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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ d+ [. m' g$ r7 S" j2 v' D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
% j6 g1 B8 M' [3 e" dExposure to Testosterone9 R7 z& N8 ~* [* ^3 r& p
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 f3 A: \% Z( N3 y9 z2 [
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( y& I3 T/ x: T0 u3 O
Clinical Pediatrics% [8 M: P) }: A6 \) _3 S0 s) h
Volume 46 Number 6
  q9 u5 k% |( s: ]. V/ rJuly 2007 540-5436 A6 A4 _. M2 b& X
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 a3 |6 \; Z7 O0 Y% q8 Q10.1177/0009922806296651
2 i" z# u9 V; P5 Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com
. y. G! o+ U- b" x2 ?6 E; vhosted at
# v4 F; p( N% }! [* Dhttp://online.sagepub.com7 D2 a/ [0 _6 i2 @3 q3 C8 R
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,4 l6 z- }4 I: y1 w8 m, b8 Q* L8 o
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ U2 ~% w; D  @+ b9 X9 |2 P+ d6 ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) `/ |+ E" U! t6 l& ?1 Nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! B8 u0 s; @) W& c2 K* Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 H9 x6 b" B" W7 r  O. A& ~; B; b
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  k( G& u. f0 }: O) \: f) h- Y( y7 ]by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: ?+ u+ _- ]/ Z4 B" i. q
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 V0 Q) ]- E. Q& [5 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: @; s) i- q! y; y; [report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 R+ K2 w$ W) T4 W$ Y1 C
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 j6 F+ q) s6 a0 N$ N* ?ment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 X* P% m6 I+ M2 F2 q/ a1 t1 H8 ~
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* c+ D$ n1 T5 v0 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: j/ N/ w, z* Y8 f' `5 J
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 i5 V9 G- u: O! U
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of. N; |: Y+ f; J3 C% r0 j- i
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: X  e2 W3 ^: V" E% ]
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* M9 R. L9 |* C, Wliterature.4# A/ W7 s) F# ?/ H0 [* q
Patient Report
, J. }# @5 N8 s. R. c& _8 t. aA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' a3 _" z+ W! x, g- H& |6 [- w1 qendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# h% V! B# |9 w4 v/ i5 N3 qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
. \7 t$ ^' q4 j$ Ylight colored pubic hair development when he was# B/ J& p: B3 [% u: r
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( ]6 @) M' q, _) Y+ \9 K$ H) OSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ C, b/ k2 T. H' O# N: h$ @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,! ]* _6 C- L, n; `7 S/ \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: }9 ]1 ], l2 _. x% K& pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# m! o- x/ i# c! o" a) D  z( Xe-mail: [email protected].
$ j! \0 T$ L, W0 f7 Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 u' c, y" c( o# O. Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, B, Z6 h) M& a
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  N% f+ i. d2 ~7 ]5 vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& }* R1 i8 r. [. B% B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
! Q/ O# L1 R- b- u' z5 Z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ y1 x+ |9 s% I. |* f/ [1 R; [. m8 `( z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 L& i2 [- N: M& ~
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' Q$ E8 q$ P6 S$ L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 p% Z% D5 k$ f. E
was age appropriate.( H; ?* r9 c$ _3 i! S! C
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 {% d) K# A; h6 z7 \" ]3 U- ]1 awho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- W1 {% i% \8 ]0 Q1 H* w, G% x1 v9 Z( x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& |4 b, F" e" t6 i8 y1 U( p' y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  Q) E* r9 C9 Y: N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! O% T- p6 O; b' jThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ X# q. T) _' f7 q" Y$ W
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 J, z2 R, d. Z5 |. p( H' a9 Hwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- L" ]- G/ E# M; D
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 z0 i4 Z' W. @8 S& Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' y. i, ~1 h; j: s  ?" l5 |
tives. There were no siblings.
" L* v4 q% l: d3 n; @Physical Examination
( @4 H1 a, i. f; N$ i  n9 {0 uThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! e) h/ t1 J0 o- l6 Splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: r( a9 l* s5 B) F  [6 [5 I5 F& ~$ ^/ y3 Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" X* w) U# q! ?' k0 {$ W+ d: p( [90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 F1 M- K2 ^  S; `
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 b+ b7 t8 e: Q1 C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' f: a$ b3 {: Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, P2 f& G. d4 `8 `The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; B8 E' `4 A# q: E6 W# \. y! M. venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ |% t3 a, k) o+ A
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ a& ^1 ^' _: c# Y  ~
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 j$ w% \) Z1 e
540# d) _8 C1 t5 G/ l' x9 ?
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 n! ?0 f/ v+ Y6 E0 C' C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# K# `( i- L/ G4 W7 K3 oThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. V; p+ Q& R/ p4 c: }oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 v3 O. e3 D0 U6 P4 uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 C' [! r* f, z  P! |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 {( j" N$ D9 F6 F! C" _, Nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: e& }7 D; W9 B7 D0 f
of papilledema.
/ Y# ^1 c! M/ n! R9 [( z* s: F- [Laboratory Evaluation
8 o8 @* |: O9 t* I  E  `% C( HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) x8 b9 o' B# q  `9 Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- p* J' g/ @4 l. h9 `5 U5 u( ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: j. g) u5 r0 X& O) S. b$ ^" E; Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 x5 f" x/ F9 Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' x- k% h* _# E- G/ S# z0 Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ h+ u- X/ i7 M  P5 S2 C9 d: G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" T% U# n% R& U9 X: s
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 ^1 [; @7 _2 _8 E' o
within normal range for his age. The concentration
1 p' V$ y$ N1 S; {7 N% ?. L4 C! ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
. U, l" A4 {  |' @(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& A7 A* e3 S1 a+ ?' jng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( c' J1 e, J6 @5 n7 Lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
2 U& d' S. R1 m. v* H/ vdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% z8 U. h$ J9 k) r) V9 `1 y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: ~: _6 e& a: L3 j. ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& i' l6 u4 P# \% a$ dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
! \& a$ _$ n0 r/ k/ jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) i3 _# y: @1 k. K# b# B
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- h! K0 i- ?' d) L6 X2 y6 \5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 q; G8 o2 }& T0 S) S; @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone( m. f7 u. ^0 j! D+ U
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
4 l0 R: W% @1 Y+ Y3 @(prepubertal).8 [# r, e# D' h" i, G; o9 U2 i& `% ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory) L" `: c$ w2 c" O
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 D7 ?! |2 n5 j+ F
normal except the testosterone level was high. The- L& a5 p/ A0 ~; u, w9 D% B
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 Y0 ?5 g4 |) L
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& l( D8 O2 |$ D0 X* F  Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.- t; y3 l, {. ^/ G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& Q- K$ p) o9 o7 A; p; }' Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 K- v( r2 k$ U4 o# u4 u$ f2 ?9 `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 A/ m7 \: i/ Y7 D6 q  X  _* h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) ]1 E6 I* E2 Y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( Y( w  t; n/ i
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- i$ Y8 t* r/ m% OmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; s5 X. o* N0 `7 {* R
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
2 U, a4 F: U# Q* w3 O6 I- Zing frequent erections.+ O8 ~, k: [) Q1 f/ b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 z9 \( M; A5 b6 L7 _7 ^any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* a# X  O! N1 Y/ _the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& N. I, P3 {( yTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( v+ `1 t" n0 w. D2 |9 ]: Muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) O. w4 j, K9 d
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' g+ T7 _! O4 n- @" l1 W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! x( G; @7 J1 t9 Y! X
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: W3 K9 r& e; }1 S# w( J
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 g6 _+ ?8 ~  j1 y' F- X; J
secondary to depression.
5 ]; L5 X8 A7 c! \7 g8 a* ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.
& g, u& u! [4 VThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 R* d+ c1 O; I* L
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- q- o/ [# k. i5 Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 t7 q2 ]2 V$ e4 {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' ]/ r+ F* }6 twhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" J# e7 g% ?7 }' c7 i2 v* l" _5 Lwas high, he then read the product information" w: k, d7 |6 Q1 V; ^& N# t
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* Z) z4 l9 k9 {4 V9 Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( `; U; T5 c% B+ Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the  \, [" B. t+ x2 R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 h& b$ Q) _( K+ _' ]7 I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 f: u. {/ O( U1 A  gtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 f- m6 N# W- O+ `5 Dlaboratory to obtain the test./ P1 Y! G# t  L6 Y7 k( P
Discussion
1 K1 l; R4 o  _5 J( x/ n2 TPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( O2 R5 W$ E" K  ^$ i4 Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" W/ ?4 p  w& o! sPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 f8 F3 R, o& s1 Iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  A+ Z' k. \+ |, C6 {6 F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  T8 s0 {, S, B; n* R) @/ g* wmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 f5 m! u+ W' F! wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
- E6 p  O& A$ L: z0 y- eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. n& z6 P' }- N$ L  {
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! d/ [$ a9 ^3 ~2 \& usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 \# r. t/ {3 i/ _( r  l7 M! wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# Z  B& C: m% x  t& qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 V- }! T) |  V4 j! mrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& o3 a; t: h( i6 ggonadotropins.1,3) i" [0 S* C9 M( \
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
2 i: D: F( Q  Z' \( fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ p9 b6 O( `* k. i. W+ eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or" @- p4 K' S4 R; N0 B+ j3 p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
. {' b: b" y& E% F8 ^" gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 U' p7 ^" x4 v1 ycongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: {5 D" X0 X6 {$ q0 `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 e, _- {! ?, x' T( Dpuberty in boys.3,4
( ^- S4 _$ d  V4 \2 c1 L1 kThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% Y5 G; |. y: I" |( lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ w( R8 h% Z( \7 l& t  ]  o) C4 ~; C
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% z7 k* A" [$ ]excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! B% c# @1 g7 P+ Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 H3 g6 z! p2 r) h# Q
excess.1,3" s5 f! S4 v  p) t4 D  H
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542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: P  |9 o& \8 P8 {6 J# E9 V8 S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. o7 i' [4 y1 E- w% y7 A7 \independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 j* \! N% ]3 z: |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 x, G5 r, D& }4 U: _4 vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: q; b; `9 t/ i% P& G( `. O7 L/ [! }with this disorder are full pubertal development,' C5 Z0 Y, n, m. P9 U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 V( v/ I( c" e0 L3 a8 i  ^with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
8 z9 x5 x. G( R$ V; I* r# k1 dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 g) A0 o5 a  ~! h( f- npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-: G( P4 F4 k( Y2 p3 Z* ~3 h
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, R' Z& h9 i" l5 Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, K0 W& s2 y9 ]( o. {; p5 ~males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 U% G7 N7 I+ X2 g2 T* |' |may have similar precocious puberty.3/ H! ]# u; s+ e" d" g
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# k# Z+ Z# j# R
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' X0 W3 `+ I: O3 K8 t8 M, lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  t& ~- Z4 z6 uwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
7 j# e, [5 }& M! u/ istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 P3 C: y2 q8 k2 X9 Xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
, O& n1 Q& C7 i6 tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( _. f5 E4 a6 H; d$ q) ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
  ?, e, C, t2 M( n( gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 q% O! E  N1 o8 i4 Aeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( {7 O% R6 Z9 I6 I5 e9 L3 l0 ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: h# A/ k) W6 ~" x8 w
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 c; h1 [4 O! I% w" OThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
( Z9 H. ]0 A' D, H$ i0 c- ?0 [, L4 n6 _suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' R9 ?" @$ M5 r7 u4 N: M6 y5 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 a# m( v8 Y% E6 o- e+ G* \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ ?* f8 z* O& O5 ]- E$ `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  U  ]& }! b4 ]: y9 Dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. q: y; C% G$ q& ?5 y' }2 o5 f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: h5 r4 x4 F! W
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 A6 b  F0 f5 T
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! o( H6 i7 w+ n+ ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: L4 c) H* q, O- ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; o, M5 y: |. Q- }  B3 V2 O' O  m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to% [4 g3 b. ^6 Z1 P# k. @  y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 s7 j7 s4 c' @" X% X
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 W% k# I" r* r9 ntion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; Z0 u! j! k! \2 n
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 b) U) s& S3 h6 d6 G/ U+ W7 }2 S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ r% f* a% q" R
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 ?9 I+ p7 E2 R; F" i; W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! N+ I- Q' U" a" j  Gactive in young children exposed to testosterone
) M$ r  k3 D" C6 \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 T& P: N5 F# f) P6 A' Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 U7 Y; Z* B8 n0 [virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& f' T+ v. i9 E) B! u% r2 c- q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) l5 t+ n# b0 \- X3 Q* ?, V  s
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
7 c& q, d. B8 k8 x5 p- Y! CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during# Q+ o) D" i/ ]4 F4 v8 M
early childhood on pubertal development and final4 d) J3 G# O' R. o  _
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 Q4 {- C, g) o+ S0 R1 Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 S0 T1 V8 L6 s+ O5 z* r
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 a9 c: ]: o; s9 s7 G
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ w+ v1 I1 I/ ^1 A! O# ?cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: ?3 m- g% n% Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* O( F- M; J$ U# _- ~; [) h- }
There are conflicting reports and controversy& C/ x0 _$ q, q/ s9 ^
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 }" D/ o* ]9 a. H3 L" C
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' h+ M  @* `) K4 n9 B' padult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% P% [- R! Q* k8 [% r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( r$ ~2 M, n1 k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 x! R/ |; b& X- c/ G
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult. |8 _. e% |: ~6 W! }! C
penile length in clinical studies.: O4 q# N" J, B  j" f/ G- h
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* q6 ^5 W0 i. M/ q/ P8 M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
% ?, P% w* ^# Stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: X( T& Z! j$ d' G* G7 A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 \: f2 L' U# G, s6 LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ ~/ [( l2 B5 P, R0 ?6 adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: ?# ~! o6 E& N+ A2 P  l
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: ^$ o7 ^& t. E6 T4 }
height will not be affected.: m, T: J& H5 r5 ?$ m: X6 _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- ~! }+ o; G. e, c) X) V9 u5 ?ability of androgen products in our society may
  z- r0 ]1 t; ~& Q$ nindeed cause more virilization in male or female4 A1 k: O- B3 u5 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 g! ?( O( l& v5 |2 A% j, r7 u- Egen products must be considered and specific ques-6 T0 a3 K# T  r2 `2 M; |9 {
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 e' a! v3 w( z$ Z# a
gel should be asked of the family members during
; v* r( ~) V* Wthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-* h7 X5 P' L- {3 o' |! g: H9 \
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  f7 _6 ?2 C% J% B# x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
& {5 c! X8 z5 cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a- U9 h# t% b% m
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 J& {' ?5 M  w5 \5 A% r5 K* U0 V
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, b( b3 _1 o  k
investigation. The primary care physician should be( I  C5 J% V; y" o# F' m
aware of this fact, because most of these children7 h5 s0 o. p' h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% t4 e! Y7 {/ \  d2 \
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' @5 Q* m/ l4 n8 T5 \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or! T+ Q; f4 b3 ]6 l% V
female child who might come in contact with some-
" I% m0 t. Z# |) G8 B! g+ ?) M, |one using any of these products.) Y9 M( a9 t! U. L0 W
References5 E' f3 P. Z' T& O. u$ V& C8 m
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 v: d3 C) }/ P9 iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: e3 G( R' g* ?4 ?% N. L! ^
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  T' D7 X- k/ k
2002: 565-628.
6 \$ j4 ?6 x' n: P1 U0 B. y/ V2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ u$ U- i, Q# p/ l) h* m3 \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& V4 i1 o) Z& I! O& k" W
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 L+ s* X0 ]7 ?7 zExposure to Testosterone
  k1 \: {, N7 B. }3 P+ V! x6 MSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 _+ b2 z( ]  p: v: B' U& C
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 i4 |- ~8 p& i2 F' h6 H* O( f/ ]) zClinical Pediatrics1 v" x$ e- r- h8 P3 q$ r- c
Volume 46 Number 69 o0 E, }- T: ^$ h% G
July 2007 540-543- @$ j/ @" M( Z: J; J8 R  s7 P6 d
© 2007 Sage Publications
; `7 Y) O6 D0 L  f; J10.1177/0009922806296651
- _  P& S; G# t5 X6 a- n, v9 Y/ A% ^) ahttp://clp.sagepub.com! G7 C- I, b/ H1 X1 [7 J, u
hosted at
* C/ |+ v) f# M( Y+ y  Y4 ^5 Hhttp://online.sagepub.com
& F8 G, J9 z. C2 ?Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 f" W# s8 c7 O
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ q) i! e" T9 |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- ^* J- G+ }& S5 ^" c: mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 Z8 Z$ v/ M( s( ^; s& W# [a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: s8 I1 l, X! B+ Y% e2 F! flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 w- ^, e; u# M7 {2 zby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ L- u' k$ J6 P: J9 T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 s% E/ [8 o& @& S& q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 y. J2 r+ c0 r6 j4 J5 hreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  L  j2 c' I/ j4 Q& Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 G7 S* e- a; l5 a2 n  @
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 W6 P9 h: ?& z" }; x' Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 N$ m% ]/ o2 y1 }; mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-) b0 W& \  S# Q
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ C3 o: G) J) N! w/ _, p8 Bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of# V4 X: w+ C* R0 `7 K- L1 S
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 t" X7 f1 j7 Z9 Q! l
bly more common than the rare case report in the# ]$ I2 `; Z: G7 C! [- \
literature.4
: H& [  e0 D, G& G/ K# RPatient Report0 g, p5 Y6 O  f' ^! N5 m. c
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; X( {' |5 Z  N. Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 n1 G' b( [$ S9 ?/ I2 V
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- {( P) d$ o$ f2 Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
3 i8 j& e- G# k" FFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: t, o% z' b& t4 A- ]) l# X1 R+ }4 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' J9 U" r' P  J/ Z4 kAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," v! K2 a  X6 R1 G" ~
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of( y$ ]7 S( Z4 G- y7 }5 J. ^
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ }/ R2 T: Q7 A' e& R& F2 Ee-mail: [email protected].  n, M6 ^: Q9 k1 f) I2 k. X
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
  V) k$ P. P, P. V( ^3 ]darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! H5 Z0 |' C  w
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! @, F2 m3 C/ ?: u/ s" P
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' Z# Y. I) f- ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; p3 j' d5 W9 e
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; k& s" M2 O* M  c6 z/ wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 `) d* V6 T% S! W  osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 \+ i+ @% Y( p; d9 h. d
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 K& `( K3 k3 o6 Y: |% Fwas age appropriate.$ P: f  k4 P! J* x
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 s! S: W8 ]: d3 {5 p* G$ b. \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; B' [1 ~" y% F% Z1 F6 {$ \% A5 Nwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# [* P- }( U1 _5 V/ @6 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% x1 r# [- Y9 I( \' u; ?( p9 S2 hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 e# ^1 S2 l2 x4 |2 Q% x
The father denied taking any other medication. The, j+ l* H. F9 i' m$ m* R. j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 G" c* `5 V% @+ Xwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ ^6 s9 s# H5 @( y* G5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% f! m( N- m# ]5 G
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  w- L" r% v4 j8 ^tives. There were no siblings.
! B( ?. I- K( x8 N# b1 M+ aPhysical Examination
- F! ?& Y2 a# P2 d4 \& \! \The physical examination revealed a very active,
( ]6 A% Z) r' R( U0 R7 Y$ I3 c( R& }playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& W- }+ x6 n5 g- _, M0 M/ v  Ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 F- i0 r  Z4 d' {, q' V% E90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" i1 J. U0 s) @2 Z* K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth, n6 `" A! o7 z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ U/ G3 z: T3 g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 A, e3 _( {, u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* a% \+ D1 ~" D2 J7 D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 p9 B' ~5 C0 e; T: W9 ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well1 l1 A& C7 r, Q% B1 y' X
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: x( k3 v# G: W2 z
540- q( ]: Q% v0 l& x# c, G* F% T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ Q# s2 s5 O1 V- T( Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 T2 N2 T! _( z! W2 N
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.2 l4 D$ [  \1 Y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
% m3 Q' `& s! yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 X. U% M( i8 ~( ?$ L, z4 mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 e, \9 n8 ^% I0 u3 XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 _9 [& R: X: T6 `1 u
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
' [) e1 f2 B6 R& W' s4 \5 uof papilledema.4 b* ~- h8 ^& n; c( y
Laboratory Evaluation9 E# h. P) w* L( s" z3 K- |2 w& ?
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% m' i' R. u! r% z% Eusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 `# [0 y* h5 e* n( b" p& dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal9 ^6 Z1 p) ]( W/ `1 ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 ]: M9 {6 o& B8 v' |6 N8 X# Cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
. F& v7 C( {$ h2 `* [) a$ llating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." ?$ Y4 y5 v4 y( j, ], i% _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: R: a' A; e2 q6 surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, a/ l, ?8 \7 K0 {* c
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 X) c' ~- R$ _; m" U
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ U# \! T3 e7 A1 E0 g& D' B0 U; w(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  U+ W' B7 j7 b3 I: M$ z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
. L* X# _) [: p& J1 xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 M3 e: w$ x0 f  l5 K$ a
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 |; Q. ?+ w2 u' J" H" R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" _- T7 F9 N0 c7 d
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ X' d  V- v* o- P$ i: stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 p5 W# v3 v3 }0 Ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 t/ ]. \; h+ b( k  M1 S9 sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 K' V, w) H9 n" c' Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: K. A. Z9 Q- L% ?7 y9 J
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
0 _" L) Y" I+ o: nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! @& ^( D$ s0 u4 c/ L(prepubertal).
( R7 l# w2 W" `* FThe parents were notified about the laboratory) u& [# d8 i5 ]$ n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
: |3 s6 E# `5 \- x' M* Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 A1 V; ]4 L8 ^7 Z/ W
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 L6 D( o8 u; a0 t8 ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 E, t# ?; |8 |7 s. Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
7 V" l& }  B, m) E; F' KPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
+ j1 p2 l2 w! Q: n2 Q, v/ Pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  ?0 Q3 k5 _( h# m2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& H# G6 p/ p+ ]# X6 y1 T6 h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 c; s7 S% g/ A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* ?# `0 a- H* E, Q/ e
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 u  e- k3 a7 J: H% e. F# n+ h1 j4 |2 }$ @
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., I/ ]# `; r, B" v# ?3 p& j  d
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! U" j# {& m6 A" _+ king frequent erections.  j# T* b) u, I. O! a( j
Both parents were again questioned about use of- X2 G% K: j) V' y6 @7 S+ A+ w
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 j; m9 z4 R* h( s# _$ r3 K# H) Bthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& |2 W( J- [4 ]9 L( j' k6 `# |. z- C/ PTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; m# Z) l" ?' o! Z+ m- k) c3 Y) ~use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ i* J/ m) ]  s$ b2 L$ Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, c# D3 A0 m4 f, q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- @, l. e4 H, R% @: T0 v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 J$ p9 I: z% r5 tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido  s# t7 s' n" E  N% x0 e! \* S
secondary to depression.7 w1 R' R9 U# h8 J; p% R& b
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ @! j5 S+ @0 P9 q, W9 XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his( x7 q% A' M% s( l4 D1 o! @+ O( O
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 T# C3 q- R0 g4 s" Anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ V8 N0 c7 p9 d
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
5 G+ r, _' M3 iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% x% Q6 a1 j+ n! F3 owas high, he then read the product information$ e: p: p, I/ i" W* v% B9 r: Z8 O2 |! i0 l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 ]0 n4 F+ q- m
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ J1 P( P2 {8 y! Ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' Y, y  A- a6 W" X8 D; k% zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 X1 E- l! M+ Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  o# X: r$ {( p* c. ?- v
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, ?6 z2 P( X* e6 ~8 s% [" zlaboratory to obtain the test.# W5 ~' S4 b" Z* O0 g* [
Discussion
9 _# R8 ^1 d6 J9 qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- V( k5 b/ N, Y6 |, |; Vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 C5 j* f/ ~3 S1 K, \2 \' H4 d0 FPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 e* Q1 ~- A  J9 b6 y* ^
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 q# b$ O9 V5 o: _# z1 W
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 C2 e2 [% w9 t: A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* U' d. G7 C, K( u  u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is# n; n% o6 }" O- D
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' @! b& N, H' U& Q  |% c
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
9 m7 X$ R+ Z( M( Fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 I+ g! \  _7 q( a% d* yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" Q- Y$ \/ D' k  h  c% l  [% \ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 r. `+ P6 ]8 j4 R) F6 F6 P" L
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- y, b- J( s( ?' u' v& y! Cgonadotropins.1,3
0 g; _) M- A* c& vGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* X) `% W+ [5 b. X& W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( E  T: e6 E, ?  [& M6 K% Xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- h. |- H% y6 q+ xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
& B3 Y& E0 n+ c" @6 ~4 o) f5 v1 hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
  r- g1 i  j; x& @+ Econgenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! r* C4 v$ j) N  n0 Gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
% O/ U1 j. W9 a8 }. l" A6 t; fpuberty in boys.3,48 a" Y6 z, e) X7 z/ S3 n: J$ l
The most common form of congenital adrenal) k( \; R# J: v. S
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
, G" L+ k% J, m4 u9 |The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" f* c& ?, `0 J" T, _- H/ m1 h) Gexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. p+ G1 J% G+ g# {' X0 Z6 }
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. e# i# M7 x8 f+ Hexcess.1,3- I* t2 X) t. \, O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# q/ U1 H. j% C, R8 g# p9 r
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
9 K0 y4 [$ Y8 x2 y# OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-: e0 ~. ~7 K; n: T5 |# ?
independent precocious puberty, which is also known# H/ T! {; V/ e8 m: {, u& b8 w
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
" {1 T9 p3 Y  k4 Uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
, x& G; y1 Y* F4 o. \7 Rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,. j1 m. L" t7 K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, y, N& N$ I' c
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 C, y9 q2 K+ Z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 C3 L0 O7 a$ `* L) D0 w; S8 S# Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 R: s, r1 ~) Q/ a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; T) n5 h, n; k! F1 O4 R# O
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; d3 `7 I& _+ d3 o, d
males; therefore, other male members of the family
; u. k. k' X. K' H* fmay have similar precocious puberty.3
6 Q# C4 b6 R/ ?4 l& V- R; h" MIn our patient, physical examination was incon-# L/ m+ ], _" N1 ^) i2 }2 Z" D
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* y7 ^( g0 h! X, A( C3 A5 Ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" w' ]5 w1 T4 G6 l
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- B# W# h. V; d; P+ b: e( w
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 h, t: @+ S) {5 z% @8 ^% C3 Z0 ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. V9 ^. G/ C$ h6 g# Qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 p6 j/ [& @, H% `
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
7 P6 f* R4 Q6 ]- n% lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! ]/ [0 k5 W/ V- k9 q, n
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
/ I& |  o1 f- G1 I9 ]) zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-8 Q( n0 T+ B" a+ q$ S
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 }; q" f: S6 W( @* T( H  U& w
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) U* B, O) p* [! ]* Hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ k/ [7 N6 ^; }4 U3 h( x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-. f0 t; D  c! T6 m' c! Q+ p6 }
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
  w8 r( T) ~2 B0 a2 S* vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: @. {! B4 ^* O8 e4 M( `terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( U' V; Z% @8 e. F& }# `) Nusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; U4 C! F. Y& x- x$ [, ]! xDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ u' s1 E! F+ T# r" a
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& Z9 c% W/ T. \, l4 h2 c
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- O  e$ x  t6 u5 H
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 c: U  J. a% u" P$ t0 O  D
baseline value in those females who were exposed to. b% s% C  E' v' f6 b" E
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& ^  J! i# V7 h7 R; w" @partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 Q: H! @- I5 h' _, M8 x- Ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 Y7 P1 U+ w  nOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 a. k5 @9 ~  qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* S/ n7 O& _  W# X$ N% o8 F5 g, k7 Odermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 a* m9 U: ?( ~0 o+ |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& m% d8 B6 x' K# J  Q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! L  A6 G: f9 }. C" }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 n" ~0 F% X) M( Y3 T7 k1 `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) C" s$ m8 P' L2 C& S8 i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 m2 z6 l; w3 c8 {5 {/ n/ achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 L; y$ I3 S( x; F
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 ~2 F0 o% a' \5 ?& LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 t  s0 @% @( C( f  d6 o; q4 `9 k4 \
early childhood on pubertal development and final
& x* Y* _: ~5 ?' A9 b! d9 ?: {5 g$ ?adult height are not fully known and always remain
5 ~* A7 S4 c3 ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ c& g% s9 o8 [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 c, Q; R& g* r3 Tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: w# L  H4 T/ F# ^. P/ e0 B8 i
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& U. t4 A% \# {2 _; h7 \4 O5 ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: E9 R& u+ Q. T9 ]+ I6 Q, Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! H' w& a; p; {. o- f2 ^6 \! tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; Z' |, O4 B9 t+ j$ t& K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 K) W% l, g; s% O3 T) h9 ^adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-+ j% x; O& J1 v3 O# m, W0 m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( K2 t( ]2 e. y) T: u) V7 nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 @- O1 [+ Z# y8 x' ~, @2 g2 l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) _7 z$ y9 T) A: i, J: Rpenile length in clinical studies.4 Z: h1 g9 E: O3 ~$ d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ M  F: e# L  {, d* {
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
* }7 J7 ?' P; D4 j3 ~4 i/ Stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( }' c0 h* d9 w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# b/ \! m% H% ]$ Y4 Z5 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
( x( X5 s8 v5 ediagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. z5 I# J- ?! @& \8 z3 Y
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ w$ Y: u. Y6 ?  [9 n0 S( s
height will not be affected.
' n+ F4 v5 X8 t/ \3 K& ZAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ k: g& d; S2 }1 L1 q" C
ability of androgen products in our society may
* \" C6 a+ L: {+ {indeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 q- i6 E& y, e0 l& l6 Z  x% @1 qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) P& s, l  u+ U- h
gen products must be considered and specific ques-" |# m# k: E+ G9 A6 w
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% J) K- [7 Z2 O
gel should be asked of the family members during7 F4 g6 [' r: U* a* Y& ]" x/ j
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 p7 b2 e0 `+ f1 g% d8 l9 ~0 T
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; ?7 w# Q1 T3 w7 z4 o! M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 o7 }" l5 ^7 `. t+ p$ {5 vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& y  `* W% M/ _  ]history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' `% D* e8 G5 u  ~4 n# X+ |3 zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ z& d3 v, g/ U4 c6 g/ h4 B
investigation. The primary care physician should be
8 ?2 A6 B! J! q: l7 Maware of this fact, because most of these children
" U5 O7 E& H% w8 E( Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ P. h# w. F, b: VDesk Reference and package insert should also put a8 _$ O3 x. g  p9 D) K- O
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 Z; _4 j7 i% c" q9 pfemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 F/ z# Y/ r9 Y% d! T7 q' n: Kone using any of these products." v% y4 M( v# H
References3 s$ Z: i' t) y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
$ w2 k5 {! J* f, _and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; S! P$ r- m7 \+ FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
. O1 W* [0 Y' s6 Q- O$ [2 z" G2002: 565-628.0 C" Q! P( r  y( Z. S- U$ O4 {2 Z
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 m. y8 w# v- r' _. L, L9 l$ e5 E% u
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

; ]( E  c( d0 R, @1 \% Z% \3 ?精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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