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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. ]8 a$ ^( W {, m* \& \ [9 uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 m9 b, |( t; `! jExposure to Testosterone/ Z* X2 x0 U# A) K
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 U3 S$ Z j. Z" B* c$ N. J
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 v9 P9 _& g) {# d0 I( l2 dClinical Pediatrics
, @' t% J! {8 D8 r- @& TVolume 46 Number 6
" s: C) h; x3 I) |- k; X( QJuly 2007 540-543
; V% y f) {1 L, q- V- K© 2007 Sage Publications w* J- x% O6 ?' S
10.1177/00099228062966517 i: a7 l, N, \+ q- ~
http://clp.sagepub.com; R* X; T: A- X8 L3 Y% p. i
hosted at
. W4 J4 }0 w p0 e8 M; E4 xhttp://online.sagepub.com! e4 K: m7 ?0 n/ o0 s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; {& ^% w, A( i& {0 E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, X' s) s' k y4 b g9 D$ }precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 ?+ i7 l* `* ^7 u) f2 {( H, tthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& ]! k2 M% O4 D( h5 d
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& G' g5 `" E+ g4 W* ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 i3 k% V0 b6 `' [
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 `9 K# \: C$ Q3 t2 v: A9 K; `
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; M$ i( E9 q, ^1 r8 f: {
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: ]- v4 W: N; `; S# Q( _7 K# z% G5 S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ r* `4 y2 W2 f- S! }& r5 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 b$ g* N6 F8 c2 f7 ?
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ p- E0 ]% a. u& `# H" tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 {2 c. ~' h& R! ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" R/ G4 Y* R7 v7 W$ fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 i8 ^ r- n+ ?( R, u* Qchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 l, i9 H1 ?. F. m3 W+ N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' D/ N* W: X- d
bly more common than the rare case report in the, H5 K! R, J i: f/ _
literature.4
m/ A8 N! }0 e/ J, k) c3 ZPatient Report
, [8 m' t0 _8 t+ j* d6 ~* lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 D+ }2 K+ i( o4 G
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, k5 B; G2 h+ }2 Bof early sexual development. His mother noticed" F, s# J0 @, y1 x% x- V; R* `
light colored pubic hair development when he was- ?6 R. `: c4 }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 O" b5 _" b! Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; ?/ r1 c9 x7 x1 ~- g6 mAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& K+ U9 F. C* _' M O \0 IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 x9 \5 B; _+ p& vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, n0 i5 A6 `" }3 g9 L
e-mail: [email protected].7 v) j" U( E: K1 b4 l3 s
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 h+ O7 H$ q; `% J( Y! }0 B: Q. P
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ z: j c) Q( U$ c, N: F. \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ o3 R' _" x' F0 G& O7 }" _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 p% T4 ^% D# r; X/ {0 ]
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of8 n' V! c! W! v0 R6 V8 F+ ^! Z) r* n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
[1 K$ o6 U- I5 w" i/ |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! ?: _9 ?- u% E) T$ F4 [. h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. S& i a% O; ^! B6 R6 [9 H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 K( f; I, ~. F
was age appropriate.
+ J0 ]7 n6 a4 B, ^+ vThe family history was remarkable for the father,
$ Q0 i4 p2 }. L, v2 i: bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% ]! h& ~1 R9 Uwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- g7 d& [1 {& ~$ M. ]+ k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 J+ ^; h) T( `: fearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 M( h6 ~5 T' F" zThe father denied taking any other medication. The% E( a, E' F( j- B0 t
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& u4 [6 }, {1 v2 m% Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
4 s8 n) @5 _; Q2 u4 {6 d+ i3 T/ I5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. ^, W5 s+ B1 ~cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 N9 j! L o* c5 N. V% x6 Xtives. There were no siblings.
- a$ f. k x8 Q1 | c- B9 xPhysical Examination
3 R& i3 i6 x3 M, N7 o! KThe physical examination revealed a very active,
' f# `' `5 \- g2 R4 L c9 Wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 l% ? I/ i1 X8 I# |6 J! K2 wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
% e: i7 Z9 o) r/ j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 z, p% R. a. K# e) d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% U n1 E9 ~& ~6 f0 Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- \+ z1 w- f, Z* Hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' H5 E# K, [; x8 a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 R! C9 C' x5 A" w, `9 K+ y5 o7 genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 z$ ^. S( T; T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( Z1 F& O& O- h) S* W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( `/ j @$ \) B4 O5409 u2 o5 } `1 _+ v+ I0 [& l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- B$ d1 {) ?2 n/ y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 F+ y. Q$ k2 j" ?+ qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# T# v3 v, ~' f; o/ B; a. M# \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) E' k- Z4 [" s
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 ~) H+ F4 S6 d0 l- [9 Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 U3 Q+ }/ P! s' m; k2 T5 QNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* F8 a/ M" e. |; s$ s# Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. K' y9 L! u# k) M. E5 m
of papilledema.: Z0 y4 u p2 ?: D& g, z9 a; G
Laboratory Evaluation
$ d1 t; X( p A0 g: ^, K0 c( u7 ^The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
6 k& E, Y. w b4 P& iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 u) b! `6 ^5 c2 _* w4 g8 d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 d9 _6 f4 O: u9 F9 |karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: m& K: d: U: a" ~- h4 o) a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 j7 _( l* m( O4 B) O3 m, Jlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 K0 t6 k1 e1 T+ N( x; b, S) W8 t
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood G% `4 F0 I5 _* q3 a% E' g% a
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were U$ j$ j" p; r# d
within normal range for his age. The concentration5 e& H, F2 O+ V( J8 W4 G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% V9 U; A$ ]* {' X( Z3 W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 C: d* D T4 C% T; I8 U0 K: I
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& c! P' J) @+ E3 S/ A) \/ @: cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 i. ~" ~( n( p3 V
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ X6 ]5 x T( w7 d: l
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 ?0 X7 T1 O. v+ ^* ~3 @3 ]3 k! twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. f" X% S* Z5 R% ]6 y6 ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 X4 Z7 A( X, v, J, F
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 p' j% M$ V, W( p; P
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# [( |9 H6 h9 a! R5 [8 ~; @5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
; x( ] ^+ t7 {$ s( _! n/ `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 y; K0 p0 A8 j8 z" qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
P4 _5 F* W8 E9 M) V2 x(prepubertal).
% q$ ~) S- i/ t1 [1 L+ p: Z {9 qThe parents were notified about the laboratory
0 K4 D8 z1 ]4 b# |0 Q1 J; Xresults and were informed that all of the tests were3 t4 Q0 r+ p3 u# h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: J0 t( p |( k/ v! Q9 C& kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to8 e! A. }) f" J& a4 D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" m. j3 f. ^9 X$ Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 F. A T+ H l2 DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the9 ]6 ~3 j5 O7 t) i
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
* a2 U7 N/ a0 H& J' f2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* F. _: B- O8 Zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
) r% {/ s4 s6 b% d; Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! {8 p( G) P9 _ V3 m/ E: i; {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( a; N6 T6 ^1 U
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 f5 ]$ U8 z) A0 ~. x, I! @
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* P! ^1 V+ S0 p0 W2 \- q" @: M7 w
ing frequent erections.
6 G' q- u& }3 `# ?. CBoth parents were again questioned about use of
& _( ~$ L: K1 Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! T( j2 d G u6 }the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( K5 P# \% q$ p% _! P7 D0 gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 u. M% E, X$ [7 h# \9 k" f; o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 e4 Q8 ~2 R, |+ z0 T" g
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- T5 Y# b, E. [! I2 f9 Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 k! f0 r3 h7 v' O/ Z* K0 ?; P, d) k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 E5 ^) \ K* F; p2 ]/ V, _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ k, _6 n# F$ o, t$ O& w, ?secondary to depression.
/ l8 i5 B1 i" w. h6 I% FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
* B; j$ C/ I) I" c& H" OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his' V( Z4 V3 G. \& f0 y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' i! W! R% X6 V d, `( Gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 ?8 G7 G+ w+ c8 z7 hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ ?2 M" [% n5 u0 X+ w. Awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby* M+ J% r5 X$ `0 F8 ~! c1 l
was high, he then read the product information
1 ~( Y8 Q: t1 ?: k6 F+ `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 s" K" L, o& K/ l: ]2 y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
Q9 S& K7 ]8 X0 t" g# Odecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- E( W$ H( S; @3 T2 }# }
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 H {" t, J$ B/ M
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, A ?+ x' A# Ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the6 A& r6 L$ S2 F7 k0 S2 h
laboratory to obtain the test.
9 ?( M% K- W8 f* X. BDiscussion
1 `. D) y) j0 ~) q- m' hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" t6 n) b& _( k/ s0 }4 d: w' S
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 A3 N2 `1 m5 I& q1 I- U# Y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; k8 Q {8 _7 oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# Y0 t' z! [# C( R- W: C! c _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 @) c) t, |- F- o$ Mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 i s2 n; h+ n0 A- T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ A- p+ i. o2 n; q5 D/ [: |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" G$ \$ s% J+ t5 K- g4 s; h
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" z X6 n$ X2 K9 r- ^" E8 p2 i& |! @+ `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" s, _" H) i! S* Q- T% rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-/ |6 O& e k' J! o, _" T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, ^+ F) j; O5 ]# }
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 @ z6 u" f5 F; {" l* K2 ugonadotropins.1,3 q1 t& [1 v- o% p6 s
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
- ?; Y8 s# d$ D, U% Y1 hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; s# }# M! {; @ t2 jandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
: Z5 b" S$ {7 q' S+ l! Z% l. F! hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ _, l- h2 G, Q' n. B
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 n7 M Q+ P7 L- f: V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* v! Y9 n, Z+ `+ m( `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- ]1 F& ]9 ~- e0 Y0 O. T
puberty in boys.3,4, b) P. t# W% p3 ~
The most common form of congenital adrenal: R# V& g7 B; i7 S7 u3 e' q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. F7 p/ {/ b5 k7 I$ kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ D9 Z2 j+ w( F: y+ U8 {' n6 c* V
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 ^- ?* Z) Q" q8 X1 a" m7 _$ p; Z! van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
, {: F$ \" y, u/ I3 l* ~excess.1,3" m$ i+ G0 p5 E# _8 U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* o8 u3 s2 g$ Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007$ f/ Z5 z$ m& E/ O1 E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# x, j3 z7 v% M& M$ Y" P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 \: b3 O, q# z; ]& t$ t# \as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: V! i5 a3 U$ K3 @! x/ Z& \ Svery young age. The physical findings in these boys% f" }. I2 c$ h7 Y' t. v1 e
with this disorder are full pubertal development,& E/ _# x7 J* v" F( ~% @
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" Z4 } F( C. {( {! { a: K% |
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ @7 W9 D n) uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ g) K. v4 E5 ?/ o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* s6 M+ l! f1 l( `# c% z: G! creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 |; v# ^- v8 f" Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; }+ L2 U7 `& E5 [- W8 Qmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 z( a+ o$ P; f* `& S. Y/ ^
may have similar precocious puberty.30 T. C4 P. K4 x) E
In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 K- v% S* T# I5 C7 u8 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 B$ x) n# `& H2 y& U1 G' p. [cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) D6 A+ R4 |5 C$ Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
# q; M& G& C" w6 v) C+ y: Cstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," J" c; N2 }; Z, P/ E) ]' O R8 x
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) d( b- p" @, e1 F6 a' pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ M' ~; V2 c2 G6 }2 F: Kative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ ^# z0 o8 e$ M: R0 X0 f9 u- ~biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. @7 s3 v K: m/ L9 Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase% p, B6 S, j5 s1 Y+ T. c6 v# K
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 p' X( a& G. D- w" X" q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 A) @; v9 G5 o$ j% a) k- k
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, w* x- j% g$ u/ q6 Vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 i! Z7 P7 R# |* R0 kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 E; a# T' u& u/ g3 O% e6 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ R: |( @/ O$ `5 zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: y1 y d) h- J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( z& ~* F3 z" kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. v' f: K+ B7 _7 Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: s: O4 [) A5 wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
V& o! V6 V" V& b% Z8 Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ t' P2 a- c2 t! i# A
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" o# O' v: @- S; wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& \1 U, z7 [& u, k* C9 Y+ w: l: Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ x$ c. R6 U3 l# M' r5 t
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-4 J$ I& }' t. [1 w# B8 O
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! t' x% @4 E6 l; s* q
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL, F5 c! `5 Y# i) D
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
i T' z0 a! F$ ~dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) f1 H# ]% ]3 h9 C& i$ S) s5 K" uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 Q" d0 I a% I; ~. N+ x/ @$ F& \! Zactive in young children exposed to testosterone! j9 r* d: T. P5 k+ S2 p: Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: K1 W! G! ~( X0 O% idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 r9 b; v5 L2 f6 V" I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 a0 f! r. N/ J5 v$ C9 o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
* I( H: ~+ }) U! O: y7 b% Dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) L+ W2 ^# U8 X5 E, q5 k$ m0 R3 ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 P( R6 O* K1 H2 J. M7 F
early childhood on pubertal development and final* A# D* J. l3 W6 x2 j L$ ^; }- F
adult height are not fully known and always remain
$ \: P' k' I, }9 K) ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-; l7 \+ x- n6 K* H+ O- ~0 J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ B. l* \9 O* i4 f! [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" j& e' R6 y% H# g7 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* M2 @: h; Q. H, z; P( Q, L, Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) Y$ }8 v; |+ q& @5 m% O8 U+ s
There are conflicting reports and controversy
# p0 F6 ?& r5 T% T/ d' a8 _0 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult, E$ D! o8 `; o+ C9 F5 E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( H% d+ J& X4 E* E3 v) gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 S& B8 p n: w# Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
/ j+ h0 H3 r; W8 l' N$ k6 s0 jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ N! i: R, }7 C
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. \6 o1 z- j \6 Tpenile length in clinical studies.
. t( m: _1 i* o' [' i( z: GNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) V- q G2 x; V+ F" X, kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from" A; g; E7 o, f \7 Y- j+ H0 s
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 J: j8 j; Y# C! x" N: g
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." Y; b! i/ F% J& a, d
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of, m P1 x1 K- E! a3 E
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! G2 R& c* O$ U) b P, j: r5 o2 dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: A/ R! |( w9 v# y- R: mheight will not be affected.
2 i5 c3 N8 q, a) {- {: FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& X, ?3 k V4 @/ g& rability of androgen products in our society may; Z7 K0 A+ |; }6 J/ Z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 o* c9 u1 c% M* _- F' Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
' z: J }% [, u3 w: v5 Z7 ]( W! Vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 i& e, w8 A7 q: \# y( c& _( H( G. {+ Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( f8 k3 {, V+ W Sgel should be asked of the family members during
1 r) C; e$ F0 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! v& ~. x: o1 P% H: M1 A% d/ ?* Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 \, S/ f3 k# I; k Gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% |* t7 [9 U* C+ B' J4 Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ L1 f" T3 j; u- D( d( shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 V, I+ h K/ c5 ]+ @result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" \* A' ]! ~+ }/ h+ O$ b: k1 E, Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# _4 W# i$ G, J8 j1 x4 H& p/ maware of this fact, because most of these children4 h, I2 _6 M; h% s! E0 g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ R* C' K' H! R$ T# J
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 r8 ^$ m" O/ W* `& J& W6 U' m
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 D5 y; z0 [" Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
$ n. K& I. i$ q9 [one using any of these products.3 r k# P% E- c# h
References, Z X& t; ]0 |8 p. q1 a- k
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. \; _. I0 u: M1 o! d! r
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 t# @7 v& M& IEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; r) ~( i$ Z% \7 }9 z
2002: 565-628." U+ c6 h9 J+ ?) F
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 V% r0 C" F+ J' s( a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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