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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ C; v" v8 {! Q1 D/ g& o
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ g. m# R1 {, H0 B, HExposure to Testosterone
% K; {3 h, w' z  gSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
+ ?9 }1 v$ ^! sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 o% v- f: f+ K
Clinical Pediatrics
; E7 ~, y0 _$ Q/ UVolume 46 Number 6
2 e. _6 q: w( K, h$ bJuly 2007 540-5439 c) V! Y9 u! [% \. {- ]
© 2007 Sage Publications
: {3 K2 _! W# _3 {; E; e, G& d10.1177/0009922806296651" y5 W2 a8 b. ~! I
http://clp.sagepub.com9 a# A$ y9 K$ ~) v, T  }( e
hosted at
2 j/ F. d6 y" k7 `7 h! fhttp://online.sagepub.com. }1 l  V) q) }2 t7 W! ]% X+ ^5 R
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" S& o& o- J# u0 f, e! l% \0 `) jis a significant concern for physicians. Central
% B$ H# R0 b/ q% @precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' D) u9 D. I; y/ s( Y5 t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ l" b7 H8 {& u* n, f) t1 q7 O3 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( n# f! A: @. wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 O3 S' {! N6 v9 o) ^, Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 y, A4 k4 `6 e: e* [1 `( K! b8 {
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( O; P# g" W- Y" \$ L
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# I2 J6 [$ z2 {- _8 Z% Y* }
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; C) F  d+ |$ v6 |( \& n1 qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: y! r( X# I6 ~" u- x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due" u& a& }/ U/ y; J
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 o: _: `/ s' P; C' h, lthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ D1 X% }/ f* p; [8 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# H4 T; {( p1 w
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& B" [+ C; y9 S7 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  h% r. I: t& X% Tbly more common than the rare case report in the
, Q0 L: b' Z0 z  q) Bliterature.4
9 D, x6 D5 a( Q3 t/ p/ {$ T: JPatient Report  B" W; L1 h$ Z- ^# Z4 b
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 z1 a) j$ q+ T) V( X3 X, Qendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ v" A1 O$ O* P/ y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
% |$ C( @2 O" S1 s% H, tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! _' m& M$ p8 c  k" oFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( V. E% ^) u- ^5 H9 e: G; b# ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- D4 \7 k4 R5 |6 F( R! dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! y) f+ l% H2 @& |, O6 D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ o$ @4 b9 x. s8 a* fMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ _8 j# T  ?. {2 Z# d) he-mail: [email protected].$ \$ I, ~0 B5 ^; {* T
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 ~8 W4 |3 _. ^. V7 t' I
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; u" @6 I0 L8 s
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 V) {# f# Y" B) R1 {! x' R4 iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" @. R- a9 r% A6 S$ }2 \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. T5 S  S4 P) [, _, `
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; C% a. P* _9 bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) z+ H, Q5 X9 m+ Z* B, fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 l& X( r- a) [* q% h
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 B) K% t; L5 q& Q5 ^4 J
was age appropriate.
6 \* t5 ^5 Q. a6 v; _The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 M5 ?8 A: M) |- G* T  u, W) _who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 f1 V" C+ t" M7 d2 \+ Wwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* w" P; m4 n# l9 J, J2 M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& Z9 |2 Q/ Z- \8 V5 t
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ m# ^7 a9 v+ R8 h
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! v8 h( R) f8 b3 xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ M2 [  k4 Q, b6 B! t/ ^+ cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ X" A8 r+ y! r0 A3 v8 [* r7 V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 U* q/ y) Q2 f4 \$ Rcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 S0 {; M: d! r9 r) I7 K1 k% btives. There were no siblings.
0 p" K8 `$ U% IPhysical Examination# r3 Y3 E3 C. }8 E3 Q* L
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 W/ \  c; ]+ X2 [. e6 {" h% ?
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 u& e4 Q5 ^2 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. E' y& l/ H2 R' ~5 ^90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ g9 o. c; @9 d  t) i6 B(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' d5 \' j2 c( s/ E* C2 J7 B) {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 U, u* e  R$ u, {  ~* M$ Rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 D# w* B6 ~: E  Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 c  N9 R1 {; G3 ]1 m: R
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 [' R1 j8 ?5 a/ Q; R8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 r6 {$ k1 b, [1 T% Ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" ]! W/ W" I( V- V: d
540
" X* q- J% k: B3 p0 v. |at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* q) i1 u0 E# p( }5 F( e; ?% bthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 o' R% r! Q1 J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 P, e( k# c5 W6 Y) k# A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ x5 e" u8 S1 M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 y* f' t" D3 ^% C& T+ o+ A4 Yabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- _( R, w7 b/ ?4 _7 e
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ M# I% ?/ o1 t& |# D, A- E- lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" E$ H2 W# G# k. f) ]) ~, A, Nof papilledema.0 Z; S& ~6 n( O; U& |
Laboratory Evaluation$ x) _# S# r  N5 R/ N# E4 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% A$ @! R& F5 Dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" B4 t5 a3 V: E; n+ R6 g' z# g
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: Z, K* O* h5 l' Q) N1 v% y0 wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 L( k! Z! q' D& R' Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! N% Z2 G2 x0 i% e
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& S! N+ b, Z7 \3 A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ A5 ?9 ~. e! y0 I; v# W: Y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* p  w* g% K3 x" M6 t9 M
within normal range for his age. The concentration+ k( O. ]+ Q  E6 \4 p
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 B2 u2 P  L' ?5 ^5 Z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ n' g3 U# h; X& a( A% E8 G5 Tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 a! I/ F0 P# l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 c6 V& J( h/ @- idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# d! `. @8 \  ]3 H  X$ W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 h" b! ~; J. @4 S7 r: S3 Q& y( f
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' L4 G7 Q$ }5 R* D) O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total  _6 ~6 l' I: |* R3 s9 n
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: J* E! c4 i2 l
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 a/ b  A# v& p: h: Y$ f; d/ S
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 r! p% T: w! J
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  u! z* l: ~9 Q. I6 i& E4 Nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 Y8 }1 Z' Y; s5 y
(prepubertal).8 s1 G0 [; ?5 u; W* i
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! W. }. K1 t; c+ m8 {2 _/ |  {results and were informed that all of the tests were2 M- g! u( }4 ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 ]  n  j5 k/ j3 C. W, rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* P. N. O: G6 k% b. x0 c
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ ~: H( W& V7 D3 d5 b2 l
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 [: N& _; [+ T" g4 s5 l, ?" M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the; z! n0 \) r! T7 J5 X2 |9 _& \- r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 U9 b" f+ o) M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 R7 N# A0 C5 W: Y  A2 l9 k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. ^& k& a! m5 N" J6 J% ?
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at% C) ]( T  ]# d5 t. ~8 d# T2 }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 Z0 ]8 h5 T6 A" t1 u1 mmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ @, D2 M  D! c5 Q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: h) Q' `' Z1 [0 g6 M8 b( D. P. _ing frequent erections.
1 o1 E' R+ p! _6 g6 _6 c) o* G* `Both parents were again questioned about use of
* O7 j% W4 l- _- X, ~) X) Bany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& g7 H* D+ p3 x- }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 C' H7 P5 i8 L" w& C3 O
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ S) T8 @) q" D# \6 J
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- G2 w( A# a" i- }: h: c; c
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
' ]0 r; [5 y4 W7 z7 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: W2 l; W! a- j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  Q/ i* ^; K/ t2 [( O. `$ z+ w) g- D
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ I  N' f) M+ a( v! j, Ssecondary to depression.+ J1 C1 `2 N1 c7 c6 P
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 `) G9 \) g$ v+ b- X. {The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  F" J% ]# E1 n; uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" \; B3 e0 I3 ^0 |; N7 P# T
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.& I# t8 G8 x- [/ F. p7 Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,4 ~' |0 r7 i6 i3 @& {- S  G/ g" ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 _/ Z; K1 Z4 Hwas high, he then read the product information
; T; q' m/ Y2 O8 L+ ypacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ [. m. F0 }5 z* E0 O
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 E. `9 I- Q( n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' D! ~" d- }; {7 n0 n! R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 s, `0 \7 Q7 ]5 X) l, h, H/ P. mbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 b& |" b5 k# U9 E6 atest was ordered, but the family did not go to the. \' {: R' t1 b, y, N) n
laboratory to obtain the test.9 ]! O5 P; u, L+ P0 u" n
Discussion" k$ M1 U; I; b( H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, K6 B4 c- ~4 j' `
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 C$ @; Y  s7 L- {/ b/ m" _5 @
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) {5 |$ U+ u8 b1 y  G5 w# m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ f  ^  k$ l6 r9 W  K8 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# o* Y% E( I3 `8 H
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) Z1 w5 L8 E) E, b. i5 f
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* r1 b/ z- {6 H# sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ r+ c1 ]: _+ \" x2 \: X& Pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# W4 b8 s+ ]3 E& }8 F% f, c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 {( Q7 j/ h5 V  n" f/ {1 f
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- v) t7 @; X( ]( x# j
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- v; z2 z! _* |3 `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' P  `$ \& a8 S' e" qgonadotropins.1,3+ M% H( Y: y1 o" ]% I
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 R+ k" ?6 }1 Q& |1 Y" Pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% M  l+ |4 a! c8 n2 y4 Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 e% m, p2 j# O; h4 `( |; j7 B: ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 C, K6 m3 N( r$ H" E+ v9 Z6 K
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
  ?# N* r5 t! {8 @8 h' a# Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  h* p# e5 V* M) v5 d) z  f. C( ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 b7 b( z: f, [2 d  s  O3 M3 qpuberty in boys.3,40 P7 _% H, I9 t3 r; @, @- i" b' c$ d
The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 w0 V2 c* C# f# chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 R  [3 t/ H- `' \4 z( B7 BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
; u% @; @! f( Y1 |# f0 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& P( H- [& m6 Y7 t( }$ Z9 {0 san adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 {" l9 e. x1 B  a/ I9 k1 \; h# iexcess.1,3# \' V( e0 P, ?: p9 }1 J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% Y: ~8 V  U; V& |2 R8 j8 r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ `7 o3 c& p/ M8 mA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 m3 ?& g( l8 T9 C; Y! O, A9 [, d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
, M% l. f- b- |5 t* y& }as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 @& \  z) g8 @6 b: f5 Z  Z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 T9 t: Z9 E5 O. m! h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
; ^! A" ~* n9 k+ b, yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( W; O' N" e7 W  @
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ M7 K8 a; \: @4 w0 nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' q9 u+ f& M+ G$ }1 o+ e4 A. F5 kpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 h' d* e- a: Y4 d; o/ m8 ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 [- d1 o. \' }4 o0 S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" `9 p) m; U6 P: [6 J6 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
  }: P5 M. s! b2 O  I8 |& b4 V2 v* Omay have similar precocious puberty.3' e6 L/ U9 [9 K" Q! D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-% z3 I- e, M1 B  [. g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-0 e4 Q; x/ b7 W
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: D! z. g' w% |
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# q9 w" E3 R5 Q1 N2 m0 H4 C& G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
  u  z- P9 H) f# r) Qtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the1 V& u) s: h  x# p+ {
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( e; h! N, ~3 L3 x* G
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our- `% l/ P* j+ g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 U( ~1 C5 N& o% a2 W; [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ [+ f4 u3 ?' x5 x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( o/ Y- {1 }# d! Y$ \9 ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- M* T* W# d% Q9 t6 f) B* fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" s) Q2 X( Z3 s# f1 J$ x- d/ B7 dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  ?5 C4 m* n5 ~; Q9 U( x9 Q* `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% q/ r& g( X2 @7 ?# l8 g, U- s& l1 qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" n1 Q- g( ^4 ?, F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 \8 ~2 d# c8 e; c
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: y& M- x- g) \! B; p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" T. h+ v& i6 D0 q2 r( hDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ W% K% Y1 D2 g$ N
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 Z- U7 Z! q/ n% w
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- M0 `( C  @0 U
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
4 n: ^$ A0 K: q' [; x" Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 M7 H& `+ u1 K( L: z% t, \even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 `* H) T8 z$ a5 r. H1 A% a8 Y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. ^; p" O" E7 L7 p& [tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  `5 K3 y* a& g  _. g8 N
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 k' q# d, A7 m' G! x8 @1 F1 @which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: n5 W- d$ t, }$ M4 ?7 b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-7 [  t) F7 D4 L9 Z" U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" P- c  p  x+ X2 M& t/ B
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 S; `& ~4 _+ ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  R- P, J/ M7 Z/ x
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% o4 ?7 H# O$ P8 a! u6 o- `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# L& L! V  r% ?  @" h- c7 i3 rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* P( c& I9 \& r" A# Tadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ C+ N$ \6 A! r; WThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 j4 h5 p, |. ?8 f) n0 F! {
early childhood on pubertal development and final1 I. j% p9 u  l0 r8 A
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 g) ~2 `9 ~. k: u/ t
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 T8 J- S3 t% k* v3 l; L+ c$ |
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- z" V8 x# ~" K' g4 Vacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 a4 G% ]  W9 i/ ]
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 [& D5 W: D. I$ ~. h' I2 I0 h+ u0 \
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 s. }, R$ s- N( P! D" K  OThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 p. z/ S2 }; x% d/ `) p% F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% E! e" S& Y3 s* F
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; e. S# O9 j1 W( |/ W; Z2 p- v( e
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' [' O# M9 G, Q9 W3 Zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) n0 i! H  q; cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 z7 O  @+ o: e6 P
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# S5 x0 w- z6 M: F0 npenile length in clinical studies.9 o, [" Q+ |4 M9 ]
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ d7 x4 F% [" [6 ]going to experience any of the untoward effects from. V& y7 J% g" `  ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: |1 C1 F6 n+ c* p8 U; [! h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ k. K1 z9 S, CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ G  r6 k* e# }% q5 p) z6 D' Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 U  U% ~! a8 g' t1 M5 Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 B: Q2 }, {- ~' L1 k- A: ]height will not be affected.2 V6 \3 g1 L2 A9 u# M" e  A) j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. D$ K: ^9 ]' V  M8 U+ a
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 C: p( E: P/ `- H6 l! A4 N# `4 iindeed cause more virilization in male or female
' N' s* |$ `% M6 P& _# ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  f. M* s2 b6 `5 Z7 Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
* y9 n4 A3 Y* G, D4 t5 `tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 [' i. U% E3 L/ E) F9 Xgel should be asked of the family members during
7 f) H/ f$ e  C" uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-! Y; q. _% e- e4 n  m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" F% c* y# G8 p' bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by  i3 m  P9 G4 U3 `, e% }+ E+ d/ h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 l- D$ A( G3 f) H+ Y( k) Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 U) W5 r3 M, c8 p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. f9 D2 h& V7 P+ ]+ K: b. v# [& K
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 j  i1 y; ^# Y0 B6 v, w% g# Q: O9 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 Y& c9 z) u  e4 k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' s0 I# ^) `  X. [$ z2 `  f
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% l2 Z$ [. `/ l0 O1 Y* Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% |. r" q1 T" f- Z
female child who might come in contact with some-2 h& M! l- \3 i. i/ O6 b/ `
one using any of these products.
& K% _. i8 M$ @0 s+ G& m% o2 Z" YReferences
9 x* @( r+ X  G5 E1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 C5 _! R" m: {$ j& J, y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. l+ F' P) v, v; h& ~; d8 k! Z. M( a, mEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& u7 l4 q1 G# @# F. v9 m1 _
2002: 565-628.
8 e3 ?  b7 d' n+ o- y$ Y- w0 j. [& j2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 F; N) V; P. v& \% p: y' Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 G) M$ F7 X: o# X$ S8 {1 f+ Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ R/ ~  h3 Q& `6 IExposure to Testosterone& N( e$ R8 F, e
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& }8 n0 A, M) C/ z6 {and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 k0 H/ O7 R  |3 P, ]7 TClinical Pediatrics
. Q: E- w2 M" A, ~/ H" JVolume 46 Number 6% q( ~( g/ t" k
July 2007 540-543, c. s4 T# J! @
© 2007 Sage Publications) {: J% P9 v  S$ v- R4 [" K' g5 G4 u6 a
10.1177/0009922806296651
: O, a$ U+ L8 D- vhttp://clp.sagepub.com
$ l, I* `8 t/ D; E! Thosted at
0 g7 ]" j8 o+ B: v: r3 Y( {3 `" _http://online.sagepub.com
$ ?4 n5 n9 z9 u. \6 IPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ {. k  P6 c- z6 E  l( Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 C- N& G* D( D0 G( vprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" X$ F6 m" _9 J3 m9 G9 [: gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" ~1 n8 `' p  i4 U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  c  I3 t" E& N& ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! i! X7 D6 x2 a. |* z9 f2 t/ r7 z9 @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; ~% R8 K: w- D1 r5 q0 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( @  E8 K- l1 G$ X' Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
  y% }; }' e/ _5 c, ^3 J# I/ areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: l4 i7 I; |( B) c  f0 yenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 d# L0 B9 O$ q7 l' c$ H& }& Z4 V: Oment without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 J9 q$ U2 l' O$ C- oto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, n+ d" v; _) f7 T4 L
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 A  E. m* t; B. a4 C( b: |+ r6 Ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
/ e& f2 B- Z. i+ s2 x2 \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 E# [7 m/ I1 T( m4 ]$ Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 l; C" t: ]' t, Mbly more common than the rare case report in the
* P  l9 l9 N, v8 b' z" o( ?literature.4
$ u% R% O) {0 w/ P( kPatient Report2 m: A; c4 `) `6 W: C
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 L6 @- |4 }- L/ R  Rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* F+ \0 f. T' ^4 y. H. i( T; Y0 F: W
of early sexual development. His mother noticed  I6 ]' T8 s0 `7 ?- f
light colored pubic hair development when he was
. H: a. q( O6 G/ h; G! PFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. x9 d4 h& Q2 I5 `2 W1 v% `South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.& H" ?9 U3 E: q% I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,9 c7 m/ ^; _6 P* l9 U
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* O& _; Y- `& q5 bMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 Z" S% E' N, @4 ue-mail: [email protected].
4 k! v( F: ?0 L" f0 b, xabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! v- X1 y$ x: Y' i# D  V( ?3 q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# y$ a2 y( S- ]
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" b2 u* T  z1 E6 f$ b4 hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
: l' h7 E$ A( v* a: @a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 W3 y. c$ T2 `7 o2 N! R$ {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ j! P* n. c  r+ k+ P4 @3 S- t& xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  E$ u! E9 w* r4 I" Q. M0 s
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 `' i) s& E3 f( d( e! n$ ^* p- F
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 F0 L+ R, e4 B( p% R
was age appropriate.
2 x3 `! w# V) D( D& g3 ^The family history was remarkable for the father,3 n& z" \$ N: G! ^' B5 |
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! i* r& ?# I$ x+ `5 H7 `7 L
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 o0 S# z' \# ^2 e- n* hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 Q9 }2 t3 B! g8 Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 i; t3 `+ ~$ W$ D+ l- O
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 a$ _' l8 F4 m7 ~/ Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 L. g( L3 K& q* ?& g, x# S
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 N5 }* m, g4 C& I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 f: T& a) G2 M% c% e; O% Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  U! V! o  g$ Ftives. There were no siblings.) V  Q. N1 o% _4 b. L6 i
Physical Examination2 b& H) H7 C- r  X
The physical examination revealed a very active,* S' k* S) L' n! t  c# z* G* {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- m9 L% z! ]3 D4 k% Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' c+ |: b( `% m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 W6 y$ l6 Q3 Q4 B
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 d( p& z) N) h4 L! j$ F$ H+ u* X( kvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" t2 @7 Y$ i* e4 q+ n4 |
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., ?! A; y3 D2 Q' w3 [2 ^
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% |/ ~. Q* ~& z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- D3 j) v" S: L8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 k7 u, b0 T2 x; d$ k' o/ }3 k. Q& a
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
  \2 n/ L! \7 V+ p) j  a" F5 P0 i) ]540
6 A; i/ x6 Z" x# P: Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% F% B+ y: k. Q/ f% f& h3 }the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# t2 h7 {- N' k7 G4 l! O2 utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) t, D9 `: T$ P  s( B6 A; |9 d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat! B" M* d% [8 J  w/ o1 N8 K
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 L4 X/ Z$ f8 }# ^0 v8 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# g$ q: C1 d7 I( lNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 E4 C' d- O, J5 M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 y. S; j3 f' e
of papilledema.
* ^3 S1 ]: ~; mLaboratory Evaluation* s- p- i& e6 a2 f; {+ F; X
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 b+ s3 }5 z7 o' H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 @' i9 b) O7 m7 l, Dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
) B/ c' E) a. M* L' r" ^. q9 {karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 e6 {/ V8 _) m( O6 b/ \; i
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! y; ?) [9 d) g% n% P, mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 h8 P9 S( M" ~( O" \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 [" ?- E* \$ ^: Surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 L! M: B- i# P" g/ B$ X8 F
within normal range for his age. The concentration3 t* B: Q7 e% j; Z8 g
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, b: V; O( E/ M) Z6 s9 Q3 y3 k) t% B% @
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( Q/ o- n' R' R5 x# u/ T9 q4 Gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 R5 w. F+ d+ z0 p, r* b; S
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 i6 X' R- X( ]
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. {" D. Y' g0 ^# o* U, d$ t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 u/ m& u' ]& m/ o7 E+ D# k$ Uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- q: E8 n) Q. Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total, @% u/ L6 u& N' G. U
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 n: a# q0 R. R7 G1 Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% C( ]( ~$ f* G6 y. Y! I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, o3 S2 ?! U$ W2 F7 Y" @stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone6 h# L; @' J- A6 w1 l" p/ j3 [9 J/ |& p
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 v9 `0 y2 o0 f" p2 F1 j+ m1 D6 S(prepubertal).; t+ d  Q2 h4 G; ~# O$ I
The parents were notified about the laboratory) Q: l  S* ?: M& q% L  _5 L$ Y
results and were informed that all of the tests were
3 ^. k: S0 ~5 I" ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The3 M# u* q5 o/ D6 ^- w, g! k0 I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) _. _' U9 F. `( ~& `# zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 F" _+ j5 f, [$ }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.# ~! n+ h& ]( @
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 p1 ?( Q/ @3 J/ c5 C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" j+ V. i, F, B2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) v* ]2 r8 X9 V" k) @/ x, h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 ]5 G" L" Q& e" L2 B5 x) Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) P+ v. F' ^6 sthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. x! z/ j# y! k6 k- s( F$ _( j: x0 p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." F& d9 J  u. v5 U9 Y  i! c
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- P2 k" r8 S' J
ing frequent erections.9 N3 [/ J$ f# g3 c
Both parents were again questioned about use of
3 F* ?4 k% C3 @' f6 s/ V. lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: v! h& e6 k8 G7 Xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- W) c& U, l4 o+ }
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 l/ y. @% T/ }# g( K8 B5 [
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. P/ {( k* f" e- Ying over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 w1 h" `/ {' x/ }9 f0 p; ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ K% ?( W* d) A) h) f4 W
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  h& _/ K1 S6 a/ ~  gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) w4 V! g. B" q3 x0 `2 `8 W& }
secondary to depression.
+ N: M7 n" o2 PThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 U9 o1 {; e' f7 AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
6 U" p4 j" g4 z( e* n3 _) Bchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
6 W9 y9 h! ?7 Znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: H& w/ O8 ^9 j( EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 a6 j9 R6 Q6 n" x* a
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 {5 N# X$ D# ^" ]2 _6 f7 Y
was high, he then read the product information
$ w  L6 L3 K! vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, K$ J' ^4 \. j5 F! Z% c* wson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 D- Y8 y9 a" M3 O& ~
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( @4 ~1 k, ~4 C: d) F; K  d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: u- e# Z4 `* P& W+ v! R, Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 b) O- S% `3 Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, L8 a* n5 O" I; \+ w* j4 ^5 Dlaboratory to obtain the test.
( z! n+ \9 f; C  ^- I7 ^) p" zDiscussion4 J  T8 ]2 U7 [. t2 H3 j% o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! I+ G' d  S5 P  P  \0 Qsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 P+ M5 ^! F' f5 q- R8 zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' m' z! ^% o  G. \% z$ J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- \( \1 b8 p3 m2 f
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) L4 |9 K6 J, ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 L  H# Z  [4 K# d  K) R8 s+ ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is# t) {) f9 W' v! ^3 @) \& k7 ?
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ f0 p" s$ ^" J% b! b6 pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-; Z. X: E, x5 _6 v
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 n7 A: n' P3 @1 a  j# c" @$ s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 a8 q4 f8 `0 t1 Vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 A* W' m2 r* }+ F$ w1 U
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
0 r/ P# T5 B6 n5 C) Lgonadotropins.1,31 S1 X- K4 ~* a# H3 K0 g
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% r) L" Z  H+ v% a6 jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 H# p/ h3 S( [+ I+ F1 ?androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* {% ^8 S+ s- u. }4 v' S5 d# u' L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 k# \. C; h7 Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
" f. K: i4 F2 G  J9 U2 Ccongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. s4 C9 U" w- j4 ?' F5 F1 x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
* B; B9 b/ N, {6 U0 ]puberty in boys.3,4: |' r( j" L' O+ x8 u0 B. i
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- [3 M" K+ F! z2 h7 Chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" g/ i" t; t! V% UThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in4 |. M* ?" d  d( G5 p- _  T$ n
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" b. D8 P* H6 e& z% A. dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: l, l7 r6 z7 r6 c" |; r, @4 }
excess.1,31 N9 K0 q$ B# l& F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( I& y  V8 @$ p3 O0 N1 r: \542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ k" [+ W* U* f$ T; A+ n# j5 ]: H. ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( w: [- E' v9 L# T% j5 I
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  ]3 d+ b' q/ @1 h/ O, Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) v0 v" n/ A  w- ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 ?6 |3 {. f/ z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,, ~8 c6 l! L9 Q! H6 s9 b' j0 ^% v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: r: U- Y  o; U7 r8 n) Xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 N* [7 S# C& tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: x/ A7 O; C, m  S* r9 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 O  t6 X) c* L1 X4 }3 ^: p
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# S6 \# Q7 R# r0 u3 F4 F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only" B9 s* p( d7 K) o8 f' O3 I
males; therefore, other male members of the family+ P, J: s0 ~( E
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 X( S! _+ j0 Y4 p5 WIn our patient, physical examination was incon-( M$ }0 }, B# S1 h# d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ a2 c1 G9 l# N6 j% M( c
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; q- C" A7 R- Z; _' f$ g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father/ w" `4 i8 u' b0 ^: O: ?' Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ R% k6 K, }' h. B) R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the" c( f6 q+ A" s0 Z8 w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 }3 d8 z' ~  |4 Fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 H7 I' H$ U# A* K" pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, m, B$ W1 |0 p) qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: G, g; f5 w! Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& `8 x2 j5 V4 C* c% M( a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# k' ^" o  e0 f; SThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  h2 C6 D4 ]9 G) {  Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because; r' b2 C+ N% G8 W3 ~9 S, _
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 O/ u1 p- @( G- t" [0 \2 ^pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& d$ ]  u* c5 q; `# m9 B3 w2 `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
1 P& _: I) E" U1 Q; o1 dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: ]$ N) ]! e0 f5 i' @
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ `' f. {8 Y. X: t0 W. VDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  n( H7 w. u1 r9 E* n7 [, R6 Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 o8 N( ^( f% o0 q7 l6 P7 H7 Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
( Q% v& w7 C; G3 R# hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! g' n) @/ z0 P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* w. W* j, L, t# X% V
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: ~, L' t+ ]% `+ r, P" }partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ n7 V4 s2 o( p; K
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( v/ }; O$ ~; p' f/ ]& f4 `+ G
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,3 B. C" s: C8 u1 F$ I4 V
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 t. K* t( p" t5 V' f+ _4 U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* G6 Y0 ?3 l) t% e5 X; Q; fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) k/ Q5 B: p) z& Bactive in young children exposed to testosterone' z  @8 G$ I$ v
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, p) K% \: l+ H$ sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* I- P6 b" W; v7 k2 M3 C
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( {: J/ e# \& i
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& a( Q  D$ a. {4 ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: |$ p: y' ]/ I
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
  C; V5 \8 I5 ~early childhood on pubertal development and final: P, P8 k7 q3 J: R/ g" Z
adult height are not fully known and always remain
9 o- j+ G+ S; pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) X8 |1 }5 Q# B8 u* m  {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  x% @6 E3 S" |3 E5 `& J% H  Y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; I- K6 e. \, L1 K
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
' ^8 `( Y# @5 t/ S( ]: V) S7 jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: I+ `7 Q+ Z1 s% jThere are conflicting reports and controversy
$ }! G' f+ }! T6 M# \& W: Mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# i' F; J' f! n' }: Q5 p0 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% w' Y8 k/ l. A, t% E, R
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! I% N( r, q1 kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
) a# u" q8 N  ?/ L: T/ lSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, n6 B/ _" i* x& B& q1 E" U! U# F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( l4 q5 B; g$ c( a9 a; Y
penile length in clinical studies.
% P4 C5 e1 E: o! w" kNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ L% C  e  _' d2 I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from  j" L8 x. l- P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because7 q  Z+ Y, D) \( l
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 i. T1 Z9 D, M! X- |9 P# `6 a$ F
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of( ?4 G$ I  [6 M6 U8 j& I: g
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at4 T! W+ z/ L: |: u! h3 V( M; I$ t8 d; n
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
4 n3 |" [* c- aheight will not be affected.
1 [8 d; e9 f) i5 MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: F- q# H3 i/ r7 x8 _6 F; `9 G
ability of androgen products in our society may) y+ {9 p. y$ V, E* f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female8 D7 q( j2 b  i2 M" V# Q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# D* d# z( t# H" G/ o9 i# g
gen products must be considered and specific ques-( n- E! x6 d& k$ Q0 W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ T+ K6 F% M2 c& F) a2 O4 p
gel should be asked of the family members during$ @% o$ {7 y$ ]  O3 x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 V% I/ E7 G+ [" a2 T5 k0 }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 y% S' J1 {5 S; a0 ]8 T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 Q7 l" I8 s' H# g1 Zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ h- v+ F# ^( j$ F1 W' O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) P4 L0 H0 B/ |. A0 i4 C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& }% h2 g" b% R' X5 A5 ^
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- v/ M- h7 \: p+ e/ Baware of this fact, because most of these children$ X8 L# j- t9 n( ]7 c9 H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 ]+ J; @9 i$ g% ~/ ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
+ c9 _) C8 h0 s" q! K2 iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! m, X! |1 T% |4 z4 T
female child who might come in contact with some-
7 }* ]7 l( [% G# h4 N. aone using any of these products.% C6 n4 F# h% K$ G" ~% x& I5 b
References
- P2 n$ r( @- l  [, {& D, O; J8 J1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; f# I6 S: p5 kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 e$ W* J- M& p
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ C3 c# V" r' |: R2002: 565-628.- n* g+ X# B% @" o6 C8 y& ]3 {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 B2 _2 |, |; k8 m5 g' h! L* apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
" I! X$ _7 R3 L9 U
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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