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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 _% C+ s! d8 x9 @! uBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 }( u9 d& H, _" O0 hExposure to Testosterone; {2 y$ P6 a0 o+ s, b7 G* v9 ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 x; f' @; e+ z$ M* x. \; xand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( o, F, f; I: ^" J6 t; O8 E$ P
Clinical Pediatrics- H" T' K1 K4 M' h6 F
Volume 46 Number 6
3 U' z# W. T+ e8 i+ V' C, w! `* v$ {July 2007 540-543
4 l, s! r1 Q2 S6 j1 s# G1 W- c# L' s© 2007 Sage Publications" L+ u. n" n/ Y! A8 F. b' b
10.1177/0009922806296651
& v' U' d- Y% L% n5 V5 d. G/ shttp://clp.sagepub.com
! |' `! B! h/ d" ~hosted at) @! {* }# G' ?5 R) R! l' K2 S& K0 g! G
http://online.sagepub.com( t- D) O1 a3 f: L- I; U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
7 g0 Q( g/ s2 M" M0 L( w6 Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
* J2 k6 S! h* }! }2 k0 r7 _precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ b3 W0 ^& J8 f; k8 U4 Wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 r! [- j! r, N
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; |! I9 n' r+ G* O) t7 ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! @0 S. Q* Y) q# O$ ?1 Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) L' G S; K. C$ M8 g: T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& ^. N+ X1 [- a- }$ U/ T& ^, icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% J+ Z2 ~- i9 L
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; c1 M1 q+ F' Q9 L) V4 f0 ?enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, V0 a" O5 t3 H P$ e9 k7 Z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; D& a/ Y9 T( y1 n0 ~% ]9 n* z& jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
F3 @' [* ?$ i$ m! [4 B' Pthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 W1 V" o) G" ?; o0 ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! ] F1 A+ a' m9 U8 o5 _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" `/ d. ~2 Y( L! w: q% Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& e- S0 `, w/ a* g' a$ p
bly more common than the rare case report in the
7 o3 K7 H6 a3 kliterature.4
3 f* k9 c9 K$ R2 t' T* M( aPatient Report
! S5 J) _: X. ?4 n- KA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' P4 a) s- C( d8 }5 a O1 Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 C7 C9 {0 @+ g7 H
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# j* s, T; U% i5 [, [light colored pubic hair development when he was
4 ]2 p( ]1 r* e% d* D" BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ B5 N" Q- l7 y" i, v* FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& O3 r, G) }: g3 \5 o2 C2 w" H6 iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
& ~( @" n/ Q+ V E0 oProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* f7 F( e: d( i5 D5 EMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( _% D1 o3 w( be-mail: [email protected]." f* E" n/ q2 R! X
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ o: Y2 ~7 t) T4 V
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. [0 B& h `/ g0 {! S5 oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; M8 R1 e; }( [+ t* Awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 x0 W+ L7 [( j) C: Ta birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of6 Q+ ]" {7 H! R) r, |& ^. O. V
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* ]: O$ A/ T: s& R" ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ B- }& U6 }" J/ q& x6 R* [
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, m' L5 O$ ~) t7 Q" P
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
/ _1 v) I+ i9 u" }5 E) N7 j9 Jwas age appropriate.
9 g3 D- n O# a3 f* g0 RThe family history was remarkable for the father,
6 ~2 E: D% @- v5 D- q" h3 ?1 iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* m! b9 _8 ^( @
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 U4 p7 C [, @6 j+ X3 |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat5 R" B; D! t( X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 W3 Z( Y2 d; m( i# m
The father denied taking any other medication. The( ?" C! k; C) g7 Y6 m5 j, v, B
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) U/ d |7 |5 o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ l s6 H' V; ]9 y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; }8 x" M+ x6 c0 ^
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 \, [5 |( H, `1 B; D4 C3 H
tives. There were no siblings.
# P2 E& C5 V2 @ e/ O4 X" RPhysical Examination1 Z. N4 Y7 s9 P( a+ W2 @1 h: ]% [3 s
The physical examination revealed a very active,
/ n2 ]3 [% z2 }( zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
( J/ a/ ?$ ^, P9 ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 U) ~9 s6 N8 V( E& L* J! A2 N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 {, i' e2 d! ?" C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth p( N3 V* _0 J1 ]$ x, g0 }% L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' ~" {' C+ c; H! _7 S9 | N' w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: @7 a1 e& _, }* T2 E; f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& h2 ~3 T m+ u7 P( q/ r) D- oenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 g& s( z7 k; E2 u/ p2 N8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
5 P' ]. x. a9 q) k1 A9 ~4 ydeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 X" Y& n" K/ B$ G, F' h* C540$ @) O1 j: @: X- O8 x$ F3 u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, u9 }" g2 F! p8 g
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. v- M, U9 \4 d$ z6 R. @! P
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 f8 D' r! y# M+ C gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
/ p& l) p4 G4 l9 t- r( g0 {! T" X9 moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" t, z6 d. {; \* ?; X8 g S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ J/ K2 V% G9 V% y1 bNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
/ O, t+ i' o$ j7 R* T: \) r% ~+ \bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ H/ E) E/ B; S% f% X, ?/ Gof papilledema.
+ \! h; a! d6 G$ S& N# [Laboratory Evaluation
" ^( ~& U- b) z% V3 }! Y) j5 HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' y2 K/ u6 ~, n& qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 y) m' c: ~- N8 B0 I4 E: Q' Clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; R6 A: z2 }+ |karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
+ G P: B: }' t" @; wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ y. {' E# ^4 j5 h+ O
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( S) c- W$ ?! |7 f2 g7 r! ~2 E9 XThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 A" }7 J. m; ? F; e6 ?: Yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% O h- Y* t) E6 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration5 ~" Y8 m2 m |6 M& ]; W. r. O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& z: D7 z1 m7 l" f* m" C(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ {7 f1 W; {/ ]+ R2 B
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ G9 Q5 j* E+ zterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. b# |8 l) w9 c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- I6 f# p' ?/ q0 D9 k/ c8 S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 d* }& k0 [. R, \7 L8 ?
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 ?4 ^0 C2 n* v" k* w, Ntisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 u/ ]" p, |, e" ^: z% d) ]
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 t) M/ c+ a/ iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ Z; T& M+ m0 D, p2 `' V+ Z) g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( y$ B" ^; b- }! Pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; e- f# E+ v2 \* {( _9 W
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 x% C+ ]: x- G" p( U
(prepubertal).2 v- r3 y1 ~9 S% W1 C
The parents were notified about the laboratory
% y1 s' x+ B4 Y1 B0 A+ Rresults and were informed that all of the tests were* L* K F( P% V! E9 X0 J( E
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
, L3 y6 v& i2 n* e, C5 _follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! W; B, G& r- n5 vobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ ~, H' B! @: o0 p6 S P) Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& Z/ ~! P; y% c- K0 ~Physical examination at this time revealed that the/ N8 e1 G1 b, U9 C N7 S; j# c+ O+ |
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
3 \; w9 k" @5 m' x3 P) }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ i( V0 @% |! D: k: o; h; B
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 H4 M9 y4 E& y% F
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at v! w& t" T% r {) p/ G9 a' Y& g
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
0 g- X4 ~, F" |( }; i7 z" Y) {mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: W+ x* c. U+ I1 p0 L
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. f4 p3 F: j$ b
ing frequent erections.7 ?. S# D! S: Y" e
Both parents were again questioned about use of4 i+ b; G }) h) p+ Z S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* T; B. M$ ~7 P" b( }6 P# S! C( ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. B/ t7 V! v) @* n- t" M
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 x7 z+ n# N0 l% f2 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 ]5 V M2 d' P0 H4 Q2 t3 Y5 G0 X
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, m" Y; y- w7 X7 C1 ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 Y7 \/ `# ~9 b8 s; fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 H \ l: U1 B4 w
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 N0 k3 Z3 \( p. h% u5 h1 usecondary to depression.
' h- n+ |% O8 dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ j7 R) B' B. ~: A$ l# s% rThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* A2 A' q/ F/ P$ h8 F$ |
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig- i1 g4 U; G6 ?; \0 u$ ^7 {& }
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% F8 O$ {" r! V4 q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; ~% c, q. H5 V, k5 o7 Twhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 p& R* Q7 z8 ?, D: m* d& V$ l! b
was high, he then read the product information$ A v9 k* D0 p% O
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! Q% I3 M- E& J/ \1 V3 cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 A. p1 ]! f1 ?5 x
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the j- u6 {. |! c; H7 ?
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 T- ?: }! ]+ H7 L& s# |been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& w R0 C0 h+ _% `$ C
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; P( Q0 j h9 F& H9 ^1 l0 u3 X" e, hlaboratory to obtain the test.
1 J, p! j) q; |/ Z. q1 P; `Discussion
1 g3 h0 p: A) r) H$ K0 OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
7 e$ r' `' w- N, ]1 q/ g% _5 l+ Msexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 B0 l/ t6 Q5 r L
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 S$ G8 Z+ z) F& K- v2 T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' {5 T4 e: U5 c/ K7 z9 ?$ dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' I% |1 }8 }/ l9 {* z4 L
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 y- e& K8 A6 T% Fmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ J& s4 V. \: q/ _& u, u& Z# f8 presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 l. a% p4 V% `+ Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-$ I) U, `- Q* P
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 Y+ D4 {3 c6 _1 N0 Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ U: o0 ? b s$ c ^* bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 V% {- a6 R8 @, h: Z4 |+ b' t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 W8 p3 `% U0 |) j* cgonadotropins.1,32 L3 R+ |) n3 V; R! @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; ]8 w# I* ~- e- X1 `: |) d8 A$ Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" E5 H, g+ X* R, X. landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ s. j: X1 [# j" @# D1 {# Wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 F6 h) `. @9 e
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& T7 W% V: k$ {) F0 scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" s; k! R. }' }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! I7 j" } Z/ E! b( n+ ~; m, v
puberty in boys.3,4
* M( E2 H1 _" e% YThe most common form of congenital adrenal- g$ Z* A' A5 V+ q& `* }
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 S2 T1 j/ ~, }0 c. ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. ^% n" l# O9 D) P7 M0 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! L! A6 M+ X- oan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ a m" s' T; t5 i
excess.1,31 E& r- r" p3 o* x# K+ j* Y3 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% u" W8 m/ h- x542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 L6 h9 a! D6 I. B& q& XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* n' W/ k" r. h+ O
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 Z) K. R% N! X% Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! t3 ^" Q \# hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
; h2 S# k9 `2 w7 `2 Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,9 M6 C( h' S6 O: f
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; S: f; s+ ?9 ~# g" {
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( h! H6 `' g, J. C7 r& N& Rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* g( n- A" A( ~- t% A, C; ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 g Q) h9 t$ t7 b- u' [+ o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# g+ T0 m) G% n1 n0 y- f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 p, {$ W* @4 u3 ^
males; therefore, other male members of the family' n% U, |; b: o# Y! p$ h% b* K
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- {2 `" s9 w5 R: }9 AIn our patient, physical examination was incon- M* a$ a4 t5 [8 D0 }
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" x3 r9 @$ Y% E( e j
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. \5 x: Z3 p, K( W" e
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% Z5 [+ d' ~+ U6 n0 C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, R3 J/ X T4 t6 S5 q4 T$ }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the- ?2 x d2 I- c" l7 t
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& @" u/ ~# ]1 Z, s Q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 n( Q2 E' {3 S1 W ^; A' p5 Wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) V M. \+ U% H! v4 _/ `! Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ I0 t2 \% b; g& ~: a7 ^, _deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 U* m5 i) g3 h
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
) s. P7 O6 h3 q/ {* W! l3 eThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 K* t* F6 O3 E; b4 ~0 r ?$ F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 d( |: K0 ^. l8 W: fthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 G9 Z% Q7 \9 ^) M, R7 _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& y, @4 t. e C( W. s9 K/ d
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
) ?& ?/ ?, m, S6 U+ Uterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 M9 j' i: V# m; Vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% Y8 U! J; m! QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) p7 y/ ^7 T* Q: o5 F! @- \; f' ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' p0 P9 D7 F+ Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 P' ^+ \2 Q! V8 e% E5 uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 \+ D5 C- \7 q9 s Q8 f2 D3 q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: J& J8 E6 u$ Peven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 u' p, Y) B' v' T P1 N9 {% qpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* D7 g2 B- K3 x) f
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& O" |' x; |1 @, ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," h6 v2 Z; H- _9 i3 b! I3 J) c
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that6 l& t/ S, z+ ?* \, i3 G1 {% A
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 d8 @. Z. I8 r$ A7 [6 Lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 n4 r; P* B$ z) k9 S9 d! Y8 Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone5 [1 q4 C6 T# o% F9 B
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ [( R& {1 O7 I9 S& l$ d- o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 ]! F& w* P0 g: b& S0 c2 bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; ]8 G" {) a+ }" T4 }2 i# v5 }$ Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
9 `, v' v3 D% J2 ]1 ]: Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ f$ R9 d3 J0 ^! A# k( a
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
, E- R- _) _0 `* M( n' Q/ Nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
1 P Z) d% Y1 c' ~6 xadult height are not fully known and always remain
1 m7 M& E$ u" H* j$ A( Ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" y: ^, y4 o+ B) }- I; D
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ N6 e& K- B# p5 f1 E0 ~7 E
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ {- Q( g$ M6 \% bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 l, J4 u4 h+ Ldecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; H, y; f3 _: N% ` `( O. S6 ZThere are conflicting reports and controversy
! ]8 B' P# ~: F4 b- Xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 ^0 b) n* G2 n7 `; mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) Y$ e4 E7 L' ]6 _0 b/ `
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 L* H) ~6 j4 d1 w; f7 Y nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% A3 E0 ]2 G$ l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between) Z" I5 L+ z5 t. w1 q/ b; r) R0 F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ O! Q7 g$ U) b9 v o) xpenile length in clinical studies.
( G# p" H' F2 a5 S( i: E0 W2 jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, _ Q+ C6 b8 o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ H7 F. M: A) K. t5 u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: C. y6 m4 R8 A$ p" u
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 g$ e2 J9 s f2 P- p6 _9 mAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of/ K0 ?. f- p0 P' Z& q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 P% p( k# m0 f/ h: j7 U1 ?
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) @6 J- N* q7 W$ t. s. T4 D
height will not be affected. a3 Y0 @: K( H% S. a/ t5 z) |( e4 g6 `
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-, x0 h! r3 r1 w: t) v8 L7 G
ability of androgen products in our society may
8 J$ M! F5 v1 R6 t9 ^* t2 @ Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 M$ d' O" S3 v( H1 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" c: Z' B* F/ V8 |& f
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 R# \( Z/ b8 w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- q$ N4 X0 F$ R+ wgel should be asked of the family members during
4 t, ]/ x+ m# kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir- m/ }1 ~ y9 P& O2 E
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 d. A8 \+ Y& e1 d5 u
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 K, ?$ S' b) a4 Q+ }appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" u& r8 c; `4 q& r9 m8 A* h
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 V5 d9 w2 R, \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 Y4 @8 l# ?) e& |( C
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ m9 ?* y1 Z {$ @9 ~
aware of this fact, because most of these children* x1 N% r8 t+ A: M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ j% w+ G* m3 V7 {; G8 \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 R7 ^/ W _( Q0 K: V) ^: Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ U4 {& t, I7 n/ z# wfemale child who might come in contact with some-. [; t; a! p( a1 F m( o
one using any of these products.$ M' s4 Z1 R" E) [2 h: e4 W
References+ I4 M% c+ `) i8 N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 H8 ?' t( k( P+ band puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 ~# {, _. c1 @9 D! O
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;, P* u5 x i9 \! u; ~
2002: 565-628.
7 T* L, F& `/ }# k& D2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious/ H' h |7 a- k8 ~9 F" F F- h/ j g& ?
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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