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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 v9 P( s! ~: a2 B* z: TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ x0 R. @* ]# n5 a' |9 hExposure to Testosterone3 ~5 A/ I( {$ ?$ C6 I5 `8 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 B  g9 G6 [/ n5 x7 a$ Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* O+ G6 L3 ^1 Y3 ^" W0 `  v1 s
Clinical Pediatrics$ ^2 z/ \5 j+ o/ Y
Volume 46 Number 6* u* j' B4 n( b- [
July 2007 540-5439 a8 k" _) B- J1 l" k
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 |3 m9 Z# f7 j6 X1 F7 m9 w10.1177/0009922806296651+ g2 n+ I( y4 @) ^5 b
http://clp.sagepub.com% ~- B( C: j- V
hosted at1 x! Q1 [( j% b3 g* z) \  ]
http://online.sagepub.com& O: d# z9 Y' |9 j6 v0 ~
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ P/ f% {0 c/ N$ B" W4 _# t$ [
is a significant concern for physicians. Central$ I6 L4 q6 \0 k1 W, A
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" T7 Y2 s7 v$ T, S/ Q- r, g+ p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has; L1 t0 k4 O7 U4 h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 R" w: @1 \* U# |) V1 Y8 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& i6 X7 N: N4 |2 \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 J2 i2 c( b5 W) E1 ~, w
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  ~- \/ i" a1 u) S! c. z! S
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# c: R+ T8 t& M. ]8 K' Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  b1 v, V/ s" w1 }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 H5 J; w7 _& Y# L* u8 G  ?ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" {$ n+ P# O% V" P+ X1 Kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% {: k5 h7 N4 M- w) F4 nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-9 e/ H, L: f" Z) T, r
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* G- Q2 K3 Z, ]9 Q5 Z2 W2 O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' A* B) h4 L( E3 I3 Ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 x3 I3 G+ m8 q+ K8 Z+ Ybly more common than the rare case report in the
. {1 K( f5 V2 N5 N' Iliterature.42 h6 I9 u- W+ U% K, j
Patient Report$ u. `9 q; t9 O9 S
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 X! O  n& m: ?0 c5 c5 q2 A4 u
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 }% w: y8 H; O1 o
of early sexual development. His mother noticed0 @: l3 z# V  H- ~3 n4 A, u7 [
light colored pubic hair development when he was
) g/ e3 V* l$ H% d8 `6 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. y" `% L4 @& h7 T2 L  t
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 H! Q4 u& g, f  b2 l
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 c/ |* E* E* v( X+ {5 j9 l2 X' \$ V
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of$ A) P0 t, l5 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) t# v8 H6 x7 i* t/ d5 S  M7 ve-mail: [email protected].
5 |/ \4 `+ Y. n# u. e$ Z5 F. babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% l" f* b* ^( J" Gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# u4 _) P4 K( Y0 q0 J0 w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& i( K' d* b! S' Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 P' C9 g/ y% t$ v; A( i" W2 Xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, ]0 f* `* e2 X  T
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; t/ d: J; d; p; Y; }- O; Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  |, ^, ?& q5 X& I/ g* b% r& N
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,- x& |% T# Y2 y' c. B* \5 B$ a! k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* a7 N- ]/ b7 e4 l2 c1 B" v4 ewas age appropriate.
6 Z. c1 D8 |0 C1 v3 N, F+ b" ~The family history was remarkable for the father,2 d( S# j, E1 _
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- s- ]9 E* d6 L: H# [* S1 d
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% N, U5 L7 z0 E2 q& q+ {) [0 Aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! y; E" H: N9 H3 w& \4 k. J0 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ J1 H% |. \/ RThe father denied taking any other medication. The0 a# R4 p1 F. j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 b- r: z$ y6 ?2 \& P+ lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& q8 l. T1 ^/ u) M; Y: O* k- ], U1 W
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 U' m: g* n7 r5 A2 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 t  u# K2 S' |3 q  I& Y1 Ltives. There were no siblings.* ?3 U7 H' [+ ]: M1 L; X
Physical Examination) ]: v+ d& C4 h! f
The physical examination revealed a very active,
% d0 `" f) I  Kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ R' D- ]! z  b
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) ~1 K! ?4 }2 ?( f1 |90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! |. U& S- |! K9 a1 V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- _3 Z: w* E) X1 L! y. y# M5 r. @velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 Y( V8 d* F; g4 W3 Q& x
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
0 G, N. {3 x# C7 {, z7 tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for: s" W& U( e+ E# V# ?
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
  p' }- c! p3 m8 j# [: g: |, B4 m7 I8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: ~8 |( X& F; R# ^" n- R# Zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  D+ {0 {9 [2 l5 ^$ g" O% Z( K
540# q9 t. K2 }  @3 L% b+ N- p7 `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' X( C% c( r9 j, H2 }
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
' i7 B' f$ G0 u* Mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 ~9 V: z0 ~- n
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat$ n2 V& i0 E* ], L
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 `8 O9 j2 y3 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# j/ a, o# L* C' {; B% L  v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2++ E8 u2 \# @4 o8 Q/ q7 D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ z2 k) o( e+ q7 i3 T0 e! l- {' B5 kof papilledema.6 R2 w7 o  X6 ~3 @4 M) @
Laboratory Evaluation
3 ]( F& `# J) [% C; V( ^; r9 dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
  }4 |# a- `! p( A5 Z$ busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
) a% H. Y: v* ~0 ]( w0 ^. dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( I0 o$ F; N8 B! b! T
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; y) C& u% v1 Z3 p# _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' v! Z0 b$ X; t9 ]lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 ]$ N! H$ P( N/ \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% `2 }( `$ K) l9 z; `# B
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were' X+ |" y3 `7 Q' a
within normal range for his age. The concentration
; j  z* U2 }2 aof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( Z" M, ]4 Z2 M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; ?& Y$ z) z. ?& m
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 h  K/ U: p5 o1 p  X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 J# X8 T/ b) D' _
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% ?7 K# n7 ~* t2 |$ e3 B) p
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ A( s" y' Q( d# cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( ]0 A2 N6 H$ r& y# a7 [  Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
, j% m! d. N2 stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 E2 b  S" `0 t: vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than" r6 T' o: X) a. u4 D  b
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  h# q) e% |+ h) s- W" [
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 h, ]; H8 G' f& n' B! A! _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, n4 r" l' @" X$ a# ~7 x
(prepubertal).
& v) V4 p/ t" d$ A. W2 f! ]0 D. HThe parents were notified about the laboratory3 l, }9 G0 b7 w9 @% S: \6 ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were% X: Q8 N' J" \7 N4 ]* g: q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
) v, c0 o3 t  E8 h; ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 d: L% Q0 Z, |* C5 Fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( ]+ u& t. k$ d& P+ v
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 h9 h% S- x2 L: v
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
$ n6 W) m( H' a' fchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' m) D! q+ X$ q3 t% L
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ v( e- M# r* x6 k2 M# Uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- J) T* P* T( y! U8 d
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 u6 M! i+ b. u0 X8 ~: {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, C! ^& {% M: X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 p$ z1 }  G2 @6 a
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 x$ H. A2 K1 N! B  y. `" King frequent erections.
2 e9 m8 B3 O" n" w# e/ x) B: IBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" M/ a; K& {2 I: @6 L0 |6 ~any ointment/creams that they may have applied to7 h' }& H& U' D8 N2 R, O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' v9 r1 e, n! z6 JTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# i# [: e- U' {, F3 X% Zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: a9 F3 ?! n9 oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 h, R+ M1 v/ x6 f7 ~1 Ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 e4 `# x: P. `" @& B) \to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- ?( Y" ~* h) |/ ?2 [: C/ P0 Jscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 @6 v; x5 d8 csecondary to depression./ Q; r8 R! c" H; E+ v! R, ?0 t  e% K
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( P; _* G- Y/ r% M% E6 Y" dThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
9 ?# Q: t+ ?- C/ S2 W+ {chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-; z- D  k. p1 b$ K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 z& n' f$ l* y8 s2 Y" f# Z, y4 ]
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 v+ `4 ^* c$ B8 X: F1 c* Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) l# U& `! L2 P/ h; i- l6 x
was high, he then read the product information2 T8 [' @" G$ _( l8 ?! i8 ^; b
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 ?& `+ M7 F5 ?# L+ Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 `2 a' ]6 X: m$ k& p8 ?- ]# Wdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 o/ [6 c9 N3 X7 d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 |& `9 @; w( z: [. x0 B
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) T  {  s" o3 j! R+ N& Q7 Rtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 a! O6 f/ A& i5 l7 l) J
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ _; o$ f9 a: M  U. l: yDiscussion
/ v, T$ k- M" NPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 i: o/ l8 R, r8 ?$ p) Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; O9 C$ A; ]& l& o8 r: x4 Q6 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when6 k& z5 a& K3 p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 X; K) [. K2 x+ \" z, P9 t
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  |0 U" Z" q0 t, H& y  c  q
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% z- B( h+ g# V. O% T! s+ [( [
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 E2 O8 E4 _$ e! Y+ Sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
3 C: h1 i4 U! Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' O4 z; O/ ?6 M8 Z4 A4 P% }1 t
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# U# K* E% U3 p& L2 i- {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: l6 q9 i. g9 m# Y7 V3 X7 J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" N5 _4 T. }" ]4 S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 R- \  A" |% hgonadotropins.1,33 l$ v% l) @% {( i8 R) h5 ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( @8 V8 s4 j8 q2 ?: k- ]5 ~# T- icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
6 V; w3 C- R) E: Vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 I! ~0 A, g; @
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) M7 I5 m5 r* [( n0 B2 P% h+ {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 d7 x0 g$ P# H4 `/ C- U
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# V3 F9 l9 Q3 T- ]- Q
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! v: d9 i1 r( E2 K. v( |
puberty in boys.3,4
; j6 z3 G5 `7 Q1 p/ F- J  W' r. Z" yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
$ Y  l5 r8 l: E5 E: Lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" ^2 |+ w2 t$ r; B3 t8 oThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" N4 S4 k; f0 C; X, q; O' aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ c$ g. J6 w6 O2 K6 V4 aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 n! _; f5 \' W" qexcess.1,3. @2 |% ^  n- ~$ a( N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 H8 D" m  R4 S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 B7 b& `0 Y/ N2 I; A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( N3 M4 s7 F0 U# d4 N0 D
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 M' A* v* a3 h/ ^' w: A3 fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- ?$ X- N3 D2 U/ F# j
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 ^" Z; t. `# \2 F* }7 f9 p
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
! J! z9 Q* \. m1 A& Eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 I* F& Q, r+ D& S6 E8 t- b. a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, p6 D+ [/ ]8 G# f$ Q. E4 W0 f! j5 sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& n/ |1 S( Z% t: V. ?! |- k3 t6 W# jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-. d/ O. F  |' r/ O- |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& |/ R- v, |( g. p% Nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 v8 x1 v( H8 Imales; therefore, other male members of the family) \" U: ^1 ]: }* |1 ?, K" w
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 F; N( B; z1 g% }1 Y" Q, ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
% u! b2 n7 _# T6 w2 {3 [0 }# qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) }+ s* Z7 |9 L/ u8 `cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. D' h  P0 _0 p4 v( R( Kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father$ U3 V: y1 Q9 D$ D% J
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 N: c& y) ^: Q& S# {0 Q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* C2 [* X2 C- j5 k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 g' E! L+ t: J) ?! K5 O" jative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 I0 [& I# _# t/ a
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,8 V/ J9 N6 O7 P% A- E2 q, ?, k0 p5 j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 X4 \5 J. i9 d2 ]4 l# r% K5 a+ Tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( j' b: J! d* ?
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 l7 c+ D* x: l5 _/ V
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 v# K7 Q( L6 }0 G% N% Jsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; T1 A: \# \7 V4 A' dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-. \0 k; o* W" D% d1 `
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: h; e) z, V5 B5 ldecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, w0 {8 Y3 ?+ D- u7 {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; X0 |6 e* |  W  ~4 @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% C4 S5 J5 w2 D" d3 H1 R4 \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, k  k* a3 k# N1 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 [: A+ Y6 s$ N" n6 X' E" L
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
" I! H- `1 C% _, RSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# ]- N% i& o$ |- f0 w
baseline value in those females who were exposed to5 c1 n; b' J! `1 v  }! O
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  `% T- P7 b$ I6 g- m# R7 |/ `partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 x$ `" d: c' C& K4 a% gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
% W# X) E3 D  d4 \$ ^( k/ ~Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! C6 r2 ^  b3 s/ q% iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 b) O  \% g4 E3 \& adermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& z' \( {2 @! E& t
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; [# j8 H% f7 F+ u7 V
active in young children exposed to testosterone  Y, D4 @# H3 U# E
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 ~" |1 t# q4 s3 H7 Y! o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
! z" c3 |% L' Z& g1 I2 u/ n' }4 tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 ^  z& R% S1 @children results in an increase in growth velocity and
* s% @2 C( K" t- \: z7 Y; @# `1 Oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' P; A8 p0 X+ P' G2 x$ b
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 P% D! a3 N. R0 ~, m  _$ O' searly childhood on pubertal development and final
- Q% ^* `" p' Dadult height are not fully known and always remain
8 y. ?. u  ?4 p" h: ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, f' P+ k9 C( D2 y5 @9 z2 C( g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 r7 y, N# J; ?8 D9 b1 Z+ r% {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) R+ ~/ }! c8 s4 O- r5 m  C
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
! o6 e0 j2 j, u9 k$ L- Ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* O( s# `' w5 b
There are conflicting reports and controversy% F$ j8 G8 q5 G8 d/ V9 z2 V# x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; O+ D, e3 E, B" q" w( G- v+ H
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal$ p2 Y3 |8 L6 A5 r0 t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' {9 j" V" K- s. F- lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 s% c) s# M* k) YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: L8 B( h7 W2 s0 ~! Pchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ Y, a1 Q+ U- Tpenile length in clinical studies.
4 Y0 Q4 T3 r& g  t) h2 ONonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" V2 `4 A$ @/ H
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 N( H% L6 M, n) u; |  r5 m/ i
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" i7 Z9 i' A! X9 B; U
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% X5 o/ g4 g1 K* [. B
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of9 t2 F$ }9 f4 e) O
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 C6 a: u' }5 h5 R( U1 {3 vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ o2 p4 L6 Y2 y4 m3 G7 Sheight will not be affected.# O% q& H5 Y1 I+ d
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-, h9 g& E7 W7 O
ability of androgen products in our society may& D- w: n( g. ^# p
indeed cause more virilization in male or female2 A5 [0 R$ V' I' f6 ~0 b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. ?1 P/ w2 u! Y1 ^* u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
  r* R; ^0 z* V! f% J, L4 ntioning about the use of a testosterone product or! P% [* j! k3 G5 _/ O. [
gel should be asked of the family members during
" Y, c% D, w0 }, Z. Kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 C% @5 M% t* x4 X: b& w7 I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-. V' B5 l! q1 M! E% V7 r& s
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' V- q; r' g9 Z- |. nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' P1 Y! C- H$ O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; E0 g. Y& C! k. ?7 G9 }- U
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ @' H8 h! d) ]
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 @& W$ _% B* F9 I& j1 y4 |aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 B8 E& D- e' Z! \/ ^may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( R: n6 C0 z! G) [& S  X
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' H6 z3 t7 H& G
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 c) m9 Y5 S; j# j$ t! X8 s  ~female child who might come in contact with some-4 C$ e. S6 _! Z# }  T# ^- a; j
one using any of these products.7 v; H7 g4 J# ~& W
References
- K& K6 Y6 y1 G8 i% f* y! |5 j1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
# N2 E" i7 Y( S7 \; h  uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" r9 e3 i' A1 O" ]. @) XEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 `+ Q( x' A# r' w+ ~( y, V2002: 565-628.
: Z3 s: _! K0 b) C- n- m2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 k$ e- q8 k- e
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* z  d- Z$ x, @  B1 A
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical5 Q3 ~* r1 ^' s
Exposure to Testosterone
' l! h: s- ?$ ^. A& x3 cSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* S) b0 P* g" }& g% l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( s9 C" Y2 I5 T) _7 y* X" C* xClinical Pediatrics1 }# x: i; ?" g8 J, a+ G
Volume 46 Number 6
+ V* w; R! ]2 G  CJuly 2007 540-543& q" ^' @, K5 k: b6 k$ x8 V& N
© 2007 Sage Publications' K0 f: f5 U1 t- ^
10.1177/0009922806296651" _8 h( k8 M2 ^. M# k
http://clp.sagepub.com6 i1 v0 F8 p5 P/ n) z
hosted at
3 ^- G' k$ R* K! o8 Q. Lhttp://online.sagepub.com
6 r, P* D; S; d; g2 SPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
+ {7 |/ H5 [5 r# z1 u# `is a significant concern for physicians. Central6 a/ E+ Y8 t+ ~4 j9 o- s& {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
* y- c: ^) `' R/ y8 w) r) _through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  F) C; ?# z* P1 q/ _; y5 `6 C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: y5 K" U1 a. C1 J+ a4 f' Z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ o' q3 l! F" nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- r& i& F! c( r; a5 yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; U4 }3 q% q/ b+ D0 o, C9 I6 Pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ Z4 ^5 l. F- _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 J& e0 z/ h- V: `  Henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& X- o" h3 X; b9 J8 cment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 Y' J4 U& C2 K; a& n$ u' c# e2 A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 m8 J* U9 r; H/ D+ h' Q3 Q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ |, z3 }* @+ g) j/ t7 V9 b" tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ O, l) d" [7 x" @7 e3 `4 B7 tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* n% d6 M. ]8 U6 k% B1 `! Gtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: y2 }  c- q5 T9 V3 Y0 N( e( ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
% N6 @/ h  f2 `, w; v; g  f$ xliterature.4  d; y% J# ^& H/ O$ J  w
Patient Report) e9 g' C- Q; o, @# P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 c9 }+ G. q9 g0 }: aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 w+ Z) }! _% ^& N: Z: \/ v8 j3 Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed
' k4 M) F) c/ R: k  Llight colored pubic hair development when he was
1 ?% p7 V$ u, C0 PFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ Z: J8 D, o) ^4 s# u7 v
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: o; a! W! U2 M2 Y! p' ~) N
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ q; N0 D# f. ~: d) H0 s0 N* vProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of- K- \# v7 M( K
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;; h/ n6 a! k, Z9 v; S2 c) q# `$ S
e-mail: [email protected].
$ q$ a7 a3 S0 }0 B* u7 i. F; z0 O; yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ s, r- q1 c* y+ `- i  qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 L4 v; T: x1 ]5 D8 z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  ~7 [, U+ O7 \" h0 Q( q4 D. e* p
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ X, X' [3 D  |2 h6 \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 p1 R# x3 H, ?* r+ y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 R" H% ^- [  ?0 w  U  d/ X" {
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; d8 p0 R) |$ P7 E6 L! G, Z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 j4 M2 r6 H! D! A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 b, H  P3 n# C/ O/ E! v7 vwas age appropriate.* {0 b/ C& d: q. g' r
The family history was remarkable for the father,
1 F9 k! a: K+ o" R+ G9 V) \1 {who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* G# A+ u* b! m3 ]% i& P  A2 i; Y# J2 ]which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, G9 Q- ^9 r& |2 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
# b+ ]( \" a0 W+ a& W- ?9 mearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 S) r  _6 J7 C0 E
The father denied taking any other medication. The9 A" `; m) u( A5 G& t8 F( i0 P) G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ ]# r/ b" W9 b- O5 r
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ }( H5 n( c( Z. k% s7 m' c2 h
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; N& |5 {3 r( J: v7 U4 U
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-5 e1 g, q4 A! E
tives. There were no siblings.
+ }+ Y; R5 v: u- WPhysical Examination) }# i5 b; `! P/ M- b& k
The physical examination revealed a very active,3 K4 E" D# V( _/ t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented0 W+ G8 i% \. H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 Y) X; Z5 l. y3 a! \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ ^# J3 d% `8 V4 y- Z+ a  L(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth4 }0 X2 R. B/ k8 O6 }. f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) O) k& P3 j1 K+ e% x4 a. athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 f/ b( i" t& L3 T, b0 mThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 t: _, e+ Z; H. u+ Fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! P7 b3 ^) P  r: n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! Q& N5 B- ?" _2 A1 \# n9 E3 I. r# b/ hdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# U4 R* v  h" l6 H" r/ V& y& s7 M540
- @3 ^+ L( [2 g; z3 G/ ?  S6 hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! C" k7 b+ a0 r* W, a
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 Z. c, L% z4 Q; H) @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& q/ [0 s( i! X/ w; xThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 a+ }% j+ A, S/ D3 uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 {# y# B' a6 a: B8 m0 Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' k5 H  O( @# H2 Z# [( O% C. VNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' k- @! K, E& _. L% Pbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' c' S% j: \' H3 c. x6 j7 L' h9 ~- M
of papilledema.9 H0 z+ G8 ?- N9 ]. O4 e
Laboratory Evaluation) \7 {# Z# W" A7 X% k
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ [; Y! e# {' Q2 d
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
2 R  c: S2 q3 Y- N  t8 f8 v! q8 flogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal9 {; X2 F. z$ W! ?  o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 |! }3 E4 z$ C( ^6 u+ @6 D
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; @* P$ P' m5 j6 W5 N7 |1 r& {. Mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 w4 y) j( h. b" z$ R) S
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 p2 l: O5 {* m# t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' r1 `% h- i, t3 \0 k% W# vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
) w  {, a' P/ M2 Zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 K, G0 \1 z. h/ q& T4 `( ]
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) ^6 T5 z' |$ A& c0 p
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
. A; S8 P9 d8 a+ D+ }7 iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 H" o( j* i3 ^0 @; Xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% V/ M1 @% {4 E. G" h- V# t/ U, w! f
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 J8 A: ?2 X2 C, Xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
4 F4 H# S4 y3 J- o! itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 v" {$ }* U( N& s( i% F$ i  U8 u/ I
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" B4 U! G$ K* ^* ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 \0 X& n1 u' N$ Q' i) J  t
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 U/ m) }& n. d; \
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# Z' ^  x! n; z/ ?' Q3 b, Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL* s( P1 c; K3 @( v  S  q
(prepubertal).$ f; A) K0 G4 ^# @$ X1 }9 ]! a, \  m
The parents were notified about the laboratory- ?& ^; y9 U; W3 H$ t. \* |
results and were informed that all of the tests were
0 t0 |- K% t* {; f1 F* @normal except the testosterone level was high. The0 {& ?- E/ z/ m, ?
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 C: n7 [( F+ Z% i- T1 W/ m
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
% L6 x& `& e! k) O' A6 r, Wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
. A: l9 c9 \9 J. c& S0 J: s$ EPhysical examination at this time revealed that the7 g- _$ G  `, i! U5 q. q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained2 L; h7 q: W+ B6 q, O) q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: r5 U" i& @. f" W. {unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 O. p- a  L7 s% C+ [- ~8 {$ O
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 D  w; [0 v5 u+ w  F' s; T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. ^% W" z2 I! `4 P  \4 X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 B3 h: Z, M# v( }* I8 I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, _0 t6 h0 v7 l6 c! R) }ing frequent erections.
; W: }5 q; S) R) z6 C3 J& zBoth parents were again questioned about use of& L% e" F( I4 i- c9 o8 D
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- \- |9 ?; R5 f' X7 r
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 O+ Z: A) v! oTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
/ J( E; h6 E1 x2 w$ f' o& h5 o$ Z9 duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# P: j0 H! g7 S+ a
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) S) H7 l. i  k7 O, z& N' ta year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 \) @* q0 L+ h) k1 p* \
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 H3 ~6 G9 {% \/ G2 _% ?1 Dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" o$ s/ b( H5 B+ b. l- Dsecondary to depression.  i+ N( q  X1 b4 p5 H; G  _( U$ D
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
; M$ A( o% \: kThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& x( Z9 i4 a* X, uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 h7 M6 X. d+ M5 _9 _  }3 F" Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& [. V1 z# w* zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
% m% O  f) ]1 U! R0 Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby. E& |' @" {& d5 v: M
was high, he then read the product information
2 O0 d, ^* }8 J' s6 n1 q1 jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-( J5 p6 b. x  ^  S' G0 Y7 }8 U
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& }: a5 y7 i7 \decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ G* T, }) X5 K: }( S% E8 }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had6 Y& J. h- t2 w. I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- }1 V' w- w$ Z4 c. ^) Y* Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the, ?4 [8 R: Z0 }8 b! R
laboratory to obtain the test.1 h" w/ Y; S2 b$ V
Discussion* Z+ ^3 H3 a" h8 |7 m! z$ |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary$ R6 x5 B% k9 Y9 M
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  G) ]$ R. V/ r* @# oPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) T8 B8 Z; D9 ?1 h- g; f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 [& t/ V) r& F6 A, Cthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 g( W4 z: ^# @) m( L& }mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) t. U  d+ V; x# ~. O9 a+ P3 @( zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is$ X; n/ D' X! P4 V. \) f6 i
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-6 d. B6 S( n+ P: n, _' B0 R
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- h; _! j7 q; ~9 {! I0 Msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 P8 I+ {6 s5 J8 d4 ^! n% n* ?
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, x6 Q0 M/ J/ J0 R; oization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: e" E: T6 J% ?! D; }6 o$ R
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& g) T6 X7 g1 `1 E, ?; p' u9 Igonadotropins.1,3
7 u3 b$ N/ W" i  f+ i6 Q6 Z  @Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 k/ v( P' ^6 z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 s6 Y- g) o# d! P) s
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" j8 Y, N& G/ ?' a# u
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 s% ]. k8 ~& E) R1 ~
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 {( x! {( S+ @7 d; b9 Y4 C5 [" Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  Z6 X! U6 s1 p, T  t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
! j* m# {3 g& X! r' Jpuberty in boys.3,4
, k! J- v) [, x# t- LThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ Y- O. O. m/ jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 M7 @$ l% q- b8 kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* Y2 [$ l7 Q( r) Z: s0 @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 e4 m1 t& _0 W0 w! Wan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( x& t. O- I! N2 Z0 ]excess.1,3
6 |7 L3 g; p: I4 s/ s" p% Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 y3 V  B) S3 b, F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# d) O# C. Q  ^! k  @
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; u$ d7 |0 }0 `& ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
" C/ `  H7 o1 Q; {9 O1 P) p- Tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ A, `+ m8 M9 o$ S1 W7 H+ g8 P2 t) [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys- M$ y  C( z4 m9 N2 K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ y( E( v; @" b# M/ sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* Y+ x6 K0 F4 J  S8 [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* n1 i+ m$ ]2 Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 ^/ B; }2 j3 s( n, npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) v4 O% m, q' B; B5 M9 @, c
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% w2 J$ F1 s8 y2 V6 E* ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 [# v7 ~) b+ h1 ?9 v7 Imales; therefore, other male members of the family
" |& A0 a4 M6 N5 ]7 J, F# o+ Bmay have similar precocious puberty.3
; t/ M, V4 Q& ]3 S- TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 t1 P: v3 s: f$ ]sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 @/ k2 ?/ w4 _cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, J3 `4 z" S3 `was in the differential diagnosis because his father) d1 e  u$ u+ Q! l  ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
! o5 z2 V3 e) G4 mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 ^. X  p+ x4 _/ a
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ |) s6 D) _) l: v! d( i& H
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ `$ Q: w! x. }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 U& t# J- R7 T
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ {# f0 i6 H' f' N1 H, [6 k3 X
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 X0 u) w4 {3 W4 }" L+ ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; d8 X- O& x. x2 x" p  x. k# |7 f1 a$ xThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. |; c  o( \) o# P' F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' _7 j4 e, x0 B- Kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 n% [0 [+ e4 H$ R9 G, ^7 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 r4 P+ v! e4 j- M9 @decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& W7 F) D4 |6 Y7 b9 w3 x* {% U
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 p4 A: y  Y8 n, E) \7 @using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; B0 o6 u  _7 V" LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ U" r& p$ E7 `* ]cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& ~2 }' L8 P( O. A! S# ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.) ?9 g8 Y) Y3 J; J, c4 c2 ~3 k
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, v" w" T9 {. t- A' Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to6 R: n; r" _& d
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 b: C# x, c) x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
4 K2 z  W  r$ l$ T% Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ ^4 T6 a" E$ H4 s+ ]. B& WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- c; K' @1 A  D, {7 e7 Rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, o- ?6 q1 c+ i9 C" Y+ h' V) Qdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 E/ ?1 L5 S. ~
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: |5 y, u9 Y- Q$ j, j& o( ^
active in young children exposed to testosterone" Y/ b4 E$ U+ X  I
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ X/ S" l1 H7 l, _4 `0 C" Q4 {4 ^
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; Q! H: t/ a6 e9 y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# w) a: O  f% t- V) F8 B9 \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
; W2 S3 V# j: N$ Q; R" J) Vadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 O! O+ i1 d: V2 [; ]& e9 WThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; H; M3 v7 Z, Vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 \# A2 J! I4 i; j. _adult height are not fully known and always remain
  c/ f3 N' c3 w7 la concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" W! f  N2 U4 H$ A, u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( ~5 h# s) U. a( G% m  c/ Oacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ @2 f% X5 B, R  A* P6 {
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' `  X; ~; D, T6 D
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 C/ @. c0 H) b: E; z" D' aThere are conflicting reports and controversy
- u0 L0 }* x$ C( d* g, Rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 V! y* g0 I# E8 `$ |1 }, s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
0 E! Y: ^& }* [2 W' iadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. k2 ~8 b. v: e5 v& [ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 V; f1 c% J+ a/ RSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 n2 ^( J7 a) }7 G, Y5 B( w; L$ Y
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 M* @$ ^& x4 ?% n  V! y% `
penile length in clinical studies.
! l! Q% r/ A+ ~% V/ H  dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 t  _9 T" C, c, @
going to experience any of the untoward effects from  J; U, f2 a% }0 C2 n* m
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 E, e& I) S! j+ r+ v( p. s
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
* c# \/ b5 z- v& cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of" i, q# f) D4 B. N) U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 b, g+ A& Y) h' E7 [8 P$ P$ Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 u5 ]! A/ N1 Z1 o  t
height will not be affected.
9 V1 C7 F/ }& y5 g) G3 \- q, XAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' s+ M3 L% _7 Xability of androgen products in our society may
6 D- _9 F3 Y7 l; V7 [6 b1 [indeed cause more virilization in male or female
, x: s9 g2 w; E, r8 D) z) J% P4 uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 K( p# h  Q4 l. [
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 x+ H% z) }# o& n) j; Q) W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or4 q/ G! r" r% Z3 P, f3 t; p
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ K9 x( q* C3 V+ V0 Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, j  {, I% u- q4 [4 ]% @) [, bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 J- D, ~5 P5 i) b
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, ^: @+ k$ v; C' C1 u" I$ ^9 T+ `' A
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* J, r& c2 X) m" O) e1 s/ J4 }+ ]
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 ]$ B! x" J) x/ f  E2 S9 qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ t3 u. @4 }( Z$ t; s" k' `3 U6 l) ^investigation. The primary care physician should be
3 g3 j- A# A  x$ ]aware of this fact, because most of these children4 T$ u4 K6 _3 v& [* a# s# V
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 c' ~2 K" A% j+ s" P- EDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 a! v" p" z' _warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
3 L1 |2 b" m; f! ^5 i; ?& zfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 F$ I9 o5 \8 ~. E8 A8 S* `
one using any of these products.$ V  |. ]+ w* i5 B2 ?
References, o% D1 L$ h6 B  l4 z2 ^1 B
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 a1 @% {0 }" |" O1 J2 h; Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 H+ g+ z  n5 V' [+ {, j
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) w/ P6 E( k6 G' d8 s1 ^' ~2002: 565-628.$ f# j# T4 O$ h* T+ o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# P2 Y! J! X5 q1 i- {& `# A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
累計簽到:11 天
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

* ~! x: B0 H) W; l  R8 h0 `( ]精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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