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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% c5 j  Z" D- \# {0 Q& [/ yBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, R3 W  C3 v" ]' ]- T
Exposure to Testosterone
! f! O/ \, F! DSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 I! O' `" i) u6 `* _0 {4 R# Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 f, {! Q" L" g% K6 w: T( J
Clinical Pediatrics$ S6 M8 X$ \. t0 v4 q1 o5 b* u
Volume 46 Number 6
  T# m0 {% r; n' P7 L: C  PJuly 2007 540-543+ D& u. t& m9 m4 O) W# ^+ |
© 2007 Sage Publications# [) n) X4 [9 P$ [( N9 u9 W5 @
10.1177/0009922806296651( A$ P2 f" n9 E3 m+ c' ~
http://clp.sagepub.com
  _0 g# O7 C7 h7 \/ |/ ghosted at; |) |+ e8 a! W* r- @
http://online.sagepub.com6 h0 O; Y# U1 N9 `' y- U" a
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 w, S2 D) ?8 K
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& Y7 {% S' T. J4 I/ h7 J& @/ c7 R; P
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# g; h2 _: W# Q7 [0 Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ M% _% Z5 M; l# D9 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! _( E$ l& ^  x3 o* ]; h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" T3 H* @5 }7 [. Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* ]8 V! O: r0 X8 k3 I! d) Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' I+ p. |; i9 w+ `; n; p# y; f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 {  m; N& v1 Wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ G8 A$ ^" Q' m3 z; g( Q9 e# f2 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 A! W: T( N# |* u8 M: E- g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& A* u" R" ]2 ]* C% w+ V2 @
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- H0 I" L/ X! o5 A) h, |6 f! R' Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 y8 X9 i$ C1 J: \5 C) _
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 q; _$ V3 A4 v- S5 k# G; d7 S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of  c8 d8 y0 M& k. P
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, w% N5 ~. k" B5 A, Q4 Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 p: X9 R. C# K4 ~- `- j/ oliterature.4
. K' E1 T& B: R* q$ s5 iPatient Report$ z: a% {5 a  L* ?
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 f( Y7 ?( e. n& I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' ?; S6 s" I, M, L* g! \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed1 Q0 p& R, M& W7 p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- ]/ S3 m" G4 G& q2 d. Q/ H7 EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 v/ h) L' C. v& c1 Z$ y/ uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* j! }! R# A" j/ z- wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) a3 ?) I) _: K0 y  h
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) t% ?+ V( V: iMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& H) E( i+ j8 n' y# U. ee-mail: [email protected].
+ F) ~5 h% k- y: gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& G, f0 O* ^4 u4 }, C0 gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" ]+ }- U& b* Yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ B: @' L! Y0 Y" r8 X. l! E
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) T3 F4 s/ L5 c! x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* s) ^% [+ \" Z1 o! T2 I' J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; P8 j2 n. Q" V2 y, H. \/ k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- h2 F$ _- |; X* lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( U* N9 C: z/ ^$ R# ?# F2 l- L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 R: p# e7 w( c3 Q* }was age appropriate.: ~4 @, t  f7 m; k
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 l9 c3 q$ \' gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( W0 s* h( Z0 u8 x+ j2 s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; N) ?7 u7 Z6 ?/ kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat- g4 ~5 K- Q$ J: y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 P! E! Y; Q, f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 Q- r1 d! P2 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 c' t* d9 Q8 m! Y3 _0 V* w" ?& ^4 I  X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 ]) N4 m3 N1 a' {/ z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ P+ [3 p8 \' hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ \# [0 i8 X) _) E1 _) o, Ptives. There were no siblings.* l  t6 s! s4 f. \  ?
Physical Examination/ t3 t! @1 G# `/ W9 c0 O: ]: I
The physical examination revealed a very active,- F$ w+ Y4 x( [0 q, b% G
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ [! _# F2 H' e8 M) U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, \2 _. Y( {7 Z5 N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! |" ^: |; d$ t& e; `" b2 F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, s. H- ]2 V$ ?5 Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ Y" P" k. i# J3 ?, Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" u, [  o' R) |! `* M7 eThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: u5 A) Q3 Y# O- `9 Aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 B) ?- a) y$ y% m8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 s1 ~- g3 a* C, y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 g( n( L% j8 |* T
540) U! D2 c$ ]/ Y3 I& [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( `( u& |# Q) a6 |" P0 F! h, ?/ F
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 b! l' J: W' ^: u" t: l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( f/ @) E) v1 u0 S4 eThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 S) G0 A7 h# D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) B' ]0 @: _( m, @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" \) y8 @3 Q. YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  z! o% h* O8 L" v3 h9 h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) \. {8 O+ d' C6 }# [+ T7 G
of papilledema., ?" @2 ]# y, B4 [% W
Laboratory Evaluation: H& x; y8 {8 H/ _4 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* T) {6 i( n- A' L" U0 `: Y& rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 f- @* b! g* N, d" slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 u' J2 A4 w, _+ F5 n7 r) H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( ]) ~& k: E3 |
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" U4 G! r# t4 L  i$ r0 Elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# J' {0 W! ]6 t! _' H  W9 l+ _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood, K! u. ]2 P9 B- H! w" N) F& C8 c
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ q5 ^( e+ r5 q$ lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 i, ^) d% i3 P* j0 z! |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 P# s7 _0 X. d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* s2 o# |" F8 z8 a8 S6 X% S4 V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, b, S% S5 A2 X  n9 N, V* D  s9 Z4 rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 p7 A- Y. N' V' v6 T, e" r' R2 I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ f/ o, s- Q! H7 w4 t
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 Y& v( P' z) e' o1 Y4 H6 P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% U: p6 O: n& _- x" y4 }# m/ Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 W1 R! p0 _5 F1 i4 J; h, t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. E- O1 I5 [8 n% l1 Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. x' C5 F- v( A5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 Y; y4 a5 l! J4 r
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. e: E; M  n" L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! ]5 i7 n5 g  ]4 ?& J
(prepubertal).5 ]) ~2 s4 e  y; B
The parents were notified about the laboratory' P: a+ X9 ]+ C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; q# l" d) h+ ^; l* _- K" \normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ G$ t# t, E1 I% W) E3 _8 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; `6 K% G5 j; E0 G0 j( iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 t* ]1 H5 a/ v/ n5 o  X) Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* Y! i0 B3 W, @+ b1 [Physical examination at this time revealed that the" o% n4 I2 T* C% J! e( _0 ~2 Q$ [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 n$ X5 ~6 v# t, o9 Y: W$ V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ S- x- g! P  }1 V! E) ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 \# ]+ P- z( a, m2 q) r( ]7 opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 C5 ~! o$ K1 `5 U0 pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 h7 Z$ z4 N$ b4 _9 cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 u4 ?+ J' ]& z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- c. w2 W# q( j3 K3 l8 a+ s+ M+ ming frequent erections.
+ h& \4 Q1 t) l7 Q4 H8 ]$ h- `Both parents were again questioned about use of
, w. W/ q/ e) @1 P8 ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! q. y" T. T% o& P' `3 V; ^' B# j. Q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' M1 B! R5 Y1 uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
$ d4 h' L0 v: t7 c; D% ?$ F6 Y. Ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! R7 T# ^" d  m7 \5 |! T) Ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 m0 U" r; c% r% x  f2 \+ V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' j! p# h3 t% E* x# N: d3 M
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  p2 m8 D  d' G- R& ^. n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 \; {, v) u2 p
secondary to depression.+ Q1 \8 B# x! @& p
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) g3 l/ R  B! e4 ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% j! \' a9 |, h+ C7 V6 {0 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; u4 E  l- E: ~8 G$ p0 A0 S2 \% Nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 L( ?1 ?- V$ K$ o" @! FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, w! G' H4 O( u: M* ^. h- \' J% }
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 ~1 ~; o, g, ~was high, he then read the product information$ |! V. A1 Y& X
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 O% r% F' l) D* G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ G8 X# m  \6 F: O5 D
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
6 l7 f3 U/ x7 ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 p, O3 u# d* [4 Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* E9 j" z0 @* z0 `" ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 g) _. ^. Z. B+ l0 @1 T# S% Llaboratory to obtain the test.
7 W: j. ~  C* m5 x% ~  V- ~/ ODiscussion5 E7 D7 L6 y/ c4 G* }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  r5 o$ y- N( l4 P$ `7 V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 I/ d5 R0 c9 OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 U, Q7 x3 I* @3 l- ?. d" wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ U5 I" r3 O! g1 P9 U& r
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 S1 c( o# `) n( a1 kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 v5 q# H7 G# F9 E9 S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, a2 y8 M, G  G; f
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 a/ X" @" o4 X, Y- ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  ?1 |0 V/ R4 ^# Y) k
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ Y' _% g' @: H2 gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 l- T. e( K1 H# q1 l, rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. H& R/ N9 t& B0 erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 P! o6 G: ~6 }  O7 pgonadotropins.1,3# l1 v" ~9 C6 W- U) ~( P$ W( g- f8 y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. z/ t9 ~( @2 l9 D) a  ^- w+ ]# w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: B& D- L: {" D1 r1 O/ Q% candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; _' |6 U$ T4 i$ ]4 N5 wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 }% P. \! h7 Y4 ~: {1 f& d1 u% f( |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& u6 h* {" j- |1 A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. j7 q. A' K4 E5 f/ W! {6 badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 l9 v: y* a7 A  n3 F3 W3 Lpuberty in boys.3,4
7 h1 t* T4 L8 |, m* NThe most common form of congenital adrenal! N8 l  V5 D7 E# T6 @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ B5 Y- D9 U* N: Z* n* B- [The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( j7 S' G. u, \  X# N
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 l! N% l  U$ C6 o, {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; v0 G* N" H! b. J" m8 `8 o" d
excess.1,3
( |* z% e- b2 ?9 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. C. q+ G1 S4 F; ]/ m' L7 @3 G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: ^* r) @( G' H5 ?. @) u
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% b) T' p; w: W1 o0 f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known  @0 _* |1 U" t; |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ c9 C4 O0 n: F' ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' ]; S4 e; \: h/ B" ^3 V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: ~' e  \+ T0 b  _; A# m( w. [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 y3 O; Z4 Y; f- Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 i( P& H: T5 n5 A( I/ P) |  s# T
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 e2 q1 W4 [8 A1 c4 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. b1 A$ T9 H: X( |; G) yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 E9 L3 C& M6 L* ~6 o, r% W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 U7 g4 R3 P0 r  p7 a' H% Q. b2 J  cmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 s) h; ]7 u' q3 {& i" a) |
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* g( C! J9 |) C" x- ]In our patient, physical examination was incon-! t, M7 F( b. B. }& c% L2 s3 t2 Z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; _6 t" J2 c* g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% }* j/ H9 v3 V; ~; R* i) M& ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father/ E/ I) T1 e; B$ A, G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( x& ^0 }* Y; ]  D2 R! I/ ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
! e# ?8 {- v* hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! |6 E9 q% q% Z! a( Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our  T, l. s& w' P2 _" o$ C4 ?- f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ F" z, d, j- C2 Y0 c& b! ]3 `5 a, Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 i9 h) z5 y/ Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 M( f1 ^' n/ V$ s  F* ?
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# `6 g* m8 U$ J, O. p1 O& L, VThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ D+ Q9 s; |8 ^" C$ O6 osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 {" Q8 B5 N& c' {) T% u; h3 k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& _; V$ ?9 j1 z6 W% [! `  l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 x' C6 Y' O: c8 L/ O8 a% y& hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 o0 J) x' a4 b* n, Z5 Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 b3 C5 Y6 S% ^) ]( m# R1 A
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, N  B4 z5 ^+ I0 ?5 z+ V4 I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! X* t6 o1 q8 o7 c/ k/ d. v5 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( x1 c: L1 L& }; n, o8 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! L1 a4 d6 {6 m8 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 z! }. w' R: l: J9 u+ Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 q! [4 z( {* I1 Z, g3 s9 I% _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ r  n& A6 y0 f" B
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 V  I0 e8 C3 l2 A, qtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) H0 \* D1 j, M" N! C  X" X2 e/ o2 oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  [' Z- U* v! [& [' J/ Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 d- q- S5 X% }7 W7 d/ e% ]4 K% F0 ?% hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ p% ]. s( K7 W0 U7 d; Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- c& U) y5 \: G* Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
  ~$ j/ q1 q# K- hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ y$ e( c' X8 b9 @5 b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 f7 d( c" c4 u) X7 Hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 }# @+ Q4 h# A  E  uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! W. T  H$ X9 s: e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ L( Z2 g1 u, A# e
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 i: u% Q1 P7 W! L0 X% I6 [, n
early childhood on pubertal development and final% r7 o9 C1 X# ~
adult height are not fully known and always remain* ~9 g: b& B4 u& v( e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( v; Z: v# Y  X  [) g$ ~; j# N+ }# rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 @% `# F( n0 \( K" {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 d% j" U) c& o. scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 |$ L- s. Y; \9 Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ g: [8 M4 G9 c6 j! }- _There are conflicting reports and controversy
3 m! S# d4 J' d: w% B& Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; a- e6 h/ C0 c0 `3 N1 E7 |% `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" Q  E# O4 E8 s1 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) i0 c9 V1 H7 y( r- z! [; D# A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ O' s# [. I0 t+ d; c" r
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: \! y# f0 q# v+ u( Xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- T7 t2 J3 e1 F3 ^
penile length in clinical studies.
2 e% M2 o3 q! E8 C/ O, jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 z% I9 V' W( S0 B3 m& c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 H' p) N: s( j9 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* J" F, {& Z  Y: X; }7 X& W$ i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- [+ Q; T- D' R1 o7 Z8 q/ _) x, FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 y+ x' `1 u, x4 rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at3 J4 y2 ^$ o  ], a
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 C$ f. p& p9 |+ w6 K; Fheight will not be affected.
# s: y3 f  x, K5 V7 [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 j6 l3 h4 x% ~9 {# a
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 e  b" l" ]& e' H  P: Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
* F: W* {& b2 N' `, |+ Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% W* a) y! z1 {: O
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 I, ?0 S* O3 q' K6 Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 \3 [% J6 E; v& X1 I$ T0 ^0 W: _gel should be asked of the family members during
, B4 u/ f4 Z) ]* M- B6 b  g4 ^' jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# C: |9 C, H2 i& s( g  }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 L) B9 u" N& h. r- e( R  Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 d. C1 s# u" q3 i+ m  m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% C# i6 u4 ]4 Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 N+ n  X  M: b( f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 B4 H5 w" c4 v! S# ?
investigation. The primary care physician should be: j# c+ G  y' c/ y9 N0 j0 O9 ~# h, D
aware of this fact, because most of these children
( q! I& M7 I' Y$ `7 _% d# nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ L% p- Q6 y! N' O) ?9 V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ d. t. R0 ^4 L. dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 `: |- g" \9 {+ Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
4 c$ z4 `& F8 {, V- xone using any of these products.# \  t" A* y8 H, c) ]/ `1 I1 E
References2 |0 C9 T8 [' D( m  O1 l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ i2 ~; L1 H% Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* `( J% t0 ^2 I$ i) O# z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' x1 s6 j1 _1 Q. m& @; G3 ~$ l9 U
2002: 565-628.) @, n3 b% Z# t2 V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( l( c0 e) I& y+ i: x4 R
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( f2 V) y# r4 e5 Q9 vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
( C/ m2 i- C* j6 i3 ~! FExposure to Testosterone
/ W; ~8 s! U. m% `+ t- ]; X$ QSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; _: n' D. T7 E2 z0 [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! g+ G6 C& ~) N7 z3 `1 T
Clinical Pediatrics
; ~9 G+ \3 j$ h" Y6 BVolume 46 Number 6
7 W  F, y3 P, UJuly 2007 540-543
# F" m* z- r  U8 E( y6 z4 C5 j© 2007 Sage Publications
+ d5 k4 J) A* q( r10.1177/0009922806296651
" Y- V- F9 _  g7 Phttp://clp.sagepub.com5 I) I; l6 l( h3 J9 C2 M  {
hosted at+ b  V% Q5 P0 q/ \& q" ?6 E
http://online.sagepub.com3 m! w3 f- H1 ]: E7 a
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 e% p* q' f3 u0 I) D; o4 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( r4 f. P$ o' a: D- bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  O0 {" b/ k" f  {6 Q- n5 F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ m, K) O7 w2 d! G5 }3 ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system( \% X5 S8 v) d6 p; p
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: g0 t- Z+ A1 D* s
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# _! y/ y  a0 v% R2 k% r) Vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 `" P% k4 W9 O0 p3 \$ F& J1 g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
' A+ h# B9 L; f3 @" D* P) z" o3 Wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# E' I- U8 W5 t# H3 j8 Z. Z; W" wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* G+ Q' |) r. g' u" |. W; r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 Y0 m' K' z+ ?; E2 O/ Ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# H) }+ w$ r9 |# Q* G) mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 P  g6 {* W% g9 Q1 _mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 B- X6 R6 p( C! h. e9 G4 V' t; t
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 c# B6 p' h: j; S* r. Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) Z: r. j4 f3 z# H- ~1 C+ ^, E9 G
bly more common than the rare case report in the4 K1 v& c" N" ?6 }$ P
literature.46 d7 U7 U$ H: i+ N# h2 o* y, T
Patient Report& Y* U5 J* v( \" O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ @- L& m2 U! p# Q+ R( [9 W0 }* I; Y
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( ?* o% s/ m- I; N( f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
" j! d& `7 C( H2 H2 O  H1 B" w* C0 \, Klight colored pubic hair development when he was* M8 n0 K# _' e9 J% \, B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 g" C4 y& k: W( iSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" ^% \5 F) n5 d- LAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% M5 D' _6 D0 w- [6 R' O. y/ qProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 g% D  O7 J' K& q9 {, q6 _$ o# kMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, V7 u  S. W' a: B9 _# S; k1 n5 J! e
e-mail: [email protected].( k& z$ b* {9 K
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 U+ }' e9 ~, F/ f7 Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( d  C7 o! [, i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 D/ C4 ~1 ~. |6 w
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 `/ d* e  L6 H- a+ e
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 Q  f0 J/ r, j9 j( i$ _- J7 S+ k20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
) q  A  ~$ W; Z7 Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 `  d* P. A% G) V" osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 X7 P9 N! ?9 f% ]& T0 F% T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development" U$ a- E0 }5 Y  c  U
was age appropriate." Y/ V$ M  A" h6 Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 |+ M$ G0 a. z) ?
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' e8 s! Z, n* p: o9 H& s: Y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 _0 }2 F  C) l3 h9 e% P% Z" e6 {: Wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat' a6 R( o; V" t- O" k5 I( c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 h2 ?& N  k9 ?% |+ ?
The father denied taking any other medication. The% p" G7 S% Y9 a: n$ ^# T3 t1 ~
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  T7 Y1 L8 ^8 E: |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( D2 }) o8 p. h( J8 }5 m3 U8 q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 j1 t# z$ b. Y7 _) I: n" K" M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ `6 J3 u1 K1 s% O" y* t4 r
tives. There were no siblings.. U' I7 _' e; P; x( ^- l2 f: `
Physical Examination) d  x! \/ q2 f% j- u  ~' D
The physical examination revealed a very active,: ]- G0 C5 k* g& c6 V2 u
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* x" `) ]  e% ^" E2 d* J0 N* ^a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! H. y9 p9 I- @( h7 m) K90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 h. b6 A0 x1 T+ t2 L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth0 a3 d/ p1 `( n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* |: M: e8 ^2 @( b2 u
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 z% w- G( m  U/ w8 q5 z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for5 M% _: Q$ O" ~% C
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 n4 [/ h" I; b2 U, n4 R3 a8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  o7 k# f8 l! A* E) y+ S# `
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) h  d3 M7 N! `) d/ Q' i  i1 V  r
540
- b7 s$ n) c8 j4 V2 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 _4 ]( H/ Q2 C0 n4 A6 {0 \the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 `0 l+ ^9 Y0 v$ _- itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( y4 O6 V- k3 Q4 c1 fThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( Y- M: _2 b6 D9 w& l; \/ E6 L+ e* xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ z& i" e: K" u8 x; Z* t: C  i6 e
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
. g6 {( W' ^; ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# F- k# H- v8 ~* o$ M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" \. C0 @1 ]: |" ]+ W$ J- j. B
of papilledema.
) y; f( |; q, DLaboratory Evaluation
* c3 Q8 ]6 |1 n/ c. u; QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ Z: l) v! A& s" W; qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# o3 H9 K# `# f6 a% Zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% |- i* m9 I) ^# R& c$ okaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 t( r! t1 i& mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 }& E) c* }3 p4 Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).& N$ Z- z6 M/ U# z) K. R
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
0 r" G* X! Q( durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( {/ \0 I1 K3 e% Fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
" n) n/ w6 y: W, g4 r. y! e* w+ bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( _4 o6 Y: W8 H- R3 s
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 e0 \( b) d* y. c- }5 v
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 g7 G- n: i1 x& q& j4 O1 Q1 d
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. j# D: d; r) c- b$ j- E
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( [% u1 t  a$ B8 v' @. F49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 ?; p! P4 E+ h6 ^
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* C& Q: f9 n4 Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 @% T% l9 U: b. E* i' }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 d; w3 A3 ^8 Iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 ~! Z/ o# i) k! _5 J7 Z5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 b) a+ u9 Y/ T* u1 o9 e, ?6 bstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! F& E# q+ I4 [5 Y9 d/ M, `concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 c2 g- u  r" R(prepubertal).1 O! [0 W) Y& l1 K: J
The parents were notified about the laboratory# g+ K+ c2 l6 {6 T# ^; D
results and were informed that all of the tests were$ {8 E& K7 j0 ^1 S/ V9 G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. q2 ?) {& K" {. r- }
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" _9 G% [7 Z1 x5 `" D( w0 ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" L( x* H8 q: {9 P: m- B& i* I& oever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 [7 t1 E4 v( x+ h1 KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 B' ?- Y3 d3 I5 uchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ D# I# z1 Z* m; S/ Q- N7 X% G# |2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
; J$ {9 g7 s: m1 P( D0 U" e8 Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- |/ N* I3 W- w7 B% qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 {1 b7 F2 }( c. S2 }5 R4 gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  j* |1 T) n  d- d- h( {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 c8 M1 Q4 z6 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 j5 G' M; O7 ]4 Ding frequent erections.9 g$ ~6 \& Z( E/ K) [
Both parents were again questioned about use of+ P9 a8 C1 u6 V9 e+ ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 x, ?3 [. G* D( ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& o9 j+ ^5 O2 ?0 b7 U' [$ _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  Z5 g- }" B& g4 t
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* g' o( K8 G1 h0 s: `1 D4 ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 `7 h, V$ ?1 E! K( t
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- ?4 r/ `: F, A9 }; e4 eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! q: b" E- b% P( X
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido" E# v, \5 x; x% I4 H6 s! P/ [
secondary to depression.
4 y3 _8 s% K& `The child slept in the same bed with parents.
2 Q6 A/ V" P' I# z* GThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* |  r, ?6 v  Y/ }; c4 Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ D1 `" v1 R2 enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 h  n4 `3 W" m& l! e+ x; H
The father also admitted that after the phone call,+ l  l9 J& Y% I$ e4 ?
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- o) u* [# c6 \
was high, he then read the product information
# t/ r1 m3 V+ b$ K! b& R; Y! Vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ T& a3 m* g: i1 u* sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 g0 k1 o/ O2 Y6 b
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& A& s8 ^  `2 ~# S
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had# I0 U6 X! }" X. F  ]- `3 L4 z
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  V: s* Q' d3 W$ P: w- I  B- Ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! A; N' x) V: P6 plaboratory to obtain the test.
% Y$ k& m! Y1 ADiscussion
; s. R2 _: d- e& X1 J/ S/ b  yPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ }9 N& e$ s2 l. q* R' @sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: O8 O8 R0 b3 l8 @+ _2 @0 UPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 U/ u0 ?5 d# p4 k( l( xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-- |* I, i' Q  ~* H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 L$ j7 v  e! j9 o" r  Y' Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* z5 `1 v5 c, |4 G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 y$ K; r# z4 x, M. n  gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) |. Y/ _0 n- [2 s; Qamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 h* M. G5 q- m# k& o" P3 r: r
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 H" F  q/ \& }- b6 M" I2 hboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 E8 Z) S! X0 m7 ?) a/ qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' P) m+ L3 R( u' k, D
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; x, H9 W3 z" v+ M  |
gonadotropins.1,3
' C, v: P" W. A/ ?+ xGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ F/ P" Q8 Z  ~2 @. h3 e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 t2 x& P- w) e+ ^* p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* }$ T0 {4 R  s  z9 Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; e& @% v. s3 w; p2 iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! b+ w" J& ~2 K9 n: C( ^5 i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; K, o# g( J" h& k6 h) @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ m* k5 |0 H' x8 N* Tpuberty in boys.3,4# _9 j7 f" G4 r2 J" F6 i
The most common form of congenital adrenal1 o- i8 d- {) W
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ o7 E% J" w6 b3 R6 Z# R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 l8 Q" Y6 i7 n. J
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& b  A& {( ]* ~
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 ]1 J/ s2 n1 M6 H) w& x
excess.1,3
8 x- j# h( r4 u) e, o6 s. G5 U6 I: ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 n% W0 i6 V% v* r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
0 H$ O) A: i. vA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-$ I9 y* P. o4 e$ c- W3 {6 e9 a1 B- s
independent precocious puberty, which is also known  h; h/ X, B' o0 M9 a/ F) F4 F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% ~! m$ T( z) D' V, ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 [6 V6 j' H- E+ twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 i+ B* v0 m" h9 L9 w, Y- C" ~7 Q3 Oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" c" N9 i5 `  n5 C9 t# _/ Ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 |) R5 [" F% b' K! m
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' p( h' Z3 ]7 w4 J. upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  M1 V( `2 ]# W4 r$ e2 l- lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ E& E2 c! B% p4 x6 O% x
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 @( d9 R* ]$ |9 A; F& T# G
males; therefore, other male members of the family) j5 v( p& P" p5 \8 I
may have similar precocious puberty.3
! n0 @+ C& N& j" _4 yIn our patient, physical examination was incon-1 \  Z+ M# k( F6 O5 N$ L
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! d1 B/ D. |6 A* t
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ F* A& E* L! `# i8 k! ~$ a& e
was in the differential diagnosis because his father1 J( b9 O7 b# }1 Q. G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, C4 W3 z. s/ v' l) l
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 z, p" y& U; u( V0 d( l4 j2 ]% dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' v' b* b: G4 a: Eative initial history of androgen exposure, our# x8 k3 K; m: O. Y/ h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. t3 N  F3 w+ t: I: r9 k3 Oeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" u' \  h* r- ?" T% p; M4 u$ j; qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ K1 Q1 ^$ a5 x$ C9 E7 C: H. B' g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 l: x% b8 n) T: XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 a& W7 B* H: K& N+ F1 S% Q8 {) b) bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: G  i( J% O4 m" J3 D% jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 R$ o& k- _4 b8 e0 _9 ~1 a& W
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 A, {+ h! d! \) Fdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- |3 T# j* n, T1 o% G; y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! o) l& z& F, q. g! Ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 s0 `" b- c) }& c! d& d0 j
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 J; r5 C6 a- l8 S$ fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 I8 p9 U8 _  r% `; q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., a) e7 R9 N/ c( n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* B+ C. M8 t6 u- U* dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to# y2 g- P& `* f) j- w6 b
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( |, Z# J. y* g# K  ]; x
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 u' ^. ]. \1 y3 `% N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.9 [: v7 S% t7 d" B* u: u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 v2 [( |1 b+ c9 ~% P; Mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  j$ y; ]  G5 ^- T' w1 \4 ^0 Bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 I, o3 t9 F4 @5 `+ Y% W1 Y6 uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ W, J8 e! m7 I* D5 bactive in young children exposed to testosterone
9 `. L5 ~& s# n% Z* R  [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( ^  D8 N9 Q% O0 T% w8 Ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 D6 {2 b; y: g( J$ S! P
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 \. a6 X5 |1 d. s2 F
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 I2 G/ K; d" E, r( ]( Y2 w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( p5 u, G; K8 F/ ~# Y3 F
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 z$ o: Z( f3 t+ }, E1 b) kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
! ]  {* A4 [5 O. _5 ]% _adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 p& e7 M$ R- U7 \3 e2 g7 Ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% M2 {; g/ ]" Q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. G. s6 ]  m  H; v4 Z3 L" `2 X: H  w+ J
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 H/ ?2 H5 `" I8 O! Y9 l
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" v  r/ G3 z# F0 w2 M0 }
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 F. v5 u( x+ e8 K% W1 c8 D/ sThere are conflicting reports and controversy; a% y( |! o, |( N* G& L' a2 M  \
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! y( B7 R& P9 V
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 S) n( x. ?, g1 S- d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* q& Y0 c, V" q0 G6 B+ R& Q
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* N" D8 k' d* f! }* s8 G3 M
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 V) ?+ p+ I6 R2 N) echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, T9 m% S* X5 Npenile length in clinical studies.
& a5 n& N6 ]1 {8 fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 i4 J: l5 O: o0 D! N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ ?% r: s! m) x9 S* Z* {6 f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 `1 p# c: m* T, K) qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." w4 _4 s: T3 U* k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 J: H, E/ T' ?% ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 s& u" g& @. ?, \; T4 E: B1 bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# L, ^" U0 p8 W% ~, q! P
height will not be affected.
3 H7 k% v3 ?" J+ R  P2 l* K6 NAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( w( f3 w5 |5 j8 n# b
ability of androgen products in our society may
. x* D- S4 d. J: D/ o) n8 O: pindeed cause more virilization in male or female
  b9 a. D1 _+ {% j/ K( h/ }children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 A6 ~( W1 S/ `3 ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-
) h$ K1 ?9 [" T' H# x# @/ }tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 i; [+ u2 q' A* ?. q1 A$ O8 N- Wgel should be asked of the family members during
+ P6 R2 [0 q- ~the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 I, D+ J! R' h- z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: Y! c* b& ~8 L: c/ b) e
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 d6 H5 N* d9 k  s* R$ c  u" C" v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
' Z2 {. \$ W/ r4 m5 r. s4 phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 F6 `$ l- }- v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive) C8 t' _2 h4 E
investigation. The primary care physician should be: X5 b& ^  u1 u5 O& C7 A9 H) y2 @
aware of this fact, because most of these children% K7 X' K6 v$ j' I7 V, @/ ^7 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 Q1 R0 b& O6 \& GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a! o. }) D3 Q; N! x2 _  Z. y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- R+ J3 i) t( I# e& p/ T9 Z1 qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. A& c* h* W) v  C6 fone using any of these products.
9 [! `/ |/ [' y) y/ K( @4 a. W9 a% v# xReferences) W/ m8 h/ i( V9 Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ w5 I8 ^& t" H; ~% n6 I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, m7 S2 L: ?/ K4 y1 YEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 ~* W; x  ~4 J2002: 565-628.
$ _& o  ?2 d- w3 `' A2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( v  N2 Y& z" b& L# Y/ @. J0 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
  h+ b9 ^" H- ^
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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