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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: ?# o! n. B% G+ r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, Q! B# S" g9 u
Exposure to Testosterone
- b4 }! v" |( \% NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 b2 p F' r4 p; W( d& w- z- G. m y
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1& K# m! j" E+ s& P. ^% C9 E: G. i" O
Clinical Pediatrics
m6 D, \. H8 K7 z0 E3 dVolume 46 Number 67 G' R7 }" m9 o
July 2007 540-543
9 O" b, m# G0 T: W7 {© 2007 Sage Publications( l* X7 n/ [0 v
10.1177/0009922806296651
1 ^9 j5 g* c: w& I/ R1 B( v0 ?: Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com6 V( G/ F" X' d5 E
hosted at
6 ^& |1 n2 ~ V: s4 Z, Thttp://online.sagepub.com# }+ w# X5 P& |; r
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 R" @0 N4 p1 Z) `) e+ v7 j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# R( u- {3 u% j6 cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ ?0 i/ j/ \' a( F" q: bthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: W% T8 T' y) z. t; ^1 L* o1 A0 |8 xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 ]5 g& q" [& i# l, glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested# ]- {7 r4 D$ G6 B, {
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: `8 l7 j3 C/ I" p: C! B: g. K, V( Z
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! H/ D( x1 ?9 J; _/ q$ _* B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
, J8 B* P$ Z- s5 Z* B/ V( Rreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
x# j6 y4 } V4 t! Y& P6 \ ^enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& g& N1 O0 }" ^
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due! [, ^! J6 o" p' N
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ @! S2 b6 c5 K$ h! E& gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. |% i, q! u1 Z9 \
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& V Q9 p& c: S( n4 j5 D
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ d% P+ }+ [8 Z3 t; V2 K' _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 _- ]0 A2 K) ^3 Z1 ~5 J
bly more common than the rare case report in the" {( o$ d3 S! ]7 a
literature.4, m8 u9 O$ A7 C
Patient Report5 j3 @$ L2 b9 X$ ?3 U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' a' X) t$ q8 I8 ~* s X. Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- g% n* t- U. O4 v
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% Q, j1 n# w$ F8 ?+ \$ A
light colored pubic hair development when he was
; `( d- x) U+ z) eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) A, V+ S5 j ?8 V" g d$ x0 Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# r' C# o' T. @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 o+ b+ R: w* \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 i; l, w' |6 s* A# ?; ^+ s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" |5 t- G( s$ F- n# {6 {4 l
e-mail: [email protected].
2 N! Z( z2 y8 z! j1 n- cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" L) _: [5 [$ y) m* N4 O$ q9 p# wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ T$ M7 X( |1 c# ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 C# I, S; N0 b) I+ m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 K. B. H, F( K5 ?0 v Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) c% I' I+ E& X2 l4 \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! F+ ]3 y1 T# s- F+ ?( {of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; A& }; v5 b/ G) n3 {6 w
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 y0 ]% k1 R: Tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development& {/ i6 b# D( K+ V7 E2 Y
was age appropriate.
/ D4 O: N) V7 e- w3 v7 T1 wThe family history was remarkable for the father,
" Y+ _0 J, n! `# r& f+ xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* x O+ ]1 t& k; C
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 g! `' S* a! n8 X: ?" g9 q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat4 W6 _4 b% B% U+ m( S
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 _9 a3 K) C$ E7 v2 I) G& PThe father denied taking any other medication. The1 R/ \7 x8 b @5 m& H3 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ l) q Z0 l0 L2 N2 C+ vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 j! h9 U d4 q6 z) k
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 A% O# q7 `$ O; o& \* tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: q. X0 l; I* y2 p8 O1 Y
tives. There were no siblings.4 J4 \& Q9 W0 ~0 S8 k$ d$ q% X
Physical Examination
' q9 o0 n [! z6 I4 T4 c: \The physical examination revealed a very active,
9 U; a" K; `! X: ?! ?$ kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* k( [: G# X9 @: Y% ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
1 J) o' Y7 ]! n90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
2 U K# j: g8 Z& v! `# L3 w(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. T# q& X" A& k0 i8 K( hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ ^5 {$ l/ `! \0 ~+ C
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 P$ l! n. U9 B! X, o. p+ K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; _$ M/ Q+ `! Q* m2 r- }enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( F- Z1 Q" l. d: c: k8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" S# q* ], i- K; |/ M5 p
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. {9 H/ [/ s, e: x9 _( E; x+ S4 y540
9 I. w w. ?. o: R2 o; k0 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 X) B/ o' K1 [# N1 h; o/ r
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ q' W3 V$ a* p' N7 i" P6 z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.4 i; O# @# H4 O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, G1 s8 b3 z0 M: g, Uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. f; l% k7 q. o2 c8 M! h/ I: }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ j7 \9 A' S4 }. z# sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 ]0 X% e& o6 |; n8 }* T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; _; _: {7 {2 c, O/ @
of papilledema., l V7 ?% C: |8 X
Laboratory Evaluation
7 A+ X+ t. g$ U" U0 y# B8 ]* i/ eThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! w8 I0 f$ s' t4 |7 p1 xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
w' O( J0 ~3 e# vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 ]1 ?. J, v$ S9 i1 f; r) akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 j; H* J9 V8 [$ n8 [% I! U+ t; D3 qshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, ]/ d |& @/ F6 `% ^7 K
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).5 s9 I2 u4 ^; w, D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# k9 m/ x8 G) v4 l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 s, n$ ?' X! H* b' Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration$ h6 X$ j8 C% u( N* Q8 m" v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% w( j& _$ P+ ]2 h2 s) y C5 n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20% U8 {( o h9 F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 I" c& I7 @/ z# t: z3 Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),1 W0 ?; z$ A) q' {9 L
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 s( G+ J# S' m! V' w- n* w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
5 A- ]% o: L- b) Owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& i3 \2 h- g. X7 K/ {; r. vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 r W4 ?0 p- T5 X" X( {8 {: s6 gtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 o: h H& C0 k* |6 ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than9 R: ?$ J3 M: V- a0 X/ h7 V
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 p3 C; h$ S/ s( n$ Y
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
) r7 O( E1 E/ C% Y7 J' f sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, @; M, ^: M& _2 ]; d- y- b3 Z
(prepubertal).
) w3 L$ A2 D L. _8 R1 b, wThe parents were notified about the laboratory! D% n* l$ E1 V( ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were% S$ L9 Y; W+ X
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 k7 q* U: C- _( F, s9 H; g' Ofollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to6 H' `8 y Q @' S1 ~6 \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; M8 G) f6 K C( F' H3 Aever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 Q$ r# w0 O8 e% s9 [3 k" B$ ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the. i: i/ l1 U$ q3 \9 `
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- ?. [- L' c7 ~. Y$ v" X8 \/ D' y3 ~: j
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained- |+ V/ A* K5 I/ R& F e! ]
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 J( @0 S1 u. Z( E; ?# {1 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ q# P& S6 Y! M
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 g8 ?0 g, n0 `7 p# e8 ~# UmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ k, A* q e; L* YThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' ^; F; K ?2 m; k) J( x
ing frequent erections.6 B* K2 M3 Z. j0 h' d; y" W8 f
Both parents were again questioned about use of5 R. ~# R* \! k& d2 I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ R' T: N9 a* O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 j7 A5 }1 `- {/ s; w8 r$ i0 HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 S0 k/ T3 R- R6 X! O& Cuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 i( ^: T0 E5 Z6 Ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' ^2 X, P, i! S6 _
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( z5 \' ]% h3 D+ N3 Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 u& ]" p" N! S( [' {scribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 k- @% m6 ]! y# s
secondary to depression.
" s! z0 j' P2 U8 \0 PThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 ?# C9 m8 E) [/ h
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his A0 H% R9 {7 G- i0 s$ |+ C# J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
9 T& @% A; r; y6 h+ n# hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* M( ?9 A" v- j2 v% [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ v1 e0 O( S- Y, a" I; U, I8 g1 `
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# V/ D/ Q! `$ ?0 o' Rwas high, he then read the product information
3 E/ @ M! H* i+ Qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" N: K% v. D0 v# F" M
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ A* E/ \0 U; \2 ~* B& pdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& _$ |5 J1 y, {7 i. x
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( h# a: k A' n( C7 i1 H2 C( R# f: Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
- @0 {, v, ?! D- G* ptest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 d' U% C! @: F0 U! E3 P
laboratory to obtain the test., ]3 ]* S6 P: X7 W8 R0 p- L6 X9 p7 g
Discussion9 s+ H- M! [) o# ?
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
0 S0 ?# I9 h8 _2 k. M& ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 w n9 K# J: T( V. O% zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" O* W9 x# u* n! W1 v$ xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 G' [* H+ Y& @8 e9 M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 [; y8 V4 ^% p' X7 u" T$ Ymon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! f2 U3 \/ j; D; q) m( Kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
- q8 U' W! |8 ]$ C) e6 tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 w4 B! \- c4 ^5 z6 U( ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' n$ }" l% S$ B) Z$ v* ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 W! I$ v. |5 G* k* v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- j* Z# U4 |# h! x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; Y* j9 w6 S8 X$ x( i2 p! W# _: srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ }. s0 E& V3 ]gonadotropins.1,32 ]0 s0 @/ J: }) o6 p
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* ?3 {4 d: `- x3 U2 s$ F8 x. _1 A
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate8 @/ o6 i; L6 T# z( i1 @
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, Z% K! _, `2 @ d4 N+ U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 M/ {% K& ~+ y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& O4 _; U: P5 R t) ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, u% e# B/ j4 q2 padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 v, d! R+ Q! k5 o) V9 I8 [
puberty in boys.3,4
5 z$ u/ Y& g" l% lThe most common form of congenital adrenal
! }8 V, x. [4 ]# N) Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) u2 M @5 w1 E2 NThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& Q, Y9 R9 J, h5 j# q0 b( L/ uexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 D8 P6 r2 Z' K8 ~) r4 Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 S/ a. e" j' i
excess.1,3
: v: L6 C, x+ eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ X2 N8 g9 E7 @' z3 l y# y, n' b542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007( t, C+ ?$ }: [
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 I" ]+ r. c, Y4 N, ], pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 y5 C+ v# J/ }$ y. E8 tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a+ j, i1 H& Q! y( r0 R: l+ U; m: w, x
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 d7 A2 b5 z( n( E5 @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 X; e% h2 F) M2 `1 ~& b( mincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 Q9 Y( x5 e; R% iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. Q6 C T: M4 R$ `7 vare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 Z; R ~6 P# h" Spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
t8 y8 p- M7 Freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked4 A3 t, S7 U+ d, u1 k0 {
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
v2 E3 R6 N d' w" K3 ^males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 S6 H1 `3 [3 i' f% D Z( Bmay have similar precocious puberty.3! a$ e9 z6 ?4 j. I& a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-) i+ |! g& n# ?6 P; [: d
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 e' S3 J. d7 y5 d& Z5 x, X
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. K1 s, w8 h' W) s$ x( J) O
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) }0 b( w& ~5 ^& i: i. n3 a0 U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,( ?) v# ?1 J. s9 m0 G, U. v
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) R9 P* {2 h T/ c+ b* l# p" Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# _5 C9 I( Q4 B: J4 uative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' ~' h$ [+ x7 u2 dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," B- I# \# x. P, | r
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" L4 e& e% }0 j: W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 Y. j# S9 C) b/ R5 x n3 q K2 ]
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ M# e2 f' R; Q' X Z* Q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) |- D2 K9 o, T7 i* X" msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 t5 t9 N: c3 ~. @+ I
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 M5 ~1 J$ v" \7 z7 T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
! i) |4 V, z8 R7 Gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) L3 [: g6 B7 p5 s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) `8 h) |$ ^# D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( ^% b' _* J E% D0 F/ m5 U& M
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" P' S2 t9 o! N* L& X o
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 i; I) u& W! Xunprotected females through direct skin exposure., G' \5 R0 B! A. G) B6 R
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& g' A+ {% ]$ g- g+ kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 Q( P$ s+ u$ x8 O, @- j# l. ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! {8 b- L- J, ^: H B; o0 opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 R* v+ p7 k1 H8 r0 R
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
$ ^; w$ G5 l$ X( \# W7 qOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL, j$ \5 B+ ]7 I; Z+ } h4 t
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 G; l$ c& n" v1 y/ Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 F2 n6 h& T& P2 Yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) d: ~ [- {1 m" }$ k
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 a, W) V: v, f$ n- y( h; M. @1 r/ u( {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. s. o- }* ~8 o% L4 r3 }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 i# b$ V2 Z. D; `+ f, jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ C# ~: z0 I# q6 m' m) f# j7 Echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 A0 _/ ]3 u6 P, padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& { Y4 M% ~. ] g4 ]/ u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 z+ k9 g) i Y5 X5 \1 j
early childhood on pubertal development and final4 H" P. e5 G/ e T: `! U" {
adult height are not fully known and always remain
; a2 f# _+ h u! t s! d2 g( \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- N- W" ~ e8 x! ^1 M9 b" r, M% M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 t" y( X& s. J2 n3 D5 F) D( B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 ~; Q8 n0 [3 f/ H% m2 Q% R
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" I7 W7 z$ W% x% j: ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. b( ]( G- x+ F7 K. R, C0 lThere are conflicting reports and controversy& F# p! i- }9 _$ k- r W
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 u. y9 }! |$ n4 k, tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% b( @2 f$ N1 `; _ {& ~$ t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( i; L/ u. W2 l. B
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ y% N( w& r; M8 S- t7 @' M, G
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 n6 Q* q7 A1 R6 ~' schildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) |+ r" R( \# Z& Jpenile length in clinical studies.1 |: }5 ?) n. C
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 d! F9 t' ^( ?$ k' ^going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) |* _- v: H' R% S2 Ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 l9 I* i' {" Z& V a( C5 cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 m) X ?+ L: v6 a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) z) V6 Z- O& i1 m. U1 |
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) Q0 V1 X( c. x! k" Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* P C! Y0 q4 J: iheight will not be affected.; M( t8 l. g+ K* I2 c3 x1 S6 r
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. D* q0 y4 x- {. S# f; Wability of androgen products in our society may
9 X u: V/ Q# Y6 @0 D m# I5 Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female; L; I* m! J9 J
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
+ c) |3 l& Z, S4 J& n4 Pgen products must be considered and specific ques-0 b0 v3 m1 p, m B# ^$ x* [
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) y; d8 ~. t, J; N: t% {* O6 Egel should be asked of the family members during
7 H4 J! n8 }" \8 c+ ] t# k$ tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! ^, d$ y; y( x4 q% dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 o; f- B% l7 b1 O# `6 Z$ U( Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 l! t A# y z) G# S+ rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* ]3 a2 \: Y. V" W* d S, |
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- @5 i p5 r# `, Eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive3 U; T, @* j- @$ }
investigation. The primary care physician should be v" S Z! A. l# W
aware of this fact, because most of these children2 I5 y; `! S" ]* w% R+ p$ ]* H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: V# l6 H5 b' o k0 L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; ~2 m6 `- v9 O) o q* J- _$ k7 j! \3 pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 d' R' D0 R1 V* k; Cfemale child who might come in contact with some-
2 i$ b8 `5 `2 b2 m6 \( J8 {+ @one using any of these products.
; j% H. Z8 G2 s( f7 TReferences
& V5 S% Q7 I& t: }( [# t2 J! c1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 _9 U7 f. L; ~- \5 L7 Z* k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 i: ]/ [, u. U7 w* \3 } Y2 ~! BEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 V9 O! `. v8 ^! x5 H
2002: 565-628.
/ O- Q) v* M1 o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- {6 Q& M/ |: ~3 Y" @3 xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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