f) k$ Lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! @9 i. S4 `9 y0 U
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
# w9 H' e0 ]8 T4 n/ q# H0 N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) Z  E( X2 p! c/ V2 ~" Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# Z8 X: N- f& ^$ esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 M- K4 e' d, E  ?4 s! Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' ]9 W( ?: ^  Z' s) L( b4 l
was age appropriate.' |5 n  D; \  S; U9 V" g
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 j# l0 K4 l- r* Z- U/ h; q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( _1 c* y. Q% {4 k. P  z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, T% f) ]3 U8 R+ Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) A$ D% `" w8 W# x9 ]0 s& |, V
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. U4 `' s6 u. F. UThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! }  P3 F+ {' n8 Y  Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; V- W1 ?& `6 Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 s1 `9 a% u- y# Q  a  E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" B* T% {- I/ [  Q* \/ dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! L2 }' h7 ?% ~# u3 k; D
tives. There were no siblings.' K3 C: F  D5 z' q* c5 t1 l7 G
Physical Examination
7 N, g& G: ~" F3 M( ?2 q1 O; L8 @The physical examination revealed a very active,# U5 y7 [" O* G6 ~( B! W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 h- J8 u0 J) y$ |+ Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 k' l, Z; ^8 X7 Q: T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( Q% s. D5 O$ N
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" ~' |0 k! |" y: |
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 D) P6 y! J, H7 u, O& q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- M- q, `6 e7 w' H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 _$ E  j/ |+ P8 v* c# Menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, V- X/ P% s( R2 K4 b: H: ?4 m- \* R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: z( V" k1 O5 y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 V" Y$ o( n5 F+ P6 d: d( ]  R
540, `6 a0 q9 V1 `* R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ q$ F1 ^2 _9 {4 r* D( q" |the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. f& ]1 G. y& M: o, Q9 O
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- j- F7 _8 N7 ]8 I# a
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: {% P$ b/ h  B: s* `
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 d3 @3 w5 i- V5 Z  y& ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! H+ {/ y: G) U% x% K$ l) j0 sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 r8 e$ E. o  ~! g
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 g" v  o' S% G% {1 p
of papilledema.' u% a3 C. t) H% Y5 j, V! G( s
Laboratory Evaluation* V* Y: j0 ~: R9 U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by* D9 K9 w$ ~9 L, w/ s0 C
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- b7 j0 P' D  t/ ?logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 W) o  y/ [8 s( e2 i
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: b- F, _% z& V& l
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. X2 C% ]8 @4 V) o  P9 ?) L5 v- wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& I$ q5 p) I* Z7 d5 rThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! W" z1 j5 [5 s1 p. Y& y9 I+ Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 w7 Y0 _0 k8 Y4 bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration5 E! ^, {# ]5 h" U( N5 d& V$ ~, k
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 _" M" [5 {. s& h- y( a  W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* g! n2 X, L' [+ ~' `) {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* R; G, K+ K& T3 \  c, Nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 o' O" `& u) @6 h. H( T& K
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ _: H% M4 @7 \9 z- U: E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& G" h9 \' B' k+ I& \7 E  P: u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
1 }( ]4 Z5 q+ v# j! M2 k9 btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% @# L0 Z2 m' i7 L2 V/ e! x* p/ {
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 ^/ Z/ K( j& {- |# K4 U, Q
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 J; T- C) o9 E8 T' A5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& @1 K! m3 K6 W  |9 F8 y; i
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 b' |# g6 p9 `; gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) |& Q8 d  T% C1 }
(prepubertal).
3 R) [) t( n5 LThe parents were notified about the laboratory
) P  U% g: z8 D" E8 @; hresults and were informed that all of the tests were8 j5 |7 E9 @5 z$ Q- O7 g
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, ~4 A; {6 h2 f6 g  N" k4 k. U
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& i* ~2 k0 P4 V: [5 N  n) T4 Iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" h7 w2 K( n; u. [, `" ^3 wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 \* F; u8 P: ~; C, @5 R+ NPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
3 N; r9 v# A" A+ bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% F# O; A7 D0 v# L4 S; U2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, }4 V: M  ?. n; V0 l/ Kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-# B% m9 _1 ~0 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ m( n2 F: j2 ]- t) ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& w' X/ t$ d+ q. h  u' y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 t. l$ |2 C, N3 B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- @  Y, F, X% S$ ?  `, }, D/ U' z
ing frequent erections.
& W. n: h* W2 I9 `( C7 QBoth parents were again questioned about use of3 U7 }+ K0 j) Q# W) w) D9 ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 h1 `; e8 l& {5 T1 O; V0 dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# H2 k% t& }. n- Y: X+ Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- z/ K  r6 ]) ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-! P+ [1 h! V+ P, i+ S/ ~, B, Z2 j" g
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ G9 ~; s/ U9 t( h3 C9 Z2 ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 Y& G- i; z: ^; I+ i9 C' Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 o1 X& _3 h9 K' d% A! i# h; h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido" s+ w* Y/ g  _
secondary to depression.
* S0 S4 {8 w# }+ N' v3 DThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: g1 c2 w: T. ~& UThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 D/ R  r5 K) Echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ l. x% _/ ?) b; t  O+ T, {4 mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. q" b/ l: j5 {. Y5 L  g' d, tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ c2 x0 u. x$ J3 n' X' X
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' f7 b) L1 T5 p) z3 Y/ T# g9 d! f! r% ^. D
was high, he then read the product information
7 m+ ]: i" h6 v. B4 a/ J$ epacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. [  w" g) x( {, Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 V6 ^/ t6 \3 W: r7 Kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 U4 \& E1 y. @1 I0 Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' p/ i/ r4 {0 s# o; A
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ A5 |$ c( g  g. }' T7 h" b: g
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  }: ]9 p& g9 s; Y% mlaboratory to obtain the test.
& b) @! L4 n& HDiscussion- g1 i+ I* h/ }2 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 b! Z) F3 x7 Qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" b& K! T( k6 L0 H. D
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 g* Y( f( G9 Q7 \) H% @, Z- K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-' j3 G7 a0 V9 {& K2 n: d( A$ g
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' g) d( x- q+ Q. Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; `, Z8 M  J9 Y) q1 ~: K; _
may have a central nervous system lesion that is6 @+ F4 n" Y# c# p& G. Y5 [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 h% ~1 @( ]$ |0 {amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' l2 d; J$ ]8 ?; b1 Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 F; }9 E+ d- hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 K$ S7 ?- Z1 V) \6 lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; i: w% c4 o% M; D3 lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
+ K  l1 g. A. U" v+ S* Kgonadotropins.1,3
( o2 ]2 @0 e) s' Q" \( ?9 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ l) c' M: E# s6 |( ]
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 c9 ^- p8 I0 Y% [7 s( }5 X7 g
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ `; E. l& m% c4 {9 O" k! ]
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* _3 u7 y- ]4 B/ o% W+ `. }" qulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! ~4 I' C3 |+ h6 u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 q( z4 n' N/ W; A7 }, W
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 u  e; }7 Q4 \6 I
puberty in boys.3,4* x* ]7 y7 N$ W0 a
The most common form of congenital adrenal/ V5 q5 S( n/ O* }. c- n. O. S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ P- z( d- j* M0 @5 W: d6 g
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ Z; V4 J, m6 h0 b/ j. u) L) P3 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ w" @; e4 V! {3 w
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& V" _& G- c, t5 U8 Jexcess.1,3
( ~; q( B& E4 S1 r5 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 D- @9 A5 m1 `1 c; r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- x/ c! v4 y! J8 Z0 a3 P6 RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
5 n8 l" \" n" m1 }7 ~% Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
, [# }+ g; ]" U1 i( uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 w: P0 O5 L) p6 R! v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; m4 `+ g$ A* x$ ^+ owith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: @* k9 a. h' G3 kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 d. Y* M6 F2 z9 V1 p
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ o9 N2 t8 P% o& \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 j0 U. k$ ]$ w- \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* W9 t1 x" m$ c- @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 B1 }8 y3 I6 p6 @% V* E1 ~
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 J* g4 w7 R) `7 x2 R4 omales; therefore, other male members of the family5 o' d6 I( q! j5 ~
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 h' ~3 O3 w, W% h: \In our patient, physical examination was incon-4 O( t- \) r6 i7 K# O  y( H" N* }7 i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- n( ~2 z- L9 ^$ _: b
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% m/ _: T* `# `+ N
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ L$ y. q3 J0 W! z  _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ |  f$ `, ?4 _2 }6 x" C$ r* x0 B
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ {  F4 B. j/ m' \+ e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% S, Z" x0 _! \' y3 `1 s- s
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! o4 D3 ?" p: A! Q1 p# {3 ]( f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 B: j& {( _. X' ]1 K0 c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 g' @- T% B' K' {deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) q3 Y9 ^7 X' N' J9 N; m# i  Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ Q" t: g1 F$ `+ g* U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 S: q/ j9 h" W  _+ q
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- j* N- |' h, K# X; Bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ z1 X3 C; x% {/ \" \+ }pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& w; D0 b' l9 a1 r* _( ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) N! l. a6 q2 f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* I/ S: [% l0 Z! q" b  U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" J1 y0 `! Q; T7 H2 [( MDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. g: U0 k! _! M2 r/ C- Tcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 K2 M" q  N$ B+ T! U( L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, G1 o2 o/ h; F$ g; F* tSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. Z+ Y* y9 a. n$ y- q" @( A
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, `: }8 ~0 M# R5 u# s6 v! teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: B9 _. t4 }# w/ q5 H/ d8 D
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
+ W5 C' ?5 v5 D0 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! r! p3 L( C# c( o
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 }3 p# U+ Z. @: [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- F7 `" t# t( s! S* V+ p# W7 ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# e# L4 c4 g/ ^" v" Sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ A# e4 s# i2 d1 `active in young children exposed to testosterone& L! X( ~6 D, L* z# v8 }& x
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' p- ^6 d8 o# P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! J; S6 H. e" w* m, }2 O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- Q, `, q, n2 d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; s4 ?8 K' ]' |6 n: B5 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ a: x) v2 o' V; G& W  J& K" P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ J# \  j& E6 z7 ]. bearly childhood on pubertal development and final  t% h3 n; f0 E6 I+ j8 [4 E% X
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, @* q* t( U6 Q6 S, f( va concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: n- S! s  K  F
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 L* e  r5 I& Zacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- K/ {" S: \' O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, N  C! t/ d% ~/ E# Ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 }' f$ o: M3 B; P- H: {. L
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 c$ L; l! d) f3 {' Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 x, z' ?* B" E' P8 ]+ s) s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; m. i% Y2 w5 Q$ Qadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
, k4 q; R/ ]% h' Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% a4 H0 i+ H6 ^5 |( @  ~
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 H2 i) U, w# U9 n- g) }2 g3 J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 Z7 G# G# R. E* U" L! m! Jpenile length in clinical studies.+ _, g  ~7 e, T: d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' w/ Z. v- N  x4 h) N& L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; Q, M  c, V7 @/ Q" ?testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% @' {( p- n* j$ Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 B4 r  S2 R2 pAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
* m: S2 s) B, {$ V1 k0 u7 q7 T' ndiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( s' d# q2 @& _the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 N0 b9 Y, u# B1 z) P6 u3 `0 V, nheight will not be affected.2 J( {- e( p1 f* [+ P
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  _+ S. W& Z9 F
ability of androgen products in our society may
) E- Q# O8 o4 O* iindeed cause more virilization in male or female: E/ b+ v5 @4 [% T. E
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. z$ M5 P+ d) V+ dgen products must be considered and specific ques-
" l& b+ `: a& S# W# P/ ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' t# n$ E- J1 T: ?6 E: Bgel should be asked of the family members during
- T/ D# }# X/ l0 \& ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; L4 m1 [: R+ A  X( Wilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 [3 ^/ C$ P  f* Snosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! b' P( {7 L+ G* `( u' q/ Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ E, H2 I3 S& ^' f- I; p# b4 s* m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! J6 m- M  R, i( l7 oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" L- Y; `& t. H, }' Y$ x0 Q/ Z8 ~& N( D
investigation. The primary care physician should be' l/ a7 E' m# j& F
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 m  L) `# @$ ^7 hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’; C% B8 {' t" ?- d& R
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! [! x8 k/ m3 ?  Q' x, p! V
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( ~$ r4 K3 f. ]7 Yfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 c. V. r3 M7 G1 K% l7 x' [' H" K
one using any of these products.
' ~/ F7 f" Q8 M3 s9 uReferences
8 a# U, J+ y  K  q1 s0 t9 d1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: ~/ ~) P0 D$ {
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  u  P+ g' ^# [+ N" B* cEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 {% r0 D5 j/ V3 Z( P9 B# ^/ t! n
2002: 565-628.8 M" a+ I0 b6 m- P3 S: [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& D) ^5 Z+ G  @
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! U- k( L* g% W6 }! B/ m" A2 p7 x; \Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; F4 Q( u& O! T* O3 x; lExposure to Testosterone
7 b  I. x! X0 C% K1 k! B6 ^! ]: T4 b9 H4 CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ b; }- W# Q2 u4 c' A6 n5 Xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 e8 o7 U- `/ i0 q# fClinical Pediatrics) b- v9 S) H) {
Volume 46 Number 6( B( s& l# U8 p+ G8 |
July 2007 540-5432 a  \. w( G9 [( K( g7 s
© 2007 Sage Publications
4 y  ]/ G7 d! i( q# V10.1177/0009922806296651
4 H7 p+ M# _; c( K* a6 shttp://clp.sagepub.com; V- u! ?0 T0 M/ ?, n, `8 i
hosted at# v" F% |1 r* t$ G: s
http://online.sagepub.com
; Y- L" Q* }( @# GPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 F4 `$ C1 U! L) ?  r: `) ois a significant concern for physicians. Central8 F1 p0 g8 ^7 E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' h; Y8 Y: p6 d( X
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 W$ s8 M& B: y6 V4 Wa higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 X, G1 m* L  _: E5 _+ M" }6 H
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- U/ O: d, D7 s8 ~0 O- wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" T9 }8 \9 r. H: d' R, v, p" B/ i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% o4 D2 `9 N) `/ A
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 [5 d9 M5 m$ {, f7 u  ^$ x; @: T9 h8 Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ f/ P: T- r4 v6 S! s1 T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" \' @% i% ~8 _2 t0 A7 vment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 k: T8 h8 [& Y9 [2 B8 X, Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 j9 i; W" J+ P, P0 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 _1 g, ]' q+ q/ Rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- _! c; Z4 `% X
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  H* h1 n6 P& G% w- s( ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# f% @1 w+ @& S! F. I% N/ bbly more common than the rare case report in the
, ]. W/ ~% O0 R/ Lliterature.4
2 H$ }$ K3 i- `7 kPatient Report! v' A4 v) F5 `3 y7 H
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 a9 [/ S* i9 m( l8 B! k2 h
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: @8 G, x7 k& l/ M7 d( Vof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ m4 f) L0 q  `& w/ {light colored pubic hair development when he was
) t' Y. W, P0 k0 f, P4 {1 SFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of& {7 _) v. ?: k1 O! v0 w: I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 \& Z+ r4 p/ U  V; i6 B5 \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  @! U1 S2 C/ O/ P- o3 [6 yProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. d$ T* f+ I+ s+ VMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ o, p6 Z, }) ?) B9 A0 q7 ze-mail: [email protected].
& b' D$ m$ o5 I, Sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: r* t/ ?" g  n4 ?0 K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# `4 B8 s. X. N2 {8 Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, K) s  W0 y6 s1 O- y! Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  ~1 w5 d  a- _9 A
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 I% |' l! R9 [( F* G- r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
0 g0 c3 G7 ^9 z" I4 S1 m& [of life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 b( Q  s/ m" ~# t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 ?9 G% ]- r7 l0 N
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development2 p" W/ w. O" J7 n  R% d7 g; h
was age appropriate.
5 _- a( \5 G7 E6 a# H5 u* V$ cThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- R6 q0 w! H, J4 D/ uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) [$ G- V7 x9 U  \+ mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ b; e2 t3 @' V  o7 X0 vheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% m) u1 L' P! P: q8 B% N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' G! c- ~( K' I
The father denied taking any other medication. The+ R% T( w$ @. u8 t$ W
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
; U* R/ n9 b5 z# I) Nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& U6 J6 \. X% H, Q5 V9 c
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. Y: U. I0 E/ k% X1 ~- c- N" Jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-/ |$ b" M# F1 D3 V$ y, ?+ o; v
tives. There were no siblings.
' D  Y; g0 ~) t5 }0 t, Y/ WPhysical Examination
7 V0 i9 z, R1 q1 Q! BThe physical examination revealed a very active,
6 R0 |3 i5 H9 Q% yplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 N$ \3 _) f) o. S0 q5 Q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# K+ D: p# o( g0 w; F2 x$ n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 _& V8 e6 i7 S! V
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& n# w4 B9 h" N3 Svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 ]( d! U, k2 bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ p9 B# J) l# p1 j9 E  s& C& pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 L% Y$ [/ ^1 ]* X/ P: O5 Q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
2 `# W* }; }( O/ S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% g5 D$ Q7 \( A# h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ W2 i. K6 A: U/ u$ q
540
; g. ?0 |/ F2 b  U( g& W2 Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 T; G5 U- d9 s& k& }the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 n: m  \3 \4 ?; ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 y* {3 u* I' g" \! N& A/ TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 L+ c$ X  b$ r6 b5 K% f8 S
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" u5 R! b$ u( v4 |abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' I3 Z- W6 _4 P% \6 `Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% B/ l: a8 |# v. Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- N1 x( K3 |& U; Nof papilledema.% u& }* u* Q/ h- W4 y1 ]; \
Laboratory Evaluation
5 Y: ]+ T: Y9 P% x" UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* {9 Q( w0 \% J/ H' Ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 A9 [; e! N' o( T8 p; n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" X' p9 V" U2 A8 x" x% Pkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 l' J" E/ L) w* b
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" c# E5 p. Y6 v2 Z: d' ~7 n0 vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ |% V0 W6 q. B1 h# OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood& f, G$ f4 V5 w( N0 S
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
) X5 V4 i3 d6 Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
' M1 @' Y& t7 dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
  q4 `! l5 j. Z- E, \% e& c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, Q% q: G% }# {' x# m- X( t9 K$ nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ X  U0 \* F$ _' @; n1 U3 [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 N9 @3 j0 Z2 @# [7 V6 a5 N0 Wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, b% `' v/ ^; L# P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 x* h3 o) M: w& F; }2 G1 _, twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. l7 }2 k  n$ H/ ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* _8 C5 O* p) H( C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ q/ L6 _& t/ Aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ G8 }- y+ ?1 @; K) C. e  `! s5 s# n5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) t, i! Y. |" V: a9 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. B1 d; g0 i+ p; Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 H/ y. u* [% ^* O+ l# Y7 ~1 Z
(prepubertal).- {& s/ j4 U: F% ~, K; R+ ~- F
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& y9 d% ?  r; H0 ?( [results and were informed that all of the tests were' F" f9 _( x) U& q: f' G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
- J, U+ w; o4 ~# H& p- h0 ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- ^* D% c6 e  }+ M- `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( ^8 L9 x5 i4 h0 W" xever, the family did not return for 4 months.: ~( W: O& \" _' m/ u+ f: W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; @7 p& X) Q* {* }8 R, d8 c0 Y; Z! v6 H/ \
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 X  Q0 O2 _+ ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 e! @# u5 I: m" k9 v6 kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 i( B4 G) S! C$ P* |9 [
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 y0 C2 T- T) q1 Y4 P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: U* p% o# Z! |! A5 {9 ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. {  w/ r5 Z6 J! nThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 g5 V: R3 Z; I# r- e6 bing frequent erections./ [5 `% x6 X* r0 X' \2 m. F  ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of
2 D- j& p- @; ]5 R0 Nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
; j7 \; \7 Y" D; p5 Sthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ o7 U5 h+ D/ M, o0 J4 `Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
: `# o7 X+ Q7 a9 J- \# {use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 s2 Z4 y- ~/ q3 g  ]ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" J* ^% e7 k! [! z! V' Ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ D1 d! U/ ~2 }" a7 Xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% Q; t1 h2 c! X9 z# g/ bscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; M: D$ a' @3 K2 `4 c) X; [secondary to depression.+ \& H4 o( U  n) J
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
* i6 _- T8 {  `The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, s9 }7 I6 ^) \chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ {9 W( f4 Q6 z) Q0 G1 i# `/ C
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ _4 U3 }2 f5 x
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 r9 |3 U5 Z' g4 W; V% owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 r7 U( V2 f, s, j1 ~3 |& I
was high, he then read the product information
4 Q  h& A% @- y1 s; ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ C# i  u! Y4 P
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ _3 N3 ?, h+ O4 R2 i% x; Ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
$ _3 ~% S% W$ X3 d) [4 X+ Tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had) r% S/ j9 A4 k& l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- f, i5 `' p5 t" `: _" {& p
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the) I: T& \* C- E
laboratory to obtain the test.
- B, ^0 Y4 ]/ F" E$ s8 M# uDiscussion
; |! |, J$ B) O$ p9 nPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary! h- T. z4 ?* r) U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& `7 M+ T4 E/ w% G8 ~, U
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* Q5 i: _3 g6 Y; `/ u$ |
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
- ^$ f$ M0 `$ |) Z, T8 \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- ]  g' L2 I0 E7 P
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP8 H$ M7 m$ ?7 H8 @) C; q
may have a central nervous system lesion that is2 l. a0 x, g3 G8 [, w0 J7 H$ ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ Q0 i" X0 B5 ^/ G. Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: k& [" a2 g  o/ }+ ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, a3 n! w; A' b( x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) E8 O  m$ }7 ]6 B2 y% d
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-& `1 x! Q# Q( j3 l$ M
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( L/ Q% X! r) f( d" M- |
gonadotropins.1,3
% s. X4 d0 V+ v) Q' o# I' HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( D3 W8 m* X: L5 f/ ^$ Ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 s' N1 s$ g4 L# M+ m! |, U5 ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ T1 C# C8 t( p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; O0 E2 E9 A; }" E  [
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 Z; f6 P1 x7 j# a8 n) pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( K% N$ ]6 x5 N9 H& ?$ c
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ C3 H4 f) t1 j) l# W
puberty in boys.3,4
9 Z& a4 d. o7 q9 g, P! n5 vThe most common form of congenital adrenal$ {( S9 i* @9 I* r( v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ \+ g  h, `! P+ M0 ~" q, Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 A3 P1 w% f" A  \% ?! A
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% L, o5 r* C! G) W* Kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! m, p, x" v( }( I  v+ n' bexcess.1,31 g9 L3 G$ i0 ]% q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) J% q1 W; A: Z* @0 W/ b( m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( B  R, B4 J% W0 y% i1 z" }
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% a9 \2 ]) j9 z+ {/ k5 `/ Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known3 |. r/ b# n! J  B% X2 C& R
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& R# f* e, G) U1 K; R' a$ _1 w
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 k* a  @, e  O- _* uwith this disorder are full pubertal development,* F) k0 J8 ~& A- a' {, L2 e
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys# m1 N9 C. @& Z: e- ]7 Y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' H8 U& s4 x; u2 e) ?2 Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 R/ K& w9 f- m3 z+ [* z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- D: r+ q$ a* V/ S- K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 H" b  p$ n* l. N  ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 d0 Y0 R! v3 D. e9 ?
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ }0 |! q4 X( V) K( R. F  W1 B
may have similar precocious puberty.3/ j4 H1 h( N4 n$ k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 a; L) q, Y) K% D' Y1 ^3 d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ X$ B' s+ ^0 _$ g# G5 Mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* N/ s) w4 _2 ]1 O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  G% h. o- l1 h- f# s, [  v% o
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% p1 i1 y& E9 U% o5 t9 \" S6 z% @- _testicular enlargement is not that evident in the2 J  c" z3 L% V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 K+ r4 h5 q3 cative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 F' }- h' J- J7 h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* u; g+ [0 T) s1 f  ]+ o' d  qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& j7 t- D# j* J, a) N* `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! O$ W! ^) @1 u) l* w
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* Q1 y! D, l* D) g/ u. S" p8 ^The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, x) p; j9 X3 ^( [4 p3 p0 J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% M+ [8 Q* H3 k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 @, L, h+ e2 ^6 @" I& bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 l/ U+ h; F9 I' u9 Bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; n% d8 }- I; N
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( ?; ]- [7 b7 D# ~5 l* d8 z8 Susing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  n3 ]% |9 [1 `
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# U1 ]+ C( d% K9 D& ?
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. ^: N$ n. f! w6 d; bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. J' i3 y3 X+ Y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
2 J- p# |2 R' [. r- [: V+ ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 _" t5 a, m% g# w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! B% R; S! u" g  C" C& L/ Q6 j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 ?4 w- |2 i% d
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% M! U. H8 G1 X- E% j' q: S
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* ]' L6 I* X/ B; ?" S! q' rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& S8 R" C# p- x  l4 Edermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# r: u4 @* S4 F9 S, qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more  b5 U  Z  q' K0 E
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 q% {. R0 T" M+ @! S3 _" z9 Nexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! L0 Y& Y2 }) {4 _' B7 k6 f7 K, C; x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 p5 ~8 b2 [$ t# N4 }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in9 }- |0 E/ G0 a) E- p4 @- d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" f6 m3 N, v# `: \- \$ vadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; g3 x2 T' A) v! r- |3 h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 G1 u4 c: Z9 H1 E6 P0 Eearly childhood on pubertal development and final2 C( [  u1 G6 g$ L/ e3 c2 J$ v$ ^% k
adult height are not fully known and always remain% ~# M  ^$ G3 N; Y0 P) x
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 H5 X- y7 I4 B" t+ E2 uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; X4 ~6 \# N/ I6 Q  P% d* H; ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& |( D- A2 h- s, X- e
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( J& f! V, R" C6 s" \! k" Ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9  m" W& T) A7 f0 ~" u
There are conflicting reports and controversy
. S; g% u1 K% ^4 v5 Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* v. O! p: n( i# Cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
! o! l9 o6 L' Y6 }adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 L3 i& d2 _# ]7 ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% l( D- I. e$ ]! e! b6 rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) ^( q2 n" ^& Y3 q$ }+ F' ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 c( ~2 e: s# X2 ~( P
penile length in clinical studies.
- w4 Y% [* o% L" {, U" O- N9 D- ?4 sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ ]+ O. G7 p4 S3 w: o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 P% B2 w8 p+ [; f. h+ @2 |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because4 l' n( A+ l' T# E5 _
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., v  Y3 w3 o! _. Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  c* [, m  Q' b: S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! F2 J0 o* K7 V" n8 L% E% z% @the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* W, e4 }2 J' j+ w
height will not be affected.
) p  I2 x5 b! @" ZAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-% k$ I  e" p  Z
ability of androgen products in our society may
3 j4 r  h/ I5 t# H4 Gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
& z' z' s) T2 L" s- |/ \# }0 @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' d1 r0 N9 y8 R! |
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 y1 B$ k8 S8 L- R5 m+ i
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or* ], C" ~2 W4 P; ]5 ^7 f  s# _" }
gel should be asked of the family members during9 s' h9 {1 f& P( N# ]2 O
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ j" {3 Q- Z) C3 s+ v4 Yilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 v+ u7 F" ?8 m/ m- ]* o0 ?! [nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 G6 w/ O* r# D" [& V  N- J; Wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 e0 k# b/ C! u3 z3 h" @
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 t6 Q/ \. t8 e; P; f* G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 ~. I% I- h3 N
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 s: D9 j9 e9 S; p4 i- p: xaware of this fact, because most of these children
5 j$ P# x: T% q$ b* Vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 q! ]6 P& C$ z6 j' i! l2 M, [$ Q/ Q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% z: k- z9 Q6 ?8 n5 S5 \: Z3 ?! c; jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ i! a( @1 a5 s$ Q2 t: Dfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 Z$ i- E, h8 V" Y* j
one using any of these products.
$ \0 L, T/ I( A% hReferences% w% ~! U& G& O/ D, M# l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 [7 t$ P$ M8 Z- j6 q1 _3 i
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 i+ A6 Z* p- e8 z: ?% ~Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;2 a* K1 Q) X0 Q6 Q7 d" X1 S
2002: 565-628.1 `  k+ o. `* B% v3 G* i8 E
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 O! v) o  @8 C( A" |
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
4 R4 P! Y0 H& l( r/ @
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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