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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; E7 l! \# ]- |' qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( b& y. e# B4 @$ ~8 I) ?
Exposure to Testosterone
' a9 o1 x2 D& h# p( L# @' |3 \7 CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 V5 P8 Y% |5 \: f9 V" w
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 g1 W! t" x" o% R: R3 e
Clinical Pediatrics
  a6 g* c0 o9 |, i. {0 ~Volume 46 Number 6& O# k  i+ l) Q" ^: H( Q! s! y# S
July 2007 540-543
, S$ x( T0 L1 w© 2007 Sage Publications
/ {& z5 r& a, {' k10.1177/0009922806296651. T1 x+ y7 [1 m4 }) w1 u3 C
http://clp.sagepub.com6 b& }1 E7 ]" f
hosted at0 m9 B. t3 [! P
http://online.sagepub.com. \- N4 Q4 D/ p- M4 u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,, c" L1 s5 o5 G5 Z; H) t& b8 |
is a significant concern for physicians. Central! b3 r! \1 X5 E' O( j1 N) I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 z1 }! C% l3 Vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* g8 j* l1 N' @& C
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ m+ ], S, q6 p5 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: |! r* C. E# K  [  s, Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ W" X" x: n" y. M% u" v
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
1 m0 I0 a  k- Z) f' Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 M0 H9 S: i1 i& Z& z+ o7 y5 J
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( `- n/ {2 B1 B' k' F' i
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( A/ a) L' h9 v0 s' `
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- A- _) s1 @; ~+ X+ U9 F! Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 N' v+ c9 f1 D4 P2 m6 j, Tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 }& l. V  M+ f  f( T; F9 C# B  fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& I1 |) T, U; Z" W; }' c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 P& O8 J' S0 I+ [# P; xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 q# \5 l5 s$ b: E3 M
bly more common than the rare case report in the/ w* C: Z- d+ J: Z
literature.4
9 F) H# {/ w) hPatient Report
- p/ B  m! E# r- `9 L+ w2 WA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 v. v4 h) [7 L; L$ m9 I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' y( |# i+ h0 F  D. }) @of early sexual development. His mother noticed% ^" P; X0 ^9 s3 o3 [$ V
light colored pubic hair development when he was: Q5 Q7 r4 K$ P3 e6 H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& H6 `' r" S: c+ V0 S2 z4 vSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ k; I) D' H  p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% \# i6 q3 [( A! IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
9 V) a$ J+ B$ i# D& C2 JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) h5 p1 o1 m9 G; i/ Ie-mail: [email protected].
$ M5 E# P9 i/ V  m1 s- e3 [3 mabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became; m3 ^  {* ]7 S& e, D
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 V; _  B; |. U" ]+ @
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  J/ Z! j  O% a0 i
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ p" S# h( w% K' \# D9 s. j# v  B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ ]5 g3 @) j, \, \- G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year& r& _- W; {1 J* }! l, ^! u1 u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ f% E" u% s- i, l$ Fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 C& h1 h" _" I& Gand his psychosocial and psychomotor development) }6 k6 @7 ^: W/ j: C7 ^
was age appropriate.
+ d4 Q  E/ v0 nThe family history was remarkable for the father,0 O2 G. E6 Q) s- [% G, E) I* H% U$ A
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: t7 R& G9 f' D( `. t7 I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  a% `" t0 j4 A0 i2 ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 Z, W. }4 a( f9 b6 M+ _; Wearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 b% I6 b* R0 |& G) j$ XThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) X9 N2 l6 y# U8 q$ g" Rchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 N2 k4 S6 d5 M! Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 W5 k- b- x! E9 m/ Z! i
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- e7 E% Y$ i5 ?9 |  P% hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 K! g% J6 a2 `$ }: ]
tives. There were no siblings.
5 Z; X5 j- T9 V$ u0 n7 s: ]- g" _  W- G" ZPhysical Examination
. e9 G- ?( G! cThe physical examination revealed a very active,
/ B, ?/ q. `+ K' L8 S( @playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 ^9 h) q+ e) R+ N- ?$ Q
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 e; _: u  ^! u- I3 |. z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 o2 m) U9 n- O9 v  b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% Y! ^2 o1 l& a5 E4 D4 F* ?( b' Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: m$ V, ]% Z! G1 C( [5 U- dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 U% J$ p8 d1 G+ g$ e* {1 {6 R+ d
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' E: U1 @0 B  nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 X0 p9 ^3 V- Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well: x% O7 j/ X; `# Y5 m8 N, F* |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ H/ I# k: ]0 }* Z. U" E2 w. q540/ W, W; k3 \; r' Z2 Q0 ]' N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& r. C8 q, c9 }! m2 A( h5 Jthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( E+ `( r3 G8 ]4 x; s: g+ \testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 A. ^5 k& w! C) I( W/ m: |The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( \& E( d, {0 }# h; ]2 m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 X* h7 i% O4 r9 D6 k. ]3 p$ I
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; u9 n( g" U3 G: O2 G- r) q4 ]
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 l$ E) x! `- Z: c5 w. A+ mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 D* q. ?* M2 A8 d  M& Z
of papilledema.& B( ]9 `8 Z$ e( t9 Q
Laboratory Evaluation2 U( _3 b5 V$ {. L+ D- T7 ]1 W8 Z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- Z) L- Z% O5 N# r  X& W" Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( i4 S9 {& v) D; T. {- @! F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 Y/ w% r# i" M5 v2 `
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 G7 U8 S, _+ @: C: [; p6 g( V% mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ X: W# P# P" m, q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).' h; F: b0 X- n: R" e
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ X$ q+ G, M4 e3 O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# Q5 }' U; S6 dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
6 P: b: C1 y! R* G5 @of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. ~# I  C4 X: H/ s9 ]9 t6 K# u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 k, r# ?( G7 j6 |2 o, a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
9 v+ ?7 f8 }+ l1 Gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( @$ Q  N7 v& v$ j* ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to( Z, K0 X* K. R: s0 G
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ q% t$ j3 t; v9 vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: c8 i* V! o8 B# n. q' U
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 o6 x. ~" I( V' r2 k! h. Stestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# w. \5 c* q9 l$ E
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( }. u# X  u! d' H9 ]+ {
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( T6 b' U: h! _' C, |stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( I" L/ R" d7 a" b2 }/ qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 L3 u$ G! L. E8 w9 d
(prepubertal).
( g" b3 G( k  \7 t& bThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" O7 ?# M3 l/ B" k, Fresults and were informed that all of the tests were
. j' k' T1 @  J* u; Onormal except the testosterone level was high. The! F" _( U9 O& K+ N' P7 u- i; x
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 D! t& S9 G( T& j9 ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 O9 _6 i2 [/ {+ x" E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 }5 u0 T+ G4 _, b
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ `" Z+ @& O/ P. x3 b; T; n( l. ~1 r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
: @- T7 p' f4 a2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& ], a$ B0 b1 [/ B2 e# i
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
! z0 H4 Y- M$ f. N  ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# E3 e8 |; u2 r, |8 i/ W) q# ^) Tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- h6 e( u& e4 l4 [3 u7 L9 Z9 ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 F, [  b/ M3 H# P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 [$ F! x+ r: u- s* L' ving frequent erections.
1 j' m7 v* s. i6 F( u$ }Both parents were again questioned about use of) X  D) E8 Z0 E. i% z7 }
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% m( B$ W: R1 m) \3 H
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 h1 r( s5 j! P2 u* V, Y- e4 B0 A
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* ?; {' M3 v# B1 kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ u7 `3 e3 Y! T* a$ R0 o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; ]. B  o/ r2 K/ u) M0 k3 ~a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" T( D. D1 I' z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 U; ^( @9 B( m' cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: q  j# y. A9 e8 ?* msecondary to depression." ~9 T( \' M0 J. {' F+ u
The child slept in the same bed with parents.% m6 l, e) X! U+ b: k5 i, z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 C) n* ^7 ^! I6 Q- `chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- q1 N5 s* `0 ]5 U( D* ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% s1 F9 \+ a8 p4 f. a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( k; {+ j% @! I* H
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 [+ m$ d# `; Nwas high, he then read the product information' i2 T, v& t# f! f: ^+ S( s9 G0 g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-& _, R. x: o0 M& f  Z1 E5 e
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 D4 I+ q4 \$ ]5 K* P! n! ?0 K+ n
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 L& J* R' u% l9 H3 N6 T" y9 A+ Mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% _& e' q& t  \1 x3 fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 D8 H6 N. n; Q: C2 E! g2 \! J( v* q% itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 [: W! c4 e+ e% ^laboratory to obtain the test.
! {8 G) p' D( f8 PDiscussion; i% }2 `! e7 V* N/ d' ^
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 P/ Q+ z' a6 L: fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. A2 W+ K; {4 H# ~* ]Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* f' @' Z+ }( K! f' C) M- J1 L
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 J9 H4 _5 B3 u7 a4 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ }. P3 u0 x" J, v9 K0 H- V4 a) U3 A) `
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; d5 }& `. |: e" `6 R  U( dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ Q) H$ [1 ]0 f# eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ l9 f' ^$ [5 |! x- V- Yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  a4 ~4 L+ p* u3 t. n8 N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) `( N4 ]0 F( [2 m& Vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 E% J0 h$ }2 n9 d# I5 kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  ^) M" [9 X( K0 \. jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
* w' I) S; E" X: F4 fgonadotropins.1,3
# {: ^0 }2 r4 i  H7 ]Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 B* P% g8 E+ B. J: S! hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. F/ R( X9 f: y9 {: P: D- d5 qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 c' r* \/ l+ Q2 [9 R$ n- sexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" p7 d9 k' Z& Q1 wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  j7 c  @% l& N
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* h4 t4 i  i" |0 d4 g/ V
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' O) P) V1 T$ V, k% |puberty in boys.3,4
7 Y. ]% D$ o; f3 M6 ?( CThe most common form of congenital adrenal
" N& k$ P* W- q5 x9 z* h0 j% jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 e% e2 X" w1 _. C) k
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
4 p9 I! Y2 A  C2 p" V: x; lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ |, n6 V$ Q: X# F2 w! K4 a
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: l  W2 i. m' `  a( J
excess.1,3' [) V+ u4 s  U2 R0 H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 \8 w5 T5 Z3 U# t" b. U0 J: \542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ k# V8 B0 p2 M
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" a. X- I2 w& J+ c3 Xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
) |( x3 q3 _/ N% \' L8 e( nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' z, T5 G: a% Z9 D5 d+ k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# a4 f! x- `7 {' @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,- f6 V" p! h6 h/ f" Y* k( N3 E
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) l* F3 O/ ^+ v, J2 \& |8 ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 W  f' \& A+ D0 S3 a! jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 I. F3 c3 f1 A9 j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 F0 ?% M2 [5 Ireleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked! {' L# O9 e: q% D9 Y" J+ ]4 Y
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only% w- n; `, G8 L9 o* o
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ U0 e1 O) y6 F+ _( X" {may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 j2 A# X7 M5 [  h' hIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 Y# F2 }* C; n0 j" @+ D3 Dsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 m' W3 O- [3 ]3 r  Kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 q- d4 {) P" {$ P; G  n* iwas in the differential diagnosis because his father" ^* @2 w2 v+ A. O, L* H$ |
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," `2 p1 Y# i1 `2 ~) J8 F
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 K; h$ L; U- ?9 g. Z: u2 P6 t8 w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' o! w, O* C; u& W: e$ M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% h! l) q2 D4 t, E6 F# obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, ], X- r! ]6 \4 ?$ H5 `
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" Q$ V+ B- w# U/ Y( e* F6 Q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( C3 \. j  [- Cing the normal level of adrenal steroids.' S1 y: A& N( O4 [
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 [' X: `8 W7 l/ b: bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' |: K$ y3 C  E8 N. l. b0 f- P1 ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 F/ K2 M8 e" M) {$ g+ c3 |, d, bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! J5 o  S) B* [7 I% A' x+ zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) L4 E  W9 X, mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: u( P" G8 `+ a6 \) }8 B6 v" H$ dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; a) L- p  A- B% X! c/ I/ j1 h; zDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* P( a5 k" ^+ U/ ~) d3 W
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 T) L/ K. u- i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 B& M& ?7 D+ n: t
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
2 |5 ~4 g$ B5 kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
3 j  ?  X  t: h' l* v) T0 x1 O2 teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# ]  T% ^0 T; b; h7 b( @partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
& @4 T8 D7 J9 A3 ^+ p; W2 d7 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 B6 \/ d( C* [* w7 D; ~) m8 _% wOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ p) Q  A7 ~) G3 |" m' T
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 Q% X7 G9 ^$ j8 k& C& q: O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ Q6 J3 f9 [: D5 }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more" x9 _9 c* Q) l: P
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 Q$ Q1 P# {3 ~0 M( z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) d2 r( `7 W( B7 d1 `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( j" o8 [+ Q' Z! Wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in! j& ]- p) k4 Y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and+ z# P" l! n7 p& L2 {8 [3 {2 D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 ]9 c: [9 F4 I9 IThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during' n% Z7 P. A  o3 m. q6 U# I3 D) O: K) z
early childhood on pubertal development and final* V; b; ]2 ]7 @7 j; ^. X( @
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& @: E5 [; e$ U1 z% O" Ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 d0 f/ Z# F4 C
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 j* q- q8 @8 n5 I: n2 d, u& D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! t/ U+ Z: _7 ~! t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 n1 p' k6 p) H) adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: o* k3 a3 F8 p& N/ }6 t5 m" TThere are conflicting reports and controversy' r5 f. r8 J4 J% I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# @) q4 h# O: m+ ^* h4 ^
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! }. K/ \; P: P3 w+ Y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-1 r, H. k/ i$ f) T
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; v: f) X+ t3 |( a0 Y, b' b( p
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% i5 K$ m$ g5 s3 ~& h/ d
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, h7 h$ n, w* z. {2 [
penile length in clinical studies.1 J$ a) E! f/ q) b
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# H. t1 l% [6 x' X. v8 _going to experience any of the untoward effects from) }3 n* q" o" C5 v. H8 R
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! k1 b; y6 ^- y8 h4 U3 x) q  Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 R; B. y7 M: A2 i  G1 e
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 Q; ]$ z; o5 r8 z' M  L
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ I8 s& B2 G* }2 uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult' J* X5 g; e0 Y! l* i2 `
height will not be affected.6 V! M0 g$ i' y/ d
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, l9 L5 e$ e0 oability of androgen products in our society may( q0 L9 W4 T) x0 [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
, w; U4 L3 {" Y+ G! w" R. Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) `9 d( D. K1 s6 |$ e3 }
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ q) H$ G/ Y0 U: l( {tioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 ]! p+ [# Z# u7 e" W5 V) i8 x+ E
gel should be asked of the family members during
) Z! F+ O* g6 O+ J5 {1 _the evaluation of any children who present with vir-5 ]( v% e* e1 \9 }: q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# t3 g2 }5 z4 m' Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! U5 J# Y- \5 oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' b  W% z. [# t& E* j
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
  w; E7 V+ D' w8 dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 d/ B  K3 S. F3 c, Qinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
, q, F" A9 M8 U: [8 _( y4 qaware of this fact, because most of these children
( B/ y) e5 s! ~  k# M  a" Omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’" [" j1 w, e4 L( G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ Q8 ~  x$ Y( Q8 V+ k% Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' g- [6 N& X+ ?: p2 P0 N( wfemale child who might come in contact with some-, ?/ y1 k* j1 M1 T# b
one using any of these products.( Z/ c" l2 W' B9 o2 u3 H+ U
References
+ l) Y8 {# h: v. D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 S, h. D8 L* ?" x* [$ {+ p3 r! y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! S5 s, |3 ]7 ?# gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 T8 x0 t# h" R: d8 p! H3 _2002: 565-628.) a/ [, p( ?8 c' b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 g9 k& l: p) mpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old$ C3 v8 x' e* L" ^- _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical  Q1 t; M- v, v& n( N! I4 _3 V" n
Exposure to Testosterone
. y2 L$ J. y/ xSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ l% U/ f: L5 R% r- Z: Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 G; t; U7 S# Q  zClinical Pediatrics
% d9 f1 d: ]( M4 rVolume 46 Number 6  Q# g1 c& }8 o" G" i
July 2007 540-543
  k. g2 U1 A) \% x+ {$ y0 ^© 2007 Sage Publications1 Q2 w6 m/ I6 j. g
10.1177/0009922806296651- v# |  K" \. i6 P' v9 R
http://clp.sagepub.com
/ ?* R/ t% E, h& y# U; p, G( Ihosted at, l- O1 j% s9 d! w1 d" L; N
http://online.sagepub.com% f$ f; O4 h2 l; h0 i2 x, g
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 W2 |9 e# X( G0 G. G$ {- w+ Yis a significant concern for physicians. Central: G3 ]0 G0 [4 b
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- B8 a9 m+ W& \" O
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 c( s% a- Y/ j3 |* i. H( X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 x# u5 ]6 I! W* k
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, g; O- S. z0 ^0 N9 p% bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" l: w. K! i1 v- r& `7 z+ |, z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# x& n5 D! |2 x, Z  O* dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: C' j" j& s& f, O- ^2 V# D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- Y( z' [1 G  v: O- oenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; d" F7 x) Z6 R
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due) S% B. a  h1 s4 R3 }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 ^( e4 z+ x2 b2 P1 |9 ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 o; [; G) ]6 Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 B) U) k: w7 f5 `! ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# K8 u. A! ^8 f
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 O5 L: @2 B1 p/ `
bly more common than the rare case report in the* M- v- \0 b6 J! O9 S9 T9 x
literature.4; {- _8 ~& N: }
Patient Report
+ e0 K6 w# r; ^- IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ Z7 f3 l+ [  ?0 N4 f# B& m
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 Q0 _- u- `4 ~" P3 o6 Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 N% V, A2 w& y; x/ ilight colored pubic hair development when he was# l5 X/ L3 E, I! k
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of  ^- H/ v5 R! D) t
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 b5 ^/ C: o* I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ w5 u+ @$ u4 {: `( @& }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ F) \/ m% L7 Y: I( T' o& BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% \: \, v9 ?: P9 i7 F, A: Fe-mail: [email protected].
/ s& p! {" J0 B0 s; u  f0 R8 Z3 N. _about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# I% E9 N, o* g3 [2 _5 g4 q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ n8 D% {! L' G/ k2 j2 G* M7 b
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child, ]. m+ Y) c* J: o; {9 L0 i+ V
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with  s+ O1 a# I. D) `4 ^# U) F. h
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# J7 [6 n" F4 a) A+ Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 f2 {7 o. h/ y3 @9 ?of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 q+ I9 D! d0 b. k/ n# ]/ ~solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! V; L* @# X2 l/ b. [3 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 D) \, B# i' g9 V/ e
was age appropriate.
1 b! ]8 }3 B" @, u$ l& J5 l4 O) DThe family history was remarkable for the father,
: Z3 }+ G6 u* g+ i6 }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 Z. K: h3 M1 c2 U. Dwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* K4 N7 N1 O3 h1 D1 t" v4 b4 Y" Y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; J+ A8 D7 J& o1 D) R% c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." Z6 c& M0 Y7 F; {; N- q
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 L3 J* i  i) Y; t' ]2 \
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 |# u; n) r- R' p) Lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  H* ~0 V" z/ m; G( _, B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. c. g& U( k  q8 G
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: Q4 \" M+ v9 ?
tives. There were no siblings.# t7 ~& E: {# @
Physical Examination
! U9 ^# b7 ?9 S' m+ Z' n. xThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 a) T0 s9 Z' P( j* b/ z0 uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# k6 r& r: I. q0 V7 W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) y8 t+ ~5 \9 D& }/ r: n% {
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- _% z- P$ ?' z! o1 \& G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' P0 C% \; b5 z9 [% @' dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 s" t. |% ]; a8 dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  k# K& c4 ^& I- Q+ N' ?; \2 i* t# V  Y, n
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 y, ?0 E) o, q" zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 X  q+ a9 R1 m/ F. [3 V: O% E/ H8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# {2 C/ ?3 G* |, b. ~developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% c+ H* }  H; }) L  L% {, _" @3 Q$ D8 h540* b) c- W: b1 S! j' ^; J
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" F7 ^! l/ n9 r/ r7 t" l  R
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
& \" |" z! v% i/ W( Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.  v4 O, Z# M7 h+ T, x' f
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% |6 m1 j/ W9 b& y; L
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 `9 l8 ?3 z$ ^) }) Eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
) a( c4 s2 i: T0 pNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
9 K& M2 M" Y( v  a9 h6 S4 a% Dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 B4 f7 ?+ b) R' X/ z3 Hof papilledema.
# L1 [. S2 i8 }; T% X' F4 rLaboratory Evaluation/ c- w- M$ {. F- p
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! h8 G' t$ \6 `$ v, ], b) Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 W! q. [5 y, i! u5 W9 f: Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 V+ _& K+ m& G  j5 S& x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, O  f/ d2 `' P" l/ M
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; ~, ?5 x" g, ?$ B3 p4 j  c' \6 j2 Clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& E+ ?6 i8 E! C8 k: KThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood! ~4 [) M9 G8 I. w* H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. t6 a/ f! ~" J: pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 |- F, C$ A8 f% V2 cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL* a3 M' V6 ^! s
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 e/ d5 s5 L" T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
6 t7 y3 I6 s' {) Mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 i+ b4 ~. f  I9 Q! |6 j
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, E6 N) e) I& f3 w$ @4 ~% f) M
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)! I! c- N' I5 x: t; _% y! {
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% O+ j8 D+ V9 g4 V3 t2 J' ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. V& k1 f$ b/ d3 [: H# ]; Q$ j! i! ?testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
9 c3 P6 g& Z) J' D1 w8 a' W! p$ Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, e$ ~2 N' R- [) c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( {3 ~  L# t* J# `, z1 Hstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ m, U  B- h, xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, O1 l' X% P3 \& t/ s+ x( l
(prepubertal).; F/ t* J. I- U
The parents were notified about the laboratory
- y5 a/ ?8 V1 }results and were informed that all of the tests were$ Z3 e6 w! `. I- H. U) c5 |# I
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 G8 Z0 O" p/ h4 Y- nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 V6 R0 L* j- L( C9 A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! t  b# E' q& ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: M7 d- @/ j5 |% T9 K, z  u# C) x- |Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 l9 f! H4 K1 bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 \1 L  d/ p  C1 B- n
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, ^3 U0 H6 m. g& s3 Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% L) _. g& ?. [pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' ^% V: |- i' e& s
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 E+ g. j4 B5 I( F, W
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; ~7 N; j9 B3 U# W6 g1 }
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 S: P' r4 [& U$ N* T' {) \( u
ing frequent erections.3 a: M1 U$ j7 f$ X& W
Both parents were again questioned about use of4 G  ]* J4 L2 t/ v& f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% C8 P+ y( `! r6 u9 K; {0 r4 s5 x9 Nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; e' N: Y" f3 H: g! p, E  W
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. g$ \' a, a3 k6 a. @2 ?1 j
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ L. t+ L, v3 ?+ X6 ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 N) f0 {% ]$ w4 e' u; ?7 sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) S6 d; E' W$ m( I& p$ Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 o: b( F2 d5 \1 T( I  Z8 Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido% d" e7 r. x- g
secondary to depression.0 N' J% X% ~6 x8 ^0 ]  L8 c
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ s: N/ n5 E2 V! [$ v; |; C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! P! I. Y; a) L2 w# \
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: \# V! K$ Z" H3 a0 a
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.6 z4 t1 ^9 x2 L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 \7 _7 w0 c  h' P& I1 v# a. Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 g# B" ^" Y5 `( R4 `$ A2 rwas high, he then read the product information
$ l# w. Z- B' x+ d- X8 T* cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- U  p# U* {" c$ Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! h3 V( }' g; J( I$ \# o3 m8 p
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% |0 A# Z2 X5 f$ |2 Y- m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 a% ?3 k8 q8 c+ ]1 J) ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 e8 U: k" q6 ?3 y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
7 H/ @9 ~5 Q) `, j: `laboratory to obtain the test.) A) R# j; h/ O) ?) d
Discussion+ u9 f$ |* H' O9 S
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
, a% c" {' D0 |0 Y5 ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* }1 n; Z+ t) w/ R  Q9 m9 w/ L* ^Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when+ X/ p3 n* ]: R% S: P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( F1 _+ W' p$ J$ Z, I" M) \2 X+ {thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ Y# d: P- \7 Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 t8 n9 d" t! M3 K% E
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
4 |/ W# U" P# yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* g7 \7 v6 b) G+ L- m
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 G8 J4 |2 Z! o. w+ M
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 x# v. j7 l9 A
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 M+ a- R9 G! Z( K- o9 t$ ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, D/ k0 o/ z6 m% S- E2 urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- X' ?5 @+ c, v- D; w0 m  P5 E2 U6 @6 egonadotropins.1,3
6 P  k& e+ q# x/ L: o) d$ G% A0 FGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* \8 k* C: c2 D, g" Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ i/ B' x. N( G% f% M4 _5 N
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& E7 ]: v% r4 o* P  E2 R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" i0 F* l& F8 O& d, T* D' U6 g) mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. w! Z1 o& @0 @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive( v! {2 A- x" L5 j2 |$ x
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
$ a8 F; o( |8 s* jpuberty in boys.3,4
7 @: L( m0 F' A5 P3 H* IThe most common form of congenital adrenal# I4 z. X* b  Q0 A# p5 {. T0 S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: V; ?. X# h1 f4 z, L% z  OThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 |/ z! j  f- L+ q8 e7 A
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,$ X0 @  s9 b( G9 V
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen- }# {) A+ W% x! g
excess.1,3
3 {& b, y3 x" d7 j% _at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ w( y2 a9 B) j( m0 n  N542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- ~( R# ^4 ^0 d9 g' k* f
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 A( B' }0 ~; V% b. u; Y7 P) Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) h9 R( V1 X. K0 o4 F/ v7 ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 n6 F; `( l, T2 K4 Vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 k$ ~  h+ A9 z) a2 T6 `1 x- [( m) R2 cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
( Q" b, L) x% A) n2 ?including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. [' _% e7 L" t+ I+ hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder, Y7 I! K, a0 T3 U
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 i& i& n/ B  }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-* R. E% W% s2 X5 @9 L
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% V3 ~! q1 R) q% mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ Q3 o# z: x; p- K" Z. h
males; therefore, other male members of the family
. [1 u# Y9 S* f  rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
# o4 [' Z! F0 H; R3 iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" J& M) x: d; y4 J+ u  P  e6 ~( f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# p" N/ t% o+ Ecles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  g( x! H$ Z# Q" z0 {- Y, zwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 G8 c" {& @' ^) H" B- M  estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 R+ B6 `% T; S& M8 `testicular enlargement is not that evident in the6 n7 x0 E; j8 n8 D- t
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. u4 J3 N9 q2 h* C: ^& F* `8 }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 N9 G( @) y( i7 f3 jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 e8 u! E+ ~/ l
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, p; S: Q3 U5 R
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* {$ {7 Q3 ^) L0 _+ g! I: F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* r; q8 H/ F) E( ^. @5 x! L3 R+ N
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
; ?9 Q8 g& T5 S$ v6 f- H- ~7 ~& ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- v. T/ q' y. |/ d, r! I" @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-* h* n0 `& `/ e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 Y" p, }9 ^, Q3 X, Z) D% m1 O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 X9 c! o6 h% n# u0 K
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 W6 m& O$ G+ _, L6 f  R# jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# _' H1 d7 ]' {Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  T$ K1 d( a' Fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 R/ [: k: Y" D. H8 ~9 junprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 Y5 `, j& P/ @! A6 v5 w" ^Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. I% f8 u( \/ x: Obaseline value in those females who were exposed to" m" ~  D( R' X; e
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male# C7 [" H% n& B( J4 ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
* `7 P- j* F" y  dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- Z  p" i. }" Z" b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" C4 e" f' Q4 ?: V- T* p7 l; I# Bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( c" \% |5 k0 ?2 k2 }& l
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% r' O& H- g0 I- @5 S, u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 ~4 s, t6 v8 u& ~" [4 Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 s4 u9 K$ m! Iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& {; @2 B8 F. J- D; z; v
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ z/ }3 j$ T+ f; q- _
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% A' c1 a& C7 F4 i+ wchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 U, z( E0 O9 e: q0 x) Y9 V. radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% w4 m, G# v' }& M: H# T, y
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# T  |0 A+ x7 I+ G" Xearly childhood on pubertal development and final2 L& S0 x3 i  T/ ^
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. T0 v0 Z* A' s8 _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 |( V3 n* p; n8 [3 Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! P! C7 A8 E1 }- m5 r2 Y& {acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ Z1 {- r, B  l  w6 `
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, C7 o# e( h# f! I& n. b& d) p( j2 ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ p! ~1 M% _& L4 M
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 k& t% l% o7 H: F! ^
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& Z7 ^6 e* a. [& H$ g' @
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal8 r: y% D+ t: g  A& c# M
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( ^2 o) q& U/ H* {9 ~& ^8 {; K0 Aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 E, B% d$ {  H2 ^- J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 L6 x. n9 m5 y1 v: W2 t- f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ h7 n5 j; A( A) q0 C% lpenile length in clinical studies.6 x$ X( E( G, g7 w8 [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; G4 s) W* j/ g4 a+ d# bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from* h1 C. i6 o+ K$ u0 ?
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 A8 f' V. H8 N- pthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 Q% t/ B( |; C0 ~0 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ R# N! Y1 h" e2 S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at  ?% Z  K3 ~7 p, W
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% K" r8 ?3 m  A, ~) b
height will not be affected.% o% C+ T* Y, D6 r: R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ J2 C& f; n4 {7 e3 M! ?  |
ability of androgen products in our society may6 [6 q- u) {) g& l: }' n$ i) J0 y3 _
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* w7 S: a4 F. a/ R- o% E* D+ \children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-; h/ x7 k7 j0 Q9 _$ i
gen products must be considered and specific ques-: G/ j0 D7 |8 Q$ A% [+ W5 Z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  B8 E0 P2 O3 T4 _2 ?) N" X8 kgel should be asked of the family members during
9 x8 `6 l6 B' e: Y/ a$ p% P6 Bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
9 a  k, S- M& A1 r, Y% `6 c& Gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 W0 W" K+ X0 e! S0 B3 Qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by; t% z% u$ y# g' V5 [) Y  p
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 f  Y; F  o6 g, [history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 S7 E4 E9 f5 e  C# o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" f0 S& R$ b+ ?$ V2 y) \
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ K8 ]3 W0 E7 q6 r: A
aware of this fact, because most of these children
) k, b* L% l1 k, {, Nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 v, T& t- b4 a" G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% X& I+ M4 j& D) F% I+ j- O
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
" T7 c" f" r/ U/ A0 d7 pfemale child who might come in contact with some-& V5 D( x% z9 o: Q
one using any of these products.
- z' B; {* C' Q: sReferences
) D4 c. E& N: V* o* J6 |3 K1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& F: O6 F, J& C9 y- k$ E2 l. B- `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ c( f" o# h( ^; t2 kEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. }% P# s* B+ H( L: f9 a& d
2002: 565-628.' A: b( V4 t1 e! `3 J. v1 t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( P; X: H2 r- b' U1 cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

' H5 d  a* n  H/ d  E. }精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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