WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. ]8 a$ ^( W  {, m* \& \  [9 uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 m9 b, |( t; `! jExposure to Testosterone/ Z* X2 x0 U# A) K
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 U3 S$ Z  j. Z" B* c$ N. J
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 v9 P9 _& g) {# d0 I( l2 dClinical Pediatrics
, @' t% J! {8 D8 r- @& TVolume 46 Number 6
" s: C) h; x3 I) |- k; X( QJuly 2007 540-543
; V% y  f) {1 L, q- V- K© 2007 Sage Publications  w* J- x% O6 ?' S
10.1177/00099228062966517 i: a7 l, N, \+ q- ~
http://clp.sagepub.com; R* X; T: A- X8 L3 Y% p. i
hosted at
. W4 J4 }0 w  p0 e8 M; E4 xhttp://online.sagepub.com! e4 K: m7 ?0 n/ o0 s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; {& ^% w, A( i& {0 E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, X' s) s' k  y4 b  g9 D$ }precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 ?+ i7 l* `* ^7 u) f2 {( H, tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& ]! k2 M% O4 D( h5 d
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& G' g5 `" E+ g4 W* ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 i3 k% V0 b6 `' [
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 `9 K# \: C$ Q3 t2 v: A9 K; `
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; M$ i( E9 q, ^1 r8 f: {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: ]- v4 W: N; `; S# Q( _7 K# z% G5 S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ r* `4 y2 W2 f- S! }& r5 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 b$ g* N6 F8 c2 f7 ?
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ p- E0 ]% a. u& `# H" tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 {2 c. ~' h& R! ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" R/ G4 Y* R7 v7 W$ fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 i8 ^  r- n+ ?( R, u* Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 l, i9 H1 ?. F. m3 W+ N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' D/ N* W: X- d
bly more common than the rare case report in the, H5 K! R, J  i: f/ _
literature.4
  m/ A8 N! }0 e/ J, k) c3 ZPatient Report
, [8 m' t0 _8 t+ j* d6 ~* lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 D+ }2 K+ i( o4 G
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, k5 B; G2 h+ }2 Bof early sexual development. His mother noticed" F, s# J0 @, y1 x% x- V; R* `
light colored pubic hair development when he was- ?6 R. `: c4 }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 O" b5 _" b! Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; ?/ r1 c9 x7 x1 ~- g6 mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& K+ U9 F. C* _' M  O  \0 IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 x9 \5 B; _+ p& vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, n0 i5 A6 `" }3 g9 L
e-mail: [email protected].7 v) j" U( E: K1 b4 l3 s
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 h+ O7 H$ q; `% J( Y! }0 B: Q. P
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ z: j  c) Q( U$ c, N: F. \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ o3 R' _" x' F0 G& O7 }" _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 p% T4 ^% D# r; X/ {0 ]
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 n' V! c! W! v0 R6 V8 F+ ^! Z) r* n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
  [1 K$ o6 U- I5 w" i/ |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! ?: _9 ?- u% E) T$ F4 [. h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. S& i  a% O; ^! B6 R6 [9 H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 K( f; I, ~. F
was age appropriate.
+ J0 ]7 n6 a4 B, ^+ vThe family history was remarkable for the father,
$ Q0 i4 p2 }. L, v2 i: bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% ]! h& ~1 R9 Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- g7 d& [1 {& ~$ M. ]+ k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 J+ ^; h) T( `: fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 M( h6 ~5 T' F" zThe father denied taking any other medication. The% E( a, E' F( j- B0 t
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& u4 [6 }, {1 v2 m% Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 s8 n) @5 _; Q2 u4 {6 d+ i3 T/ I5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. ^, W5 s+ B1 ~cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 N9 j! L  o* c5 N. V% x6 Xtives. There were no siblings.
- a$ f. k  x8 Q1 |  c- B9 xPhysical Examination
3 R& i3 i6 x3 M, N7 o! KThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' f# `' `5 \- g2 R4 L  c9 Wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 l% ?  I/ i1 X8 I# |6 J! K2 wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% e: i7 Z9 o) r/ j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 z, p% R. a. K# e) d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% U  n1 E9 ~& ~6 f0 Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- \+ z1 w- f, Z* Hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' H5 E# K, [; x8 a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 R! C9 C' x5 A" w, `9 K+ y5 o7 genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 z$ ^. S( T; T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( Z1 F& O& O- h) S* W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( `/ j  @$ \) B4 O5409 u2 o5 }  `1 _+ v+ I0 [& l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- B$ d1 {) ?2 n/ y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 F+ y. Q$ k2 j" ?+ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# T# v3 v, ~' f; o/ B; a. M# \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) E' k- Z4 [" s
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 ~) H+ F4 S6 d0 l- [9 Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 U3 Q+ }/ P! s' m; k2 T5 QNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* F8 a/ M" e. |; s$ s# Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. K' y9 L! u# k) M. E5 m
of papilledema.: Z0 y4 u  p2 ?: D& g, z9 a; G
Laboratory Evaluation
$ d1 t; X( p  A0 g: ^, K0 c( u7 ^The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 k& E, Y. w  b4 P& iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 u) b! `6 ^5 c2 _* w4 g8 d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 d9 _6 f4 O: u9 F9 |karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: m& K: d: U: a" ~- h4 o) a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 j7 _( l* m( O4 B) O3 m, Jlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 K0 t6 k1 e1 T+ N( x; b, S) W8 t
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  G% `4 F0 I5 _* q3 a% E' g% a
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  U$ j$ j" p; r# d
within normal range for his age. The concentration5 e& H, F2 O+ V( J8 W4 G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% V9 U; A$ ]* {' X( Z3 W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 C: d* D  T4 C% T; I8 U0 K: I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& c! P' J) @+ E3 S/ A) \/ @: cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 i. ~" ~( n( p3 V
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ X6 ]5 x  T( w7 d: l
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 ?0 X7 T1 O. v+ ^* ~3 @3 ]3 k! twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. f" X% S* Z5 R% ]6 y6 ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 X4 Z7 A( X, v, J, F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 p' j% M$ V, W( p; P
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# [( |9 H6 h9 a! R5 [8 ~; @5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; x( ]  ^+ t7 {$ s( _! n/ `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 y; K0 p0 A8 j8 z" qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  P4 _5 F* W8 E9 M) V2 x(prepubertal).
% q$ ~) S- i/ t1 [1 L+ p: Z  {9 qThe parents were notified about the laboratory
0 K4 D8 z1 ]4 b# |0 Q1 J; Xresults and were informed that all of the tests were3 t4 Q0 r+ p3 u# h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: J0 t( p  |( k/ v! Q9 C& kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 e! A. }) f" J& a4 D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" m. j3 f. ^9 X$ Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 F. A  T+ H  l2 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the9 ]6 ~3 j5 O7 t) i
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* a2 U7 N/ a0 H& J' f2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* F. _: B- O8 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) r% {/ s4 s6 b% d; Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! {8 p( G) P9 _  V3 m/ E: i; {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( a; N6 T6 ^1 U
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 f5 ]$ U8 z) A0 ~. x, I! @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* P! ^1 V+ S0 p0 W2 \- q" @: M7 w
ing frequent erections.
6 G' q- u& }3 `# ?. CBoth parents were again questioned about use of
& _( ~$ L: K1 Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! T( j2 d  G  u6 }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( K5 P# \% q$ p% _! P7 D0 gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 u. M% E, X$ [7 h# \9 k" f; o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 e4 Q8 ~2 R, |+ z0 T" g
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- T5 Y# b, E. [! I2 f9 Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 k! f0 r3 h7 v' O/ Z* K0 ?; P, d) k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 E5 ^) \  K* F; p2 ]/ V, _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ k, _6 n# F$ o, t$ O& w, ?secondary to depression.
/ l8 i5 B1 i" w. h6 I% FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
* B; j$ C/ I) I" c& H" OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his' V( Z4 V3 G. \& f0 y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' i! W! R% X6 V  d, `( Gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 ?8 G7 G+ w+ c8 z7 hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ ?2 M" [% n5 u0 X+ w. Awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby* M+ J% r5 X$ `0 F8 ~! c1 l
was high, he then read the product information
1 ~( Y8 Q: t1 ?: k6 F+ `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 s" K" L, o& K/ l: ]2 y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  Q9 S& K7 ]8 X0 t" g# Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- E( W$ H( S; @3 T2 }# }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 H  {" t, J$ B/ M
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, A  ?+ x' A# Ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 A& r6 L$ S2 F7 k0 S2 h
laboratory to obtain the test.
9 ?( M% K- W8 f* X. BDiscussion
1 `. D) y) j0 ~) q- m' hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" t6 n) b& _( k/ s0 }4 d: w' S
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 A3 N2 `1 m5 I& q1 I- U# Y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; k8 Q  {8 _7 oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# Y0 t' z! [# C( R- W: C! c  _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 @) c) t, |- F- o$ Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 i  s2 n; h+ n0 A- T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ A- p+ i. o2 n; q5 D/ [: |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" G$ \$ s% J+ t5 K- g4 s; h
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" z  X6 n$ X2 K9 r- ^" E8 p2 i& |! @+ `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" s, _" H) i! S* Q- T% rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ |6 O& e  k' J! o, _" T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, ^+ F) j; O5 ]# }
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 @  z6 u" f5 F; {" l* K2 ugonadotropins.1,3  q1 t& [1 v- o% p6 s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- ?; Y8 s# d$ D, U% Y1 hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; s# }# M! {; @  t2 jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: Z5 b" S$ {7 q' S+ l! Z% l. F! hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ _, l- h2 G, Q' n. B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 n7 M  Q+ P7 L- f: V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* v! Y9 n, Z+ `+ m( `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- ]1 F& ]9 ~- e0 Y0 O. T
puberty in boys.3,4, b) P. t# W% p3 ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal: R# V& g7 B; i7 S7 u3 e' q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. F7 p/ {/ b5 k7 I$ kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ D9 Z2 j+ w( F: y+ U8 {' n6 c* V
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 ^- ?* Z) Q" q8 X1 a" m7 _$ p; Z! van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, {: F$ \" y, u/ I3 l* ~excess.1,3" m$ i+ G0 p5 E# _8 U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* o8 u3 s2 g$ Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ f/ Z5 z$ m& E/ O1 E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# x, j3 z7 v% M& M$ Y" P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 \: b3 O, q# z; ]& t$ t# \as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: V! i5 a3 U$ K3 @! x/ Z& \  Svery young age. The physical findings in these boys% f" }. I2 c$ h7 Y' t. v1 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& E/ _# x7 J* v" F( ~% @
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" Z4 }  F( C. {( {! {  a: K% |
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ @7 W9 D  n) uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ g) K. v4 E5 ?/ o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* s6 M+ l! f1 l( `# c% z: G! creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 |; v# ^- v8 f" Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; }+ L2 U7 `& E5 [- W8 Qmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 z( a+ o$ P; f* `& S. Y/ ^
may have similar precocious puberty.30 T. C4 P. K4 x) E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 K- v% S* T# I5 C7 u8 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 B$ x) n# `& H2 y& U1 G' p. [cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) D6 A+ R4 |5 C$ Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
# q; M& G& C" w6 v) C+ y: Cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," J" c; N2 }; Z, P/ E) ]' O  R8 x
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) d( b- p" @, e1 F6 a' pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ M' ~; V2 c2 G6 }2 F: Kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ ^# z0 o8 e$ M: R0 X0 f9 u- ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. @7 s3 v  K: m/ L9 Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% p, B6 S, j5 s1 Y+ T. c6 v# K
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 p' X( a& G. D- w" X" q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 A) @; v9 G5 o$ j% a) k- k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, w* x- j% g$ u/ q6 Vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 i! Z7 P7 R# |* R0 kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 E; a# T' u& u/ g3 O% e6 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ R: |( @/ O$ `5 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: y1 y  d) h- J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( z& ~* F3 z" kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. v' f: K+ B7 _7 Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: s: O4 [) A5 wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  V& o! V6 V" V& b% Z8 Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ t' P2 a- c2 t! i# A
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" o# O' v: @- S; wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& \1 U, z7 [& u, k* C9 Y+ w: l: Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ x$ c. R6 U3 l# M' r5 t
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 J$ I& }' t. [1 w# B8 O
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! t' x% @4 E6 l; s* q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  F5 c! `5 Y# i) D
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  i  T' z0 a! F$ ~dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) f1 H# ]% ]3 h9 C& i$ S) s5 K" uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 Q" d0 I  a% I; ~. N+ x/ @$ F& \! Zactive in young children exposed to testosterone! j9 r* d: T. P5 k+ S2 p: Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: K1 W! G! ~( X0 O% idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 r9 b; v5 L2 f6 V" I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 a0 f! r. N/ J5 v$ C9 o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
* I( H: ~+ }) U! O: y7 b% Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) L+ W2 ^# U8 X5 E, q5 k$ m0 R3 ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 P( R6 O* K1 H2 J. M7 F
early childhood on pubertal development and final* A# D* J. l3 W6 x2 j  L$ ^; }- F
adult height are not fully known and always remain
$ \: P' k' I, }9 K) ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; l7 \+ x- n6 K* H+ O- ~0 J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ B. l* \9 O* i4 f! [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" j& e' R6 y% H# g7 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* M2 @: h; Q. H, z; P( Q, L, Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) Y$ }8 v; |+ q& @5 m% O8 U+ s
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# p0 F6 ?& r5 T% T/ d' a8 _0 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, E$ D! o8 `; o+ C9 F5 E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( H% d+ J& X4 E* E3 v) gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 S& B8 p  n: w# Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ j+ h0 H3 r; W8 l' N$ k6 s0 jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ N! i: R, }7 C
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. \6 o1 z- j  \6 Tpenile length in clinical studies.
. t( m: _1 i* o' [' i( z: GNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) V- q  G2 x; V+ F" X, kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from" A; g; E7 o, f  \7 Y- j+ H0 s
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 J: j8 j; Y# C! x" N: g
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." Y; b! i/ F% J& a, d
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, m  P1 x1 K- E! a3 E
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! G2 R& c* O$ U) b  P, j: r5 o2 dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: A/ R! |( w9 v# y- R: mheight will not be affected.
2 i5 c3 N8 q, a) {- {: FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& X, ?3 k  V4 @/ g& rability of androgen products in our society may; Z7 K0 A+ |; }6 J/ Z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 o* c9 u1 c% M* _- F' Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' z: J  }% [, u3 w: v5 Z7 ]( W! Vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 i& e, w8 A7 q: \# y( c& _( H( G. {+ Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( f8 k3 {, V+ W  Sgel should be asked of the family members during
1 r) C; e$ F0 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! v& ~. x: o1 P% H: M1 A% d/ ?* Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 \, S/ f3 k# I; k  Gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% |* t7 [9 U* C+ B' J4 Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ L1 f" T3 j; u- D( d( shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 V, I+ h  K/ c5 ]+ @result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" \* A' ]! ~+ }/ h+ O$ b: k1 E, Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# _4 W# i$ G, J8 j1 x4 H& p/ maware of this fact, because most of these children4 h, I2 _6 M; h% s! E0 g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ R* C' K' H! R$ T# J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 r8 ^$ m" O/ W* `& J& W6 U' m
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 D5 y; z0 [" Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
$ n. K& I. i$ q9 [one using any of these products.3 r  k# P% E- c# h
References, Z  X& t; ]0 |8 p. q1 a- k
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. \; _. I0 u: M1 o! d! r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 t# @7 v& M& IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  r) ~( i$ Z% \7 }9 z
2002: 565-628." U+ c6 h9 J+ ?) F
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 V% r0 C" F+ J' s( a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ L4 Y5 V0 I9 X1 _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" S3 Z) U- W! d. T
Exposure to Testosterone
) v8 X* [# \' L) vSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 N% b' s8 x& a; c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* \7 y: E) m: v$ z! N  ~
Clinical Pediatrics) i! p7 a8 b6 o- `' E3 N3 L
Volume 46 Number 6
) n  L8 [1 O% v8 s& UJuly 2007 540-543
5 ]9 _+ h+ q7 j3 y! e2 ^( I© 2007 Sage Publications) G- b/ Y1 y; Q. {, ^- S% L
10.1177/0009922806296651
6 a# n/ K0 v+ Y8 A  Yhttp://clp.sagepub.com
, S! h, W. u, L: F& hhosted at
+ x, c# |# ^# c; Z2 chttp://online.sagepub.com
9 v6 x0 r. U; D0 L6 M) EPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* U/ C; R/ Y2 n0 Y6 S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* j# S* u: K0 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 W" b/ o- f2 a" ~8 qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 S% D; U4 @3 G& Y1 u- h; qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( ~( D7 j- U  b- d0 rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 Q; n" S3 D2 q/ d1 E% \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" S4 F. U$ z5 J& k% {hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- @: P! f- F3 X7 _0 j9 U3 R; ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% z8 c% q4 b0 N- X. S1 S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 _8 G) w' f4 C  zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 R) l/ v; M' a, T: p$ qment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) g: k7 ]1 f* e( F& I% P8 }to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 j5 f/ M. H, s3 |- U3 ^the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( o; Y+ }; R1 B+ Pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
" x9 s, p" S1 Y* K0 ?child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: u: a& m, }8 N1 y, ]/ B
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! E/ N* z* ?* `& i% i' P0 i6 U& Mbly more common than the rare case report in the- ]2 h8 M9 t# W# d% A+ X6 H8 t- F
literature.4
% [; I' g, V6 G. RPatient Report7 A  K7 L/ E4 g' q2 K. y' D. r' m4 o7 E
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the, e) E' _- k2 l$ f. b
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 P; b5 m: s/ u% o6 _+ {* @  h. wof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 y1 \( F% E  B3 a* Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
& ~9 `4 d4 U& X0 g# TFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) l0 L: |) d0 o* X
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
) Z2 F5 f+ q% |7 o7 `Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& c, K; V& W$ Y; v5 I6 E. R& k
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! n/ h+ s# f% p; `5 OMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 q- Q$ z2 [# I, B0 f& P3 ve-mail: [email protected].
+ F+ s$ M6 j( I1 I% N: a7 Jabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ W0 Y- i1 L* S* |darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- [3 J- F7 H3 D; q5 Y: s( Cment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 S  D) e0 A: z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' x! _' ~" {$ xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- ?$ ~* z: U3 a9 x0 V+ {+ v20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 z, F% E6 x9 |+ H0 H: @& S
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. {- v* ]2 s1 q: \7 O% z: Ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# _; @+ h! i0 @; c8 ^6 i, D
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- D: z+ _/ x. e4 owas age appropriate.  A* m' W. }! q$ T) \( E1 x$ z$ v
The family history was remarkable for the father,2 z4 \2 \; M7 `  d# q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ y$ r; W5 e* M" E8 O, U
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! k1 _3 s7 b- w. k/ O9 G, W0 g
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( `, [' s4 |. X! b; B; P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ `' u1 L+ T. o) z+ I, B2 C8 ]
The father denied taking any other medication. The" n3 k7 A: W# D  W1 p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche+ [# A. Z: _9 W' f& Y( u5 `4 U1 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; l+ I' h" n6 [" ~/ e' R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* R! o3 Z7 D- T# m/ ?
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
# A7 T" ^! Z3 O* |& V; X& mtives. There were no siblings.
  t* Q6 J0 s0 w0 h9 EPhysical Examination
# d* p! m- s. g. P. YThe physical examination revealed a very active,8 \4 {& f! U- b! M( d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 ?6 z" P* ~$ N$ g- ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ w. O" `7 P" _4 x& W  J
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 H3 U3 L5 O3 G
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ l; L( a& X3 _0 ?& X
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 w3 C4 [2 t  u* ]0 x- l' Vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! Q. T5 w: R- V% ^3 WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ i* U, }# ~# ~2 `4 M1 Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 D: F# b* i5 Y. l. {, G1 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  ]' u9 b; L( L+ E$ [7 H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: ~$ r# B& z) P* }! @540
! Q9 F% ^* X) M* eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from: [; h) h3 P7 w) n8 Z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ K4 M, s0 P: f6 btesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: c3 K0 u- P7 K
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 C) B  F2 J  ]" ?, p6 `
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* W3 T; X1 y2 ^. P. C9 L8 wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.2 M7 ]7 O4 t  g3 y$ ]7 e3 }
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 k8 Z7 R' W# }2 S* `- D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 P5 H- m- z  o6 ]8 S2 J( Jof papilledema.; Y% _* ]2 x6 m; O5 h$ Z
Laboratory Evaluation, L5 }/ ]2 \0 Q/ e: g6 l5 B. @
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( @+ L, m# M2 m. w- r6 z1 ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 Y) {$ g; B  ^+ Nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% _- h0 {0 q& s0 ?" K8 u
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& v- O) R4 Y: B8 _( g
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ R1 R+ t) V' j6 x& y4 R' Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* {6 w/ _8 x4 x" d( I- X7 O
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 W' Q( S  C) E! u( @. i+ Iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 v' l- y- C$ D' d6 P' C  G+ m4 |1 D
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ J1 G7 T( _  Z* d% l/ ?( \# N
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) E) V1 c7 o9 y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 c9 f* {% g* V% h+ V: W
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 n& k# f- Y% E7 m
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. V- K" K& M) I! V! H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- p4 v- e3 ^( o7 @+ u3 N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
4 d  h% |, f8 ]& x- E8 N% u2 Ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- `6 d8 W  N- P! w7 C  O
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total' H, x8 I# ?; s0 z% v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: s7 M- `* l4 ?9 t$ _$ D: H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# H0 O; i' b" p5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' y8 P$ w+ f7 g5 Y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 `. K+ \2 i; }6 V% }5 t
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL& g/ z) u- v  Z" V; w% \
(prepubertal).( X* M- ^1 G. S4 ?: L& B: e
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 [" y0 e$ a9 Q6 b6 I: ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were
2 W5 `, P( y( Rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The& }4 R8 C9 S& v# @5 U# M
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 f$ Z0 `: v7 [  P  }  P* m- K" {# _
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! R1 `: j: Q9 R2 |/ fever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 l; C# b% e2 S/ z; CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
! v" P1 S+ D4 u! S3 O9 _* xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ a/ j* F* r. }. w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( f' h" U" {; m- Q, P0 T% ]- W0 _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  E2 p8 j# [/ r, h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& y8 j1 W1 ]/ othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 i- f/ o6 |; q& P; s, I3 m; ?4 R
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 \9 C- p) o6 b. L7 x2 g3 E+ zThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- @4 E% B1 S. r0 Z# a% ^ing frequent erections.
! G7 B: r7 D2 g3 NBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* S/ n4 |6 V8 @, W5 S  tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& N2 a; T) R) }* O* tthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) S! ]6 ~9 W" _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 j6 C; W+ A7 l) O* U% Y( c6 m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-0 a- @5 Y+ ^3 J$ J/ N
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
2 \, U+ ]6 x/ P. O+ T7 xa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 N6 {) _; @# D( C# @3 qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% i) }7 T# \% D8 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
/ k2 c  [3 y' b. _% [  A. msecondary to depression.: L* H4 K) {- G
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
, }2 |% Q7 b+ s/ w) Z+ g6 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( e6 A+ ~; P# J$ H" L1 D0 J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
" T. u: c8 k5 P2 _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
. |1 O2 }( v: S' l! G4 ?# \The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 Z$ F: \; v+ F4 y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 H) |* Y0 ]  s) I9 m7 I! vwas high, he then read the product information
* L9 o  P  j% u. g) _0 Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# T- T. A6 R7 X, P" N" x  bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! U7 Z' ?: W9 R0 ~: q; {  b" u
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* m4 A. z+ d* g  ?7 K! Sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had, D8 f* @5 x. L* D
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 s% ]; T7 y& I6 J4 ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ b- Z8 h+ M: ^
laboratory to obtain the test.1 ]3 p5 k+ T* E- I! [8 f
Discussion6 ]$ v' I) K) M& @2 o% {. g
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  f9 e& D7 F- J; g  Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 D& M2 O% f3 I
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
7 l) u: f7 W+ H) O& Bit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# J1 |; m& W: N7 `7 xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ P6 z/ ~7 {" l+ o9 ^. ~mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 v( _& z( W2 m' ]) b
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, N7 _- S2 J  }% G# gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 E! Q4 E  P  X. w0 ?& U5 a8 W! E
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 {5 R6 z1 }' ?# hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 ^8 L+ o2 b% F8 k$ i
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-7 ~/ }( W$ r, s8 P$ H" }
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- M- @8 B6 u$ Y6 \! Y% E0 }  @
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& Q* u, S+ x) G. T- W2 E& ?
gonadotropins.1,3/ a; P; L6 z- K5 M: ]- C: M. L5 x  x
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 l1 R1 B4 m; W( k! U& q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 \3 |" _0 z$ V/ h! Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 E4 U/ L4 r) ~: |$ x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( F6 m6 }, s9 I/ L3 G/ F3 {3 {* l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 s/ v& L' M" t$ w# r3 ^8 ~$ S
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 Z7 }$ s- `. m2 n
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious# Z2 X. t. U& H
puberty in boys.3,4( N& @3 [4 I' P9 x' A2 v
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( o5 J7 h$ Y7 w) v' Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 c+ R) E/ Z9 i8 x- j' c0 _# ?& }
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 I6 t  T) R% M$ w4 J. H0 `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* Y' ~0 x5 h+ Y. b& Z# a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% x" Z' N2 H, C3 i5 ?6 o, o- y
excess.1,39 D% Z6 h; Q4 E4 a
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 N$ b, L3 c" C$ Z: S
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 i- v6 w4 L0 ~8 B: F) J) d8 z
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
7 K3 C' W* q0 S, r- xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known* k4 h2 D* _* r# `0 m: t
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ a4 C) C* |3 O5 ^
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! @! [0 b1 ]* d8 e9 l, y+ c3 `: R
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! |8 V' E( _) S$ n( j8 M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# r2 i( v0 L& B5 L- Y) `9 d0 Z9 uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. t; ~1 q: F6 I& Y$ a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# `8 ^/ o5 B% I, N3 Z2 v" c$ J
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& L0 ?" x; r8 o$ U( R4 ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, x' G3 n- w* U  V) C/ c( _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# R) _4 e1 f6 A) J
males; therefore, other male members of the family$ ^! R! c& ~( w. y: O  N% e; u5 y) j
may have similar precocious puberty.3( V" Z: C, T+ A9 P$ `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# ~2 c& X, a" \; s* u. O: Q. E
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( D7 c0 P0 a5 N3 B9 }) l5 f3 B7 Ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 X! L0 v$ `6 w$ k  F! fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( T% A" e4 L8 g! vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 y+ v7 B" f8 _* jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
8 i2 ]1 B  B& ~# Sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 b2 ~$ X( y- }& l: s+ ?) ~
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
# r9 @+ ?* h) z( p% Z3 {biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ S2 X0 {! w3 M1 l( F% m& ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% Y% f1 ^5 }* N5 M7 d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 @( R7 E2 K# Q- Y0 B: W
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 L' |  n. L6 M* Q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% ?9 t1 ~: u! `5 e$ H% msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
8 r$ d( z% b% e1 U, v0 Z" Q: bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ b. d$ ]" \. s0 w0 U3 C; Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ t  X' m' [2 o/ ?) {; Bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ b0 t3 W/ w" Q# i9 }  gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 y9 `. ?. H$ }5 z/ T" u
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
* F& g# y9 {5 A7 i: \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# N: I$ ~" \" a
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 h  q) T2 S# J2 {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure." k! n0 k! C! Y/ }+ w2 B, l
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ ^& Z  b% \; b( d% e) Q) Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 w. c( ~+ v+ m" q& q, J
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 d6 r) \! ?8 |6 D) R) {( j/ Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 Q* T, `$ }# J& o* t3 e
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.. e3 N- M" [  u5 W8 B2 m
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 S  N. F3 P' z+ B% s9 z8 x& [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ j) A" D0 k- @/ Pdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' Y; m. I6 \3 S8 Mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ t" P* g0 m, C+ G1 ]active in young children exposed to testosterone
! O: K: u* @0 }! D' O) a6 M2 iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  @) T+ C! {: }8 R5 T& _drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to, f- P" D/ Z7 x- S! Y8 {; y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 p# @5 r/ X2 Y0 d1 vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! C# t! ~4 ~. @
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  C9 r1 D0 V5 J: r; W# s  J
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, Q9 `0 j) X8 p! h$ W* d; [
early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ ~, J  L0 I8 s8 J3 n8 I  d1 Badult height are not fully known and always remain5 F) K9 x: v( ]/ H" n/ o9 M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% q2 ~1 q' z9 }& r5 S
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ f; y1 y- {* s4 o5 |7 x' j: r: n" K
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: s3 E0 V7 Q% x$ t: \  ~# Ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. }: ^+ U9 m. |$ _; w0 J& P  ^
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) Z/ E( o+ t: W5 }  G& Y' t% j
There are conflicting reports and controversy
3 h& b4 e/ C( d& `& N/ ~over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; o' ], b" m. q' {6 j& Openile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, `) }* P# q5 q6 E- l9 }; Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
- Q6 W4 b0 E: A& i' T9 a. wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- x7 }  m! W: O6 S& ?" ^& t6 `* BSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 _5 I8 h* @% x  w( c' }: xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, b5 S* j% w- U' o! O
penile length in clinical studies.
: M4 ~. g" Y) F* \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 h, A& V& N% I) D8 R, Q  Q* c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from4 z8 L" O  z6 A" Q7 D
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  X2 y4 d7 H  P3 E" P, m$ w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- e. J; a# k. t6 s4 R2 ]" V* J& IAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of8 Y& t4 @: g8 }( p8 ?$ P8 e. S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; W( }+ n8 c) t9 e- C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
8 g# b' V6 v) f( qheight will not be affected.) y: m6 e, @) L* Y$ p% C; Z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 h6 W7 r- z, F" O( W1 r7 u4 Q
ability of androgen products in our society may8 x% W7 G3 \4 H+ h, s- c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ a. i4 _& U% v  y8 mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: G- E% r' t1 G1 ^7 t
gen products must be considered and specific ques-% O6 J2 J& U! @$ H! b
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  g! C% s' l# H) I( l
gel should be asked of the family members during% y) A$ c7 @* u1 K5 O6 g7 g
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
2 `3 S4 ~  n1 Q9 A3 lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-. p1 [* C+ h* G' R- F+ G  s
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 y  [( e' [6 X9 r3 i; m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ g% g9 ^1 Z/ B3 q7 zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' V  Q0 Z3 j! S2 Iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: d3 U- k" ?# J+ i* ]- D% k; Oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be2 q8 }5 N- t& P8 }& S/ t# h* \
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 n, V5 Q9 q: \# x( }5 _may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 ]9 @3 H& E( D5 Q5 S' U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a1 D; i& ~3 Q+ N5 B
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& ]& F+ n' @2 ~3 l  {! X' \" Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-- b6 i& p. Z, O2 l: S8 R
one using any of these products." F2 y, g. G( w$ a
References
# o" c5 H* g% C5 q+ t9 T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: m0 D  a4 b! l) b- K1 {# X5 y. m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
1 g6 G" q- O- Z2 S+ x  OEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( d+ m4 `& w. `4 T6 r
2002: 565-628.
$ ^. ~+ F' }; J- A, b2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; u' ]* V8 p9 \& g3 N* c7 L( Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

; c, X/ C( p/ y: L% g0 H精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表