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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! q" ~  @' l0 O4 T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 i8 q# x! j* J7 e
Exposure to Testosterone
, N* e& _) K+ x+ N4 }8 @" lSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, a/ M, M: D& z6 ^3 v1 L/ Q* Aand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% R/ d4 k, _* s- M; w9 e# n" ~Clinical Pediatrics
) }% O8 b- h, V) l7 S9 CVolume 46 Number 6% I# S3 [  l: h( m6 U- A/ r
July 2007 540-543/ ?. ^8 P) J6 h3 B
© 2007 Sage Publications$ M% V: G* ^6 V
10.1177/0009922806296651' ^/ c; C. z% L: V+ P. e
http://clp.sagepub.com
. I$ ^1 F6 x; ]hosted at6 }4 L: l! L, {' U
http://online.sagepub.com
1 o! A" \' I8 i6 O2 t( wPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," w5 H2 q. q1 n2 [' O
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 P! b! w# q; X" e# f3 R& D0 _; Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ M2 D8 d3 ~# Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 B+ ^; O3 N2 m' |' ?7 a
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& w' \: Z5 D/ i- ^: s
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( M0 v5 C) o) C/ J, bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ a: M7 \. K3 o. D3 k0 Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; f9 C3 X% g9 S$ P. _& Dcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We# o+ y# r- V: F' ?6 I! n
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# c* R, T; l, C, Y$ y! R
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* \& R+ J. i+ ~* p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due! D$ N# m" p/ f8 \  m2 t6 G
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 q. h6 G* |4 a9 r- x* H
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 Q8 [8 y) ]4 A3 j7 n
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this5 b7 e) e6 O! [$ k" u. ?8 A
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( K2 B) C0 y+ mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: u9 n, W8 A0 s  j% w" Fbly more common than the rare case report in the
7 s9 @+ o% _8 P9 v$ Uliterature.4
4 x  Q. T- i6 z% y8 |+ F! xPatient Report
7 n. V+ k. @4 ?9 _/ Y$ ~/ jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ a! v5 \; {+ Z: [) D: r
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* g! h1 V/ F; A7 s' f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
5 |' m  ~* H6 w( E2 {5 Z/ Xlight colored pubic hair development when he was* a# L. ?& Z; F, Q) T) U/ Q
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' w. y  p# t0 d- ^* A% hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 S5 P+ g4 T' I1 X! d1 w$ x
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: t4 e& ^& ^6 |' b+ L- p! q2 u6 }: s, }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; k" r! c0 t5 i8 L( E2 ]4 _6 `Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# A: h6 e4 C/ N8 Q# ]4 Re-mail: [email protected].: H0 `/ K+ _# L* S+ Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* q+ F; h3 z% Q) ?! V6 |3 k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* n4 |$ P  w/ `8 U2 ?( n/ Qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 J- c; ?: Q0 m" v( e$ @( _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! X, W% M# H; _9 j
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 O" I, \6 ?$ d; Y7 x
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 K' L( P& y& Z' O! ~6 cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with' [- b$ J  Q- C! O7 o3 z# `, H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 g( j8 q. L& L) u2 T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 F/ S7 Q' Z4 X$ J, j4 j
was age appropriate.
! g5 ?0 ~" n- S2 s: C4 l6 a3 UThe family history was remarkable for the father,
6 i+ ?( U; D( d+ bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,3 u* F4 w4 O/ ~
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
8 V! E# i& z, f  h8 q0 |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 J$ F% i+ n$ N  b9 H
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.0 R$ {0 `" |  N3 [+ G2 r1 v2 A
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 n! ^% K/ _( qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ o" y: B* x$ _+ |( Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 J8 _( E# r& X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& X9 \$ n2 Z- h* Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 g! y8 K* @9 j1 n" G* C- j
tives. There were no siblings.9 _" J- p* m. ^/ z' {! ^- o
Physical Examination
+ L9 A- |+ k/ ^( n$ L2 EThe physical examination revealed a very active,
4 o9 s( o' j9 Hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: B; j6 z  f' X0 ]/ e
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
& h2 y, v. @3 ]4 z* D1 f90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
0 i7 ]2 n6 f8 G" }. z. d(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! v& B6 \: [; f& f: g. |7 g
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- h/ H- }# R. U. L# Q9 r, v: {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. r; d& t9 Q5 U5 i9 T; {' X
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# u1 }( N" z  N% ]9 S* ^" }# u
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# j8 y) D' B( o# r  F1 k( \: I- V1 [( H
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  `! y4 g% C/ W" w3 {2 G; L9 X9 cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 @' C1 u3 t% R' [9 q
540
8 z& Q/ i& W1 X& S2 O+ U) g; Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 v! }/ l/ V; _2 Vthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 O% t1 j; q. l- L" Ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! M6 i' o, b) `" @5 L6 A
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& N* q% J$ B9 y/ |
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 ?/ W: j3 y( A" Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ m( b2 A$ E* hNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ @  z+ ]4 l/ }9 h9 x, k/ p. b+ mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 i4 a1 n4 a/ U' R
of papilledema.
! {; q& B5 _4 [+ K9 F* \Laboratory Evaluation3 d# ^$ }$ D! Y! y! d# V  U6 w
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% k$ `% f: W% k3 ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  ?9 u' e0 `  ?, h
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ y( i7 K8 e  M: U% A
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& Q+ k+ F5 t9 Q- ~2 r. C8 V; R
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
' y; l0 \: f3 [+ |6 O1 ~lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# A# g: ?& W( @( t& R; o' G& ?
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" a0 V' I' X& L0 g; durea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( H7 O" e6 U8 Z) f" M! V
within normal range for his age. The concentration
) w5 @; d8 t' oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) A% i) k% @3 e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( W) _+ r. N1 A* g
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' r% y% p! y$ R
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) j& f+ l! o! E, x6 x4 |% p& f
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" r9 [  |* R& j  S/ |- m! ~8 M# z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S); f! c. |$ L" ~0 z6 ~
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-3 D) ]: \  {# g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 ?4 [0 ]* v5 a/ V
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 f3 k) N$ z% K; W% S. dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ m$ x, i& f" I9 r: {5 ]- ~% R6 u2 Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! ?( j$ e) J. S: U4 C0 l0 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- j) _$ D# E( g2 k  ?( u9 \7 q* _4 Tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, l$ R3 t9 G) I3 l1 X! X(prepubertal).
2 i$ V5 Z8 S0 {. b* MThe parents were notified about the laboratory
+ R" _3 {* k1 {% ?/ m9 k" ~results and were informed that all of the tests were( m7 _3 Z4 A3 O
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ Q, O# x6 V) m( A; W7 ^# n
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 U" q0 M- o- \% ^7 w9 C( Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 u; f, p) d" t. a4 F5 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; A* L5 K. |# sPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ U3 Z5 i: C/ kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained) Z: O, Q; h. a( x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! }4 ~# }- U+ |* S, F; P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  n" P4 f4 C) hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* O' B9 f8 g  O0 M' a9 qthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 `4 Z/ U1 t- jmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. d6 s7 x1 {8 x) \6 mThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* ^1 W1 a: A: B8 Z
ing frequent erections.
% w6 C* ~* A" c9 b# b4 I3 w  }9 PBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 j. t8 z& L. Z' ]any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 I$ w. S1 |+ `6 O/ Xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( Z9 f, O, R) c; qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; A- g" ?7 D* O! j: Uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
1 d! k' A( I- [) d$ _# h  ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. p% M; H) R- E( e8 Z# c, F1 v* ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' F0 ]: |) v& B5 w4 v4 dto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  A2 W! v0 [6 U7 u9 t8 v" fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido) m- D( B6 ]; t8 t/ v' x$ M8 B
secondary to depression.3 h4 P$ s8 E+ |8 H
The child slept in the same bed with parents., N' V& H) |; b+ d$ {! V8 y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 a) C+ l. }4 f* Z. c& i
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- n1 w1 Q% F1 Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- G( s" k) }/ a9 _: @+ l3 I. GThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# x) S5 u( j! \8 h3 w. R
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby% ~7 d6 N4 R8 _* L8 {0 l
was high, he then read the product information1 A4 T. z# \$ g* ?) r% I
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ H" H: \6 O/ i  D$ ~. V
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" k7 h* ?# ^% n1 [: b0 [0 I8 Q4 @8 ?
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# ^6 n% h# d( F+ e6 f& sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had" t3 a2 h! w) M+ n* M2 ~- m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 v3 o% @* b2 `' X' }" H* [; r
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 r6 ^" H+ w) ~
laboratory to obtain the test.: u9 l( q" I% r3 d4 H- s" l
Discussion  p# [) k- P( _" b2 R/ H
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ P& a& N( ^* F+ ^0 [& lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  }9 u) n7 }' t& Z, m! C' O) _0 q; tPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when+ z/ ~) u- Z: B/ D) ?7 n6 W
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-0 c8 q4 M3 r9 R2 E% {' T5 W
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 r2 Z  g7 g; T9 [2 E" c. i, E9 `" X  [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP$ \$ T2 |5 L& D8 ?+ t/ n
may have a central nervous system lesion that is; z1 l) }- |) r2 D% }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 _! d$ B0 E9 m3 |' \4 b- O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ K) p8 n' L+ k2 V0 _! L3 Qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) j$ T8 n) g: h3 r( {4 Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# z+ n2 X  T0 L- G0 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  Y' t8 B, l4 l( mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; c. }0 B) v1 L7 l9 \
gonadotropins.1,3
% s1 h, l& P$ h8 }- yGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 v9 z( E* L) ^cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ k  R3 O  N4 @( R- C: r
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ z! y8 p$ R- D0 A& S% L% \
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: q" O) R5 _% {; ?6 O( d7 C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 \8 e8 X9 j9 V' |7 c2 t+ ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 G  k6 ~% @1 ~, s0 w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 Z5 J. |2 F) A; b8 j- J4 Y# ?puberty in boys.3,4
# h( e' x3 w+ z* ^; l  sThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: F+ ~! m6 [  d$ J' i  M' z( b( \hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency." d0 d& O3 M- L5 [5 c  p2 E
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in& f+ v. |% f! H5 y4 \; B$ h4 O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  ~; o3 q: ?* z' e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 w. B: T1 b9 D( W& i, n
excess.1,3. o* S7 r1 `- x" l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ i/ U6 I4 S8 b9 c9 K8 I
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# x' `2 L% K- ~$ ]1 s; GA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, H  s' Q- I; [! g! Rindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
, @( [+ G: G- F( ^1 f) `4 Fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 [3 l5 z7 D1 n% X- svery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: i1 R7 V3 v" g3 z, rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
) @" l+ ^' q3 @6 Y$ _1 o8 \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ W( E5 l  k7 k" `$ J6 V  U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! ?0 M" t4 [5 H0 m) N& H% ?
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
7 j# f  ~0 l7 Z: ]1 i  f. S4 npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 I' @" f: p0 b; d' f% v6 }releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! m$ h% W* O/ z3 xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' k: h% r# V7 x+ s8 ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
- l: J  W  N# }/ X7 V& j% Nmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 q& L- `! n: v2 C" }: }In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 m  @  n& n, ~& i( B* m  I
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 |9 c1 R, I6 Y. R- R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% m# G: Y+ G# j( o) U. f1 v+ swas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 i3 [) E  v/ E5 f+ I7 d
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 P, K0 H1 w+ Z" }
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- e; q% |7 l$ ?! o6 lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& W% Z" E  I, O0 C5 \8 J+ A2 ?ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' v- D. Z" ^! X/ d, ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: N0 M2 m8 s3 A7 a+ [0 \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 y3 r8 f. Y: c$ T# u9 \4 L) z, fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-6 A: ~& P- R4 _5 s+ Z2 n
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 Y: N% f! M6 g; P& Y% I) H, ]The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 q2 k  z% d4 k5 c
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, v( L- D2 F, m, T9 T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 Y4 y. V( h- I5 S( Opearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
) x! d  r: |1 d8 p1 xdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! r6 g! B4 `! [; L7 L# r- q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ |/ r3 ^( f' g- O% l+ k/ q/ Gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! {" [) x- F" j6 NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% g* g3 k/ T. b$ J1 Y1 G+ A+ O
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 }/ @: e2 `4 b4 \0 L" |6 C
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.1 T6 g' ^9 M! ^; g
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 p. T7 I  S$ L; N% w) W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to9 l" E8 N' b6 G3 J4 m; u2 w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: K* j4 N# H* X
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) c4 ^/ ~5 J# G: w) Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  `! @, V! ~( w; h$ b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 u$ T0 s+ A. O4 Z* Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 A: E* A+ Z# u& J, adermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; G% S3 A4 e$ z  @. N9 x
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: K! I1 d' p, i  qactive in young children exposed to testosterone
4 Z6 H5 R. f0 E3 d5 |exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 T; `' K; H- b) m" w3 \" `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" \1 A3 R/ Z. K6 E- L) T7 u* u# Z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. r* `0 K& f6 I3 Z* pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' U5 l/ }# I" q* R& p+ Y4 z/ zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  |* i1 @2 z+ G3 j
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 O" y: Z% |- y& e& ~
early childhood on pubertal development and final3 M1 E! z9 _  S5 Q5 G& D, X
adult height are not fully known and always remain5 G1 ^& c" Q4 q% [, Z4 \- M2 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. y3 m  V- e# d, B- b
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 E  t2 }3 S  g+ j0 r9 |4 J3 U5 a
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 _+ Y' x* G; ~1 P; ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; H* n9 C" ^1 S3 U8 ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,95 s# C" T: v5 q7 d7 M! s. E. S
There are conflicting reports and controversy% o4 w+ _, s5 W% u/ i9 x% a/ a9 u: t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% d6 f' @* Q4 `8 v! Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, G+ L, Y2 r# E! r. g$ a5 h4 w4 v* \7 p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ F) ^: a4 U* e" I, Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' Y5 f: q/ ^; e# S/ JSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' {9 S. T' x- \& S% K
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ A# f! m: d1 k  q7 t  s
penile length in clinical studies.
* w3 B7 v, A, ]" JNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- H: R' k! y9 h5 D4 |* ~: D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
  o7 U+ [' Y  W7 j  w! `& U! Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; ]- _* z  ?- n. ~# K; ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  @, L0 T0 L6 FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of2 W0 x% ~- t/ M7 S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. N+ }' r9 a& d" j2 b0 m& Y; Q9 H6 j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult7 F1 E/ g0 I0 e
height will not be affected.3 l) i! p2 H( B0 N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ d7 X5 T" b. A% [ability of androgen products in our society may
" `$ I8 }! m& S9 n" eindeed cause more virilization in male or female( Z3 v3 p% y8 _5 a: {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. c  G8 D$ y/ M1 K& Pgen products must be considered and specific ques-0 u8 |' Z  b9 H6 x8 Q3 D% L7 U4 V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
+ }' E' K5 p3 J; ]0 wgel should be asked of the family members during- q7 V& m+ O% s3 X& Z; M' q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 n, T4 b8 f  U' b4 I; p% i3 w8 e
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& o" g) J% q) X0 m, Q# Y* ]3 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 ~  V4 s/ u  }: _5 W) a! Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 Z% o! `" M' q/ a4 j" _! H- nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; X5 r( x% d! g  l" @( C, f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: k, f# Z, @% ~! R4 u
investigation. The primary care physician should be
# p! P, U4 I( D- u8 _; T7 V& [' G  Gaware of this fact, because most of these children
# F: R( a7 x. [2 d8 xmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ G( L4 `) T. x1 n3 @
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 f- t5 @/ [2 `2 ]: fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or: D$ S; {8 T4 E. P7 u
female child who might come in contact with some-
' T' o9 h6 H8 V! \- ]# W+ Yone using any of these products.
6 R- f" C  v( R- l7 Z0 e1 X; W# s( [References
( L4 @6 j( R+ y/ B1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) w$ f+ _  L9 ?& m6 land puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 e! h- K# ]. \$ n9 VEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. n7 b; i& G+ H; S! p) f
2002: 565-628.+ w, m. b/ k' d1 j8 A# ~
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* v7 `  [1 v6 ]  i+ V: V! \
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, }" A/ F/ z, m& ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 d& t: @3 d; p' Q  ]( `2 R/ i
Exposure to Testosterone
1 w5 b7 g9 Q# `0 wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ d& [& n1 H/ e$ D
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% [8 B8 J6 l% n7 o% v0 a& a/ \Clinical Pediatrics
* D" u& ^5 t% ]8 \1 \# pVolume 46 Number 69 }" ]# e" Q+ ], C, L0 N0 H- x
July 2007 540-5437 o0 c3 d, J. o; w- b2 x7 v4 t; @8 G
© 2007 Sage Publications) `* x) v0 m# R& K
10.1177/0009922806296651
, E( W1 c# J' |, R/ O' U- i$ {9 M: ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
. Y+ l* e! V- hhosted at
! _  B$ n, ^  Y6 G. N. i3 Shttp://online.sagepub.com
0 o* A) e1 ~! R4 B/ r# k; K, `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" j/ d# v5 z! y" Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central- r% a1 x% i, W, ~3 o
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) i5 r& v# k0 h1 `& P. m3 qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 n- [& b3 @4 Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system' @( C. W5 |* B( M- y, A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" k8 f4 t- e+ ~6 N% f5 C
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 H# e; R; A6 V) c' f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 Y' H5 I& n- l& G' W) R: b& B2 f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 A7 j5 n( T& o. ?3 \3 Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) c9 W- c* ^6 T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 l3 ~( X0 D% `& ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 e$ t1 A" E0 f/ V) \/ ?& R) [) i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ d9 X8 f+ S9 ~% `- c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 ^4 k5 a# U* `$ T8 J$ wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# _3 X" ?6 a) V' wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 y; f- a/ J5 t8 D+ ?/ g( Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 T# |9 `  ^; i% c1 c* R7 o5 ?bly more common than the rare case report in the* X% e2 F/ ?1 J' g$ p, V' g: I5 S
literature.4
& H( m  v# L: ]+ _2 @" ?5 RPatient Report' R% V# P/ N: A5 z" Q7 ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 c* F! a: U. p. V9 X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ t, F) }5 e6 ^4 d- Rof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 u" D; x6 R8 [: f: Z4 `  ]light colored pubic hair development when he was
1 t* K/ w8 p$ ]( p  V6 [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. b% @0 b1 K, |- r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ w2 c: m. B$ U: I* dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 h% K9 y; z" q3 cProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) ^% j, ~. Y: F( |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 E/ I9 u7 `( g; L# @1 z' u( f
e-mail: [email protected].
3 R  Y5 M$ h1 k( j4 r2 s4 _/ N# dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) f& v( T7 t* _1 r* E
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 n6 r* B/ T4 O9 b, L- Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 \# w2 ~: z. K; Q5 g( D. ~
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( N$ q  ^2 n7 A) R; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- |$ Y- L3 x2 o9 [! m
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 c: E% f# I! W, g# D. Cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( d( v" |5 T9 s, G1 v& y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 W' O0 w9 K( I% q) @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- S* a, H, _8 {; B1 Jwas age appropriate.
$ v$ }  D9 Z; ]) i" u. A+ k* q  mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 g& }5 e$ `! l; x; H4 M# swho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. f1 J9 _4 b4 r" j* ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 C. h+ q. U. R7 \  e3 M* c7 C
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. R2 }4 t- I" {2 s' k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ n; C0 ^+ ^3 x: k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- F& H7 ~+ Q" J, l3 C; f+ J. n% w' Achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 \. d" d: a/ N( X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 V( [" i' U' c/ ]/ _$ I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" |0 M7 B% ?5 Q4 Wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; O, l; A8 R4 [1 c4 A
tives. There were no siblings.
! J' j" T; E' Z4 YPhysical Examination
9 n$ C( j5 B8 E8 OThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 p$ \2 M5 y7 t4 k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( \8 k, l8 X$ Q5 q& ?9 n
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 u0 J' X5 T0 g( J* a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" H* _& c- P  [% I$ }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( G+ W0 R$ n! [. b4 F
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ }3 W! a7 Q# P; M3 Hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ y. Z' p( |/ ]- R3 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! f1 L" X, n, senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! V. t* e1 l8 e0 y. g% V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& m5 A1 k- l* L' i1 {- N1 S% L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& R3 d% u# ?0 f+ e
540
' L. m# ]/ R! W5 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ m, o: B0 F3 R2 ^- I; F0 ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; R  _+ Q  _3 h$ b+ T' w  l2 xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 n8 B2 b" S) j' H+ G% S# e  hThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 t. r5 B) t; c& [$ J9 S: T2 h6 y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* D$ Q6 h; U1 ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 D& w% n  _4 T  R9 G( rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# E1 P( Q# ]) j+ g7 y1 Q# h- }  Nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 c: d" |' e$ q7 a: m# j' g& C2 [7 Aof papilledema.7 ?7 X! Q8 ^$ r) q9 G# X0 p
Laboratory Evaluation
, A) P- \  B4 x+ U3 {4 QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) q6 n0 l4 t7 P0 G/ k1 \6 uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
2 e! v+ [5 j2 Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 ]7 i, G8 O! x# P5 w
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: l* Z5 g# T+ T5 ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 x8 V1 j5 r8 [+ x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 w( f4 s2 M/ y! L4 I/ [
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; @/ h5 ?  s* I  V& S3 x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& @' |1 ]" r3 D7 L$ g5 Bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration: f6 J& p. i8 y8 Q! U( Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& P7 j( S1 T2 g* s8 C5 _2 c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( u% k  d1 B6 E; H- Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ F' ?/ D  O& X1 ~9 s' ?9 Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: Q  f: q+ y' z5 ?0 ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# w) G. W9 A, G+ Y& g/ a% N49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- t' H+ M! d; p7 W2 g- I1 B; ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 e' D' D2 `* M! k0 Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; ~/ l; n/ G6 P" f0 o1 `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: E/ ]3 W! o$ F3 G0 X! i; ~5 t" H& C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 j* ~. Q7 P; R# t# t1 s
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% S* \9 D) Q1 o/ S) Istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% b' C) y3 ^" D' L3 `  L4 l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 u% x0 c- [( f" y3 W" ~; q% c
(prepubertal).
8 N% W" I: c, ^1 ?The parents were notified about the laboratory
& H% u8 U2 D7 l; s& T' q% ]results and were informed that all of the tests were
1 D9 ?2 m* d0 W/ ]+ {0 lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# `" a  s4 h7 G2 K  s  p7 d8 h1 ~! tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( ?6 I# r. `/ N2 r4 Z3 O
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 q' k* \5 i0 y. {6 t
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 \- f# {& Q% ?- PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" K: H! X0 X  echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( z- d( V, V. [6 N8 ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) G# H; R+ z! c1 U# }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 p8 x4 [- c, ?/ `( }pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" _; S1 N  C; n. M- ]$ Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 r) y0 F' _+ D- ]5 s% J) Z( D
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. N0 ~; k2 }% V% c7 E1 S. E$ P+ NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 i. v4 P3 ]3 n3 {& n
ing frequent erections.
5 S4 M. a' j; P7 u4 T5 o1 a" pBoth parents were again questioned about use of  P# k7 r2 d7 T+ W9 Y  H$ m4 R+ W  Z- u: q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, ^  z9 h# R) w4 v: V
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) z. k2 V; d. i% U
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 N- g: b# @; e6 o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' ^/ `( g9 |. N, A
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 e0 `6 d7 p' L2 ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' V1 A) o3 _: C' u* X7 cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' W7 Y9 G# v+ Y" d7 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 P: z( e# m7 P5 p4 K0 X
secondary to depression.* d; w* H2 J9 E$ t$ j) ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; E. ^0 h! ^# O* j( f* I; [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( P. i: t/ B! P% U8 W$ |& {& Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ r- x- S: u# B' S; X$ W4 V& M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ _* I" ]8 N1 I1 B4 c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( a- `6 T, p6 S2 V0 j( rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# m0 h; K5 u' r, y/ N& `8 m
was high, he then read the product information$ V5 z% X' k4 Z4 Q# _, I+ T8 L2 Z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( ?3 z5 m1 M! [6 q9 q4 dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 }- n2 J9 Z. J; a
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 u% r' a7 y9 c: _/ t
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( E7 L- _7 Q5 S% ]/ n& q' Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& h# j% W6 I, K5 `
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 S: a) T# Z9 ?7 f8 {laboratory to obtain the test.8 P" q0 P! Y1 f" s9 m
Discussion
& c# w) n4 [6 |/ O5 [$ mPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 _/ Y- t/ i3 E2 a& @5 ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) {1 `4 |: `1 X2 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; R% {+ q$ I! i, a; U; hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( M1 q; I) v6 d' t! Sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% G5 Y: a; @- K% ?( @0 }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 I4 u+ @9 ^/ c  X* [7 rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 p' \& g5 h, H& Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' B1 S' Z8 p% ?% }9 |
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" P) t- u1 I' H3 Z/ }sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 }+ c" g! ?, e) x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 u# L; k9 _8 r1 e1 a) K% m1 B- @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 H9 r6 O* n1 R2 s; Vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! R& @7 g. B; j! t# C2 u
gonadotropins.1,3: l( h. I0 t9 M7 R* o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* P$ ^6 k$ Y0 N$ a% g5 ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, s2 x) m$ K0 q2 S- ?0 U/ w2 ]! o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( N7 s( y7 Z. `( P6 W& T+ }/ i/ ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) B0 j. i4 Z& Z2 b5 {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 a8 B; o8 ]2 U2 O+ |- v5 E2 i- dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive  {/ c. U: ^( P+ C7 K- |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 o* A& }: @9 h( h& S1 `0 o  H6 Z
puberty in boys.3,4
3 T; l; Z3 E6 D' pThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 U0 m8 A% b: x  z/ ?! Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 }9 ^# a, g8 V9 w9 xThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 v7 t: t, V% U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 N) x& _$ f0 h5 b: fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  L  N8 V/ a+ n5 N3 s! A( N1 Uexcess.1,3
! o" C2 W# P: o, gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. [! _2 v4 R- y7 w9 ?% Z0 X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 o; ?' q, S# g2 t4 S& QA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" P9 q% X/ l# H1 kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known' `5 O% r% V, s$ k7 @% D% i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 a1 S, ^% k! \' _4 ]* Jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys: X# B3 N. c$ L* ^. L5 Z, R0 g+ ]
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
  J3 L5 m% ~+ r+ ], g8 e9 zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; U2 N1 ]5 p7 nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, l) Q* q& F% Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, K, p/ M7 P3 x. x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 m" f' H- a2 z' q1 f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" s3 D$ d( Z, _2 F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" Y( i* O4 x7 b- l+ j$ l5 Ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 C. n" f( h6 ~( ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 \3 ?3 e5 B% {' }2 W: j; FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-/ R/ V) R% U0 g! d, o
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% o: {7 ^+ C& E/ {2 d" q" Wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: y) \  m, p3 M1 C  Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 o* `! u/ S% P4 u4 N0 ^$ w7 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 V- g6 Q' ]: B* a$ c1 w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ \) c; C# ~* ~& K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ ~% e- T- _+ r9 p8 B3 n: h* lative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( f4 I4 V- s9 N/ m1 S) ]biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 {: N+ c4 r; ?* \& X6 Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* _0 H3 _; s2 k
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& H0 C# w: o3 m% p5 F2 ?9 Qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 d& p1 X" s! M1 P3 A5 [5 R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& W$ s2 x& Y4 Q* }
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 o  Y7 n- r% Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# e' ^% q7 h% z$ H# Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. m: A( S- }! m8 ?. v& W
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: o& n' X7 H% y0 t2 x9 l' i3 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 i/ s7 Y, q, x! s/ ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! i& N  r" X! G. \! gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* v: Y, s5 ?, _4 Ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: e/ U( ?& _; v5 Q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: e' ]" `+ G; }/ L5 z2 G6 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# O7 K3 s4 g4 Z# R! wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to  `& Y' B( G4 ]
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ W5 c! m$ A  `5 e; a6 L0 ]1 }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ Q8 ?5 ?$ p' j( f+ H/ D5 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( Z. \' K  _: K7 s' G% L8 dOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 Y3 U, \" _# mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ |  D6 Q! ?: C& K" kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% H2 ^' _% @7 M- T4 n  Kterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- d3 R% l! x8 \8 }2 i3 s; a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 ]- ^, v: j9 T1 \7 Hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; z; ~6 D9 R4 M3 n1 ^* r4 A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% w6 t. M# t- [" k, f
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; @, v* o, c  Z; o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 V9 b7 p) E8 R0 Y1 H/ R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( B! Q/ @: X4 b/ @9 O. Z+ ^7 vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( B1 e& T5 m  q+ fearly childhood on pubertal development and final: W1 |! F5 Y+ t5 D
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 f. m6 k; d3 \4 i; h
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, @  A  d. w; K& I& y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% m; g1 R3 T$ z. u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% z; v% u* E: s; ]/ I0 J8 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 l' V' P9 v3 Q% U9 M+ w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 N+ p5 W' T( _, [) e8 yThere are conflicting reports and controversy/ c3 n9 C" K, [  Q7 u9 U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! a/ V7 p; ?$ l3 ?8 f6 x  x2 J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( m- {2 q) w$ g5 }2 ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 e# S6 P7 ~/ x# i! R+ e
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' i+ r1 y2 t* ]0 f0 I3 l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 T, x7 e! L. g7 a  T% Tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ Z" A9 m% J. J  Ypenile length in clinical studies.: S8 K( f* a4 u) i' Z( T  H0 N
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' @4 \, {& M9 [going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& g& f7 X- G6 ]' ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 b# U- @4 c* @2 dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 `- S* R1 @8 w# c6 }: j. e
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& x0 {; a/ r4 ?! B1 M4 [, {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' `) v8 U* u9 w& w( w
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 c. _$ s" Q0 l* o* C9 K: R4 Vheight will not be affected.  p: @, g& ^* }, d+ y1 t' g# Y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% i: `: Z% `4 P8 v; A$ r8 V% F
ability of androgen products in our society may2 W9 C, t8 ~) i1 h* y' ~
indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 x5 }( @8 i) E+ g8 z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 b9 Y9 C" H( a2 U6 o5 xgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 ?. y! g4 b1 B& ^: @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' z: f- d2 g9 d0 X
gel should be asked of the family members during3 |8 g3 K$ Y: p" Q% _2 \# N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& w+ c) S% \. ~4 b7 X; J
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ |+ j* y# J* S6 X$ @5 ?5 `. @5 E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. j9 ?5 R9 e1 F# r. F- B6 |5 C5 ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 z7 n* b6 i% Z3 w; {( h
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& ?9 ]) ?6 T) p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 W+ X! v% X, Kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! W+ d* p" z- H5 Caware of this fact, because most of these children
2 X4 t. Z( e8 q( S% H; G( @% |may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 g  T6 U) Y% K' P5 u! b
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a& @* u( d8 x, ?, A1 _, Z0 a3 {+ q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  b) p! F" ?+ q* N
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 f0 T# E+ @3 Y$ m. `; Mone using any of these products.4 U# U: w% }" `
References
! B  ]+ a7 \% Z! I7 n: |/ w+ w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 Q& x; x3 M) k" Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( q9 P  Z4 p& k$ |8 r
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* s: |: y4 n& A3 e. |) }
2002: 565-628.+ `, e& l6 _3 h( ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( p' }7 T2 C  o1 o0 a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

! f1 \+ x8 D. t, \& U精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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