WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 w& }6 M/ o8 R# B4 kBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ r4 v: w6 a# i4 d/ T7 IExposure to Testosterone6 d2 C  ~, Z! ]" W% O
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 h! l' ?  w" }: ]3 Jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- A& T0 Z, A& p1 ?' S& T
Clinical Pediatrics0 ~% m9 w  y0 M( g" P8 [
Volume 46 Number 6$ X( N" w  o- d" c
July 2007 540-543
0 e8 I# R  b: {( f& N2 `; r© 2007 Sage Publications# Y3 x7 L% h" H* g! @- f# D
10.1177/0009922806296651
# J. W3 H: y7 t5 nhttp://clp.sagepub.com
! c; \6 _% u2 }5 Shosted at
4 ~' N9 g2 s1 C% U; yhttp://online.sagepub.com
! r% p2 u+ c0 M( \* Y. C0 ~5 K2 ]7 BPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 n" U4 b' E# Y0 e; `5 |; U6 v
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( a  n1 w2 u& k/ J7 Y6 ^8 Dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
6 N) `+ u: w% U5 d* n' z& zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 I4 l% u' S3 {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" Z1 D9 A1 E0 k* E
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! r% ]! t% ?. s6 Q
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 R. a- Q5 i/ x/ g' s' [hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
+ n  |8 |5 ~3 c; @) @/ Tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  r. h" k4 J7 k
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: m  b/ ~8 |3 Z0 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" V/ J/ v  z* l. Q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 @5 ?% n4 @2 Z* S/ v2 t7 A7 F/ {3 @to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by' @' Q  {# i( L3 H% y! K* h: W% s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ P8 U! j- T9 |$ u8 Y% Q8 ]1 Q& umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! k" h- L4 Y; p1 t: _1 gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' k5 f1 @6 c9 g3 [: C
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! C" g) F* g* a/ ?0 V4 K
bly more common than the rare case report in the
, l7 r1 Y% d" Y: S8 o% n' Kliterature.4" H& O0 U2 n5 v* |' g- L/ o5 L
Patient Report, k" n7 N) X. Y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" R& u8 Q( R; c) t
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
% d* X, j  y6 @3 O! t* Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
. c: o- M, X+ u$ ?. blight colored pubic hair development when he was
. ^+ i6 c% d* J6 uFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; h6 S$ s# B# n0 |9 lSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! {: \% W( t9 [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
8 J2 A& Z2 D, U6 N0 V, m! K/ M9 qProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: R4 X% L$ m  {/ H" i
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' v% k5 T2 l  D4 c9 |e-mail: [email protected].( K) q" \2 V, a# ?/ V# i+ Y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' P1 C- E; ^7 d, z# J% v; F7 Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: ~% ^7 \* P5 @4 I, F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) v+ N4 f/ Z5 d6 w% K
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with+ y9 f9 x0 R( N* U# j/ R' }5 ]5 a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; ^. f  X7 A& @6 t) D; b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ I! a" G; x# M" A9 _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! D% U. y' J  q- e" S
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 A& `  q/ ^# m1 }2 |' Cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
4 J$ ~: O, K0 x* C. Lwas age appropriate.* M/ @) O' O- @; Y+ v, [
The family history was remarkable for the father,& z; c$ [% n; c7 j0 `1 {, A/ n
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 `; J9 k. i/ ~: X  n1 F( B5 Pwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
8 U  [$ I- x2 Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 Y) ]; w8 ?7 E4 Q* q/ ?2 V8 Q0 ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# X; t% Y1 b" g! \The father denied taking any other medication. The
) }1 d: D3 L% `; K% x1 g. `4 Q8 uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
5 W# v; `7 ?2 n2 N3 @) h$ T0 Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet0 L6 ~  Z! B( f/ U
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 z6 G( ?* p5 A. q! Tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 d- ]* {- k6 \6 }
tives. There were no siblings.1 i* L+ ]2 t, ?2 l( Z
Physical Examination
  R# n: Z; F. d# mThe physical examination revealed a very active,  D7 f6 U  {' k; l( A* G- d' e
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 h4 k& C$ t: Z/ R; \
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# K9 ~6 H) |! `8 w  v90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; a7 ]8 @# X- c) ?) R
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ Z4 Z4 g" N& i+ G+ I
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 H  ~3 V; L' P6 J1 [) Y% D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.) Z; a# b/ \# w' v
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, m  ^! R" J% V1 w1 M1 t" nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ q8 Y: g9 v, g4 @, Z+ t8 \6 w8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
' ~1 y! c# B/ p4 [' w; Vdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 k6 `* k0 ]; x, {5401 B' f, w" b# g6 y, Q; X2 ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ @# h! x9 ^* [1 {/ ~$ ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ c: u  u# M9 e8 ?$ g  C  Utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% A; k$ ?0 H; I5 M9 j0 x4 k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; Q+ i0 P5 b  k. A6 M- {/ Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- g$ w) k/ {% w8 Wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( [) V# L$ O/ o9 Y' ]: I9 s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. j. b3 A3 Z$ K3 Ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 z: h2 G7 d% V8 v1 Gof papilledema.
9 c) n! R7 @8 l) mLaboratory Evaluation
! K( W$ b+ _' Z! T/ UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ X% a' x  T9 a$ Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' a* j" S7 q& O: e0 e* N- Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; B. h9 K; b4 s2 S2 M% O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% u  z) y/ I7 }( n2 E; w2 Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, U# F0 w+ r7 I; {7 A
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 F$ A4 U& s4 K! OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  J4 Z8 |. V, O$ W4 J/ i$ _
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 X& \* O) H+ n/ e8 U6 z+ ]0 W$ b; X* ewithin normal range for his age. The concentration- b5 q# `# g/ h6 ^( ~* C# ]+ l
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; x: w% g( M8 D! q7 I, A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ E0 }2 v! n! T* Y: _( ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 s( |: h3 C: Z: t
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( ?4 x$ ]9 X( f$ ]$ ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to  o4 q/ E- c! C
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 j! X* b5 E* ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* N, `- K9 K8 a( ^) atisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 Z9 J  P% \  X6 F/ A1 H
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& R3 _1 m1 ]1 @4 Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; F0 F# t/ ^/ o- f! L8 O# r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  Y; X9 L/ G0 V8 Xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. n6 Q* E( |- N! J% y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 v" k% }2 ^7 [# Z0 v- V
(prepubertal).
( j- a- {2 R( _( L4 n0 M- }1 {The parents were notified about the laboratory; o# G' c. b) ]; x  U
results and were informed that all of the tests were
* t/ F, ?3 M- o) pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
& k2 J4 q3 s0 L( }; ]: A5 mfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; _) D0 X: m0 A* p1 h+ V
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-& @4 a6 O8 ?/ G, I; M! F
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- B2 q% P" p1 LPhysical examination at this time revealed that the: O3 H" @/ }, |" t
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- D' b6 Q/ m. K0 [) G9 W, J1 K" Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& U0 _" `8 \9 K$ m% ^: D
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 E& V4 `: q  `
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' O  R; O5 m5 P: p% Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& g2 j0 _, T0 R. W) K
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." V8 y- P, Q/ U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& J$ M2 t% {+ K  O  f
ing frequent erections.7 h% O( R+ F" e. t, q8 E- i- k
Both parents were again questioned about use of
' }( V1 t6 u) ?8 V% L' jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to: y5 |  }0 z+ g5 g5 Y% D# ~# P0 L3 E
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" b; H6 }  e- W* i  y9 F: s2 C* V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 ?* I: R' V; S9 j  M
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 M$ p# r+ |' i. C9 |3 u& W, h' O' R
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* \/ L# `7 ?3 _
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; i9 o8 G2 R( N; nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" ?; v' ]# S7 _3 K: J; ~7 h$ D9 [scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 P" ~9 Q0 E! {# q! m2 q
secondary to depression.
) H$ L% m0 y8 J$ }) q2 M$ @/ TThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
; L; N5 T  P0 k) L+ lThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his; `) J- L) S/ l' v7 D+ X8 }' J
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-4 P4 Q# ^0 L3 N1 A( [
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 c9 y/ y. @0 G/ \$ c2 IThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ ^8 s, G+ c8 ^4 a8 i$ mwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, c6 O# l3 S  v% y% t0 rwas high, he then read the product information
$ U  r- _" |9 e) }1 P2 S. Y. tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 W2 N. A; Q+ A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 b, f) X4 o* j* }4 w
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: ]* I/ a( S( P0 v3 q5 u" C% @; F; O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 ]( C! G, {) g) Z9 Y4 b; P2 \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 n% q! O8 }" `' ]) S
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, f8 q  ]7 q% N: ]) j* ?  w: }; i$ }6 claboratory to obtain the test.
- I1 ^8 ~) Q8 J6 |1 dDiscussion6 K/ h7 j- K) h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: G- e' s, Y7 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 h" d4 w+ N* |. M/ s* @; [Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* P4 k3 l( B7 |. Y1 q. kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 O/ m. q. \; z6 }! k# i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 E: f- R, [& _! ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP$ g; [5 ^$ u2 c. C
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ f! ^5 e+ h+ P5 q6 j/ S$ |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" }$ x! _- b1 l! E
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 T2 Q- y3 q: z2 osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
8 f0 c6 @- _0 P/ ~* H5 l7 uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 x0 }* n3 X3 e( Q
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 N/ f5 s6 l  G8 A% n, E/ Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! f/ j7 g5 c, ?0 j# _! L% P+ ?/ u0 e* e3 A
gonadotropins.1,32 u$ H  F- }1 }1 ?
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
! \9 d' P" z1 F+ d- pcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate6 `# J4 {+ k2 l1 V
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 w; O1 N) Z7 Z: m5 t- M+ m9 |" v' i
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 }0 \5 y* F7 s( `3 m$ S
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 V8 @( s) N; N7 [- Ucongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 Y6 B$ e2 T1 D2 z( d* Nadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 @" y; v/ D: A
puberty in boys.3,4
/ H5 y4 n# _6 H' c; H- E5 eThe most common form of congenital adrenal, g* x* `: I) R+ U% e. V% p, ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.  ^& b) Z' h) T( C# a0 {, ]/ A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 ^; d( e) `5 C$ r( ?' E& oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 l/ y2 ?8 P. ?6 |1 v/ Uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 H0 |3 y5 W; u6 x, C" r! v1 Fexcess.1,34 \- [1 m0 U9 |9 Z0 _( _
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& q$ Y& C4 B4 C8 V0 @8 S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. N  x$ b3 |# r; y+ I: P, B- O( sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 I- I# W2 J! T, P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known$ p* j0 \/ K& B9 e( k7 z! G, Y: ^6 a
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* {) ^8 o- k4 O; U: B% Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 W: R4 `  q' N  }2 C, x& V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,% H& a) e2 D7 z* s6 D& z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' X9 U9 r. w! I3 cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! C# s$ W  m0 g: n/ z7 A
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ o2 V" `4 Q5 J9 f5 R7 ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% y! Y- X0 g, nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- j. P0 w. t. r$ d; i
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; p- G5 s: E9 Z
males; therefore, other male members of the family
& M6 J/ Y% ?( P- L0 cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
3 N6 y- ^1 ]4 ]9 B- `1 x  M* eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
) @7 y- C: a- F$ n  a  Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ Z7 l! U( ?& e& k/ d9 X$ h
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* l" W3 w8 S+ w/ S9 t* ^
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! x' C6 C- \) ^* rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, m! X' A! q( {5 o. q1 gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ c/ [$ H! o. Z" N( B; Q( J
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 K7 W% \" n1 O$ ^! mative initial history of androgen exposure, our% `; B" k' M7 Q& w. U. k2 |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" w% c% L, B9 i/ y% T/ t, W# Y% Teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 y- u9 e& k3 b' \' Qdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; e/ X, C: l* t8 e
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! }1 R, r4 T0 ]" Q! LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* z/ a6 P3 N( h5 Y. {7 x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: a+ g- n' r* [& [
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# O5 y" |- Q. `& j0 C1 |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. W- O7 U3 P. H5 m$ d3 Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% J) }; g/ X3 m" x
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% A! \- l$ O( ]' b/ Y# `
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- z2 n. T9 `3 s! H% V7 p& y9 S
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 U9 q( {, z6 z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) Y2 y5 A$ q5 _, [" G% h$ tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.' K' n, t* R; R( u) G+ _& s
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the; E4 Q2 m6 Z( C% Q# f: b# k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 U+ r; e4 M; ]8 N& P0 p# deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
0 h5 H6 O+ l) ]# {3 fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 b$ J8 \8 U, }+ Y3 P7 @8 Dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 d* I2 V5 M9 [! X$ J; POur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- c, L( M! P% X) A: E
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- f9 ]$ k, o2 S1 i
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
$ r. `6 z  s5 k+ D+ [; nterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 M6 F& {8 F" o. aactive in young children exposed to testosterone
6 A4 j% C7 G7 x( t# Lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
7 ?$ B- H" {" K' \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; D0 ?' ~( O" q0 p7 J8 Vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- ~# o5 Y1 G2 Q7 c% K, R+ S% ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and/ R& n) I  V& y2 g4 ?0 R2 U
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 B7 t! x: l- ~% \  C5 HThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
- a. V. V4 L( _early childhood on pubertal development and final
( T0 V# y, ~( w. U6 Iadult height are not fully known and always remain
0 W) `) c3 j& O) Ca concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ C5 @5 p7 }% C( q7 U# H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 a1 q% }& o7 h$ l, s( |; V
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ V/ u5 C, J' P# t, ]2 q7 P4 kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
: h& T. k$ V9 b; ~0 A. j" ^decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, b) k# W7 }+ q9 t8 G6 _There are conflicting reports and controversy
! _5 s* D$ b0 a9 Gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. A# }1 i. S  k& i) R
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 R/ q' E; m  f' u
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& y) U: d6 B4 F' K) k1 T2 P- I
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& _$ C! @) i- h* z9 F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between. F0 A( }/ Q( G  G% b6 ~5 ]
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! u8 E0 _- Z: c# `* Spenile length in clinical studies.
' K7 g1 K8 }9 }) tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 a3 J9 J  n4 ^) ~3 w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 H; w; E8 D) k, G
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 R* o! Y6 ~$ x+ y. O# K/ ~the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." z" R! F, h' ]$ b  I/ Y$ F
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
; m  J# [# J' C/ y! J( A' Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( ^' _: q* ]9 F$ h+ Bthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult" I) j5 S8 X! M( T  w' n# p
height will not be affected.' Z" j' [) I- {9 I% U2 Z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-: {& L3 X0 |7 }( f7 b% m
ability of androgen products in our society may/ Q5 Z$ G% F- T2 c. \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
% }5 Z! b3 ]- p/ k& Y6 Bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" f# V2 n  [# o7 s! r, v* u. o  K0 ~gen products must be considered and specific ques-
8 l8 R  @$ F) e7 ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
8 o6 C  g" H' m% T( A2 igel should be asked of the family members during) o, x3 M9 y( B% W9 X
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  y# y" k& J3 {& w/ Jilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-& U  Q5 l! o# Q1 {* F: U
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by: V9 o' H' H& E8 f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  \  L: h0 \7 o" f+ |8 D  Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
  P; F# D$ Q, @. oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# U8 O- |0 i8 [/ }" e2 iinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' K  A3 D2 m" U+ J- I! Eaware of this fact, because most of these children6 W6 X, M  n4 G
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 X4 K2 g) [+ C4 S$ e# R* dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 m7 n$ Q* _7 |0 n/ ?2 Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! E) s0 S! ^* z( j+ _
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 e) q2 K4 m6 i$ Q7 \& Done using any of these products.+ w' g% s/ R0 D, C5 H8 E$ h5 Q
References
+ V8 ?1 [5 i+ u2 G; u1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 `6 [6 Z( E6 Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric& z" e+ V# A8 l. l2 {, C# z, t
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 Y- {2 {7 s2 V+ ~% ~) ^2002: 565-628.
7 e6 Y+ c2 W* o. R9 P2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, R5 G  t( t& g0 \4 W. C# \
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& K* e( E! l7 Z7 \9 F" Q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical* Z: _% k. W6 E, b
Exposure to Testosterone
3 Q5 Y; C; F0 f  CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 x" X. V: C5 Qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 C- P$ c9 T$ v: |# u1 Z! X
Clinical Pediatrics! [: ^) t" Y' R; O/ l2 y7 n
Volume 46 Number 6
* u; x" p: K8 _2 Y! [2 g5 x/ k$ vJuly 2007 540-543+ t7 [7 O9 j. T
© 2007 Sage Publications" B* O, A, s5 d: K+ j: c
10.1177/00099228062966512 w8 z9 y% M4 k8 A: u
http://clp.sagepub.com
" x3 A( H( }2 U: ]# a2 N# h; Whosted at
: s# G8 E- H- {. q  x; Dhttp://online.sagepub.com8 [+ U! g: _* h  `+ n5 ^
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 g+ x9 {( Z6 V
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; W2 v4 R4 [* a  H, D# P/ e
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated+ [$ m7 C0 X/ _+ A5 l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 b+ K, Y% D. Q; l, S0 `' A. l  W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ x$ \* m% |$ W/ F2 S
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ p) Z! Z1 v4 E& }( o  p! G2 Gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
( i/ m: M$ J7 w( thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 V% M3 D& U  R& h; r3 L9 Ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
8 v' T2 N- [, t; Z1 a2 }report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# p- r1 {! I, l, fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' H6 P6 P: A2 H3 D
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! |2 n( L- O8 rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 C; V/ B5 [% H& t& F" E: Fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-, {- u2 c5 O4 _/ K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. l: {; g3 G( N+ F. y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
/ ?; B/ n) O( f* N/ `testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
6 Q* b: P) Y% a4 q6 s: Qbly more common than the rare case report in the
' r* z# g% d( g. [! Jliterature.41 Z: a2 I1 }$ ?, ~/ Q$ t
Patient Report
; |+ i# }" |# ~9 X% I+ p- DA 16-month-old white child was referred to the* Y7 z* e  A  j9 |
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% T, H6 T1 q2 M4 m
of early sexual development. His mother noticed8 Z* W+ }8 k, U% ~) s, |. \" v, m
light colored pubic hair development when he was
* {; i+ n8 Z! C& o8 OFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" B" r- J2 y% O+ Y2 ]! c% X
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 D: H+ p8 M; |
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,0 C5 h* k" r. K) M# R6 E8 \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: Q9 B2 L' R( s" x& _Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  \3 |7 _: ]4 |e-mail: [email protected]." u: F" v0 \+ J% j8 c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- X2 V3 K7 _) h$ r& [darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-- B, W  R+ R5 B$ |  m% C
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" z, V, G) G+ |7 J' ]# {
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' ~6 n5 d; H. i* y$ M# Ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" a5 W9 s: Z0 q7 [( ~20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 J* r0 |1 }" V& ]( ~
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! L) ~  L; @7 T9 Y) isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& J. x5 W' p( O9 hand his psychosocial and psychomotor development8 N8 \: w; l% x, C" m
was age appropriate.2 O  t8 I, {$ z+ }2 `7 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,1 x/ j2 U( s6 ]. L/ c
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,$ u/ {# Q8 G5 x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s- ^  Y! a! [3 l0 r/ c0 K: Z/ l
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ {8 Q* ]1 t! K3 z( {early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; E% F, a2 N, T& E, e& y! eThe father denied taking any other medication. The
3 ]/ \* n/ f& J8 _- S0 ?child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
! {) Y( J1 V$ D0 ~1 y& ~  B& W8 f0 Vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 @- P- o/ `3 p6 W+ M- U/ V' p
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" V. [8 k9 c6 ~% O' p6 zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 ?6 S1 F1 G' b) S) s8 |
tives. There were no siblings.
4 C. s8 q& {: x+ e; F- M, @Physical Examination/ _6 m, B# w" w, Q
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 T1 z' b: K2 k1 r- s4 M. B
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 t9 ~& T! g( pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 i8 D' G; Q: P: I. ?( w* _& s& `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 g% H- t, l$ ^3 L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 e3 X/ u: m2 O2 Z+ q; N
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. G& |) d# I6 w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." y( X% [: c- v6 S4 }! R# Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; }- z! P: Y7 S) L8 s4 g
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of, m1 @. X6 Z  \, ?1 e. k
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 k. u: r  o4 W; A1 Ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around; A" Y* J8 J: b; \5 y3 j
540' i8 [2 M  S  m* {( i0 \1 W: ?7 q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 W/ ^8 e7 w/ n5 sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( l' y/ J/ ?6 r" R. G  ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# s+ W. T( p) X1 @6 IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 c9 f5 P; ?5 f1 ]# ~( p. qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ g* {% J2 i! m3 ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 A. {7 o* i4 {* U3 PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+/ e2 X4 I  f! s* P2 n6 ~6 h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 p# _" i( {: {1 X+ ?% U& ^of papilledema.3 W* f7 i" d$ ~4 ]# N
Laboratory Evaluation0 Z8 G  Q" o3 P# G
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! b0 M; {8 Q' ~9 Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 L7 C( o2 ~) rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
; m+ g( j: _" R9 s) x& Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ @# c8 D1 z7 H) ^, b8 s( B# l: k, ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 {# O% @+ ~0 @$ e9 L. C; H( _
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 T8 n# y" e3 U/ ?4 A4 U' i
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! s; F( c: N- q$ p. x0 V' G& ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 U0 d. l3 {1 R1 f5 b5 S9 `within normal range for his age. The concentration, _# A6 h* R. L+ S. d6 q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 R3 Y8 G" Y% V" C7 b
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20" S5 }, E" }7 p
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 @% n0 i. E, O: e8 `0 E" M* H+ h
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 B, d7 ]5 p2 ^( Q3 ldesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  {( T& E, d  M- T5 E+ Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# b: N% M2 L; Z. ]- L
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 J2 q$ ?$ O6 Z* l( n' G. r+ Htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 w9 c( K$ i, {( w0 xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ E7 g2 X6 d% h8 L, I8 v- |and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 W" N+ Q5 D8 g* [
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& ]0 i( s4 x9 Rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 u+ l4 l4 d( k/ Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ a( K2 I3 E! ]( r) W(prepubertal).
; x/ N9 U4 p, F3 N6 q, I. E6 EThe parents were notified about the laboratory* s0 ?% L* o0 s: F6 @" F) z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
8 O( Z/ Z9 \; E$ E$ {5 }4 {normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 y) t- f+ }' N
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% v: s% L6 Z) W- J) o) E( s
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* c9 F+ m( Y8 I$ p; P% ?, L5 N& M. S3 s
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 x" L. B& J* D( e+ MPhysical examination at this time revealed that the/ s8 _' Q2 [# j0 G2 G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" o( N% d( C1 u! q" h& g# t2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) h( r' F$ V  h. N" T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; x' Z6 I, L( k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# @) t8 ?: k  r* z# H( x7 H3 q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 n/ u; H3 T/ ^, X8 w! i
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.* q$ Z' l5 Y9 A8 k! a5 V( U1 m# m" P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" d) W) H2 Q4 O2 R6 @1 T6 T
ing frequent erections.7 f& C5 t: }& d, F1 Q8 o
Both parents were again questioned about use of. M7 y$ w/ p# Q+ e- Y1 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, T6 z# P& f* y$ _: \9 r1 _# wthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  u5 y7 H2 M# {2 V* z, NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
% \, I) s0 }. N3 V. a" G% y! kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 i* K$ E' a5 C' o6 D# w+ Q- ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  `' T/ u. ~5 F$ w# B% J. k/ \a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 D& I4 B) e5 {9 H8 {1 i5 z6 H# Lto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
3 ?' E- f+ B: ^$ X6 i+ Y+ r! s. V5 tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido% Q2 o5 c8 t! ^8 ~' f. m9 q/ H) t$ }" q
secondary to depression.5 E/ k3 M1 b- M! l# p6 s4 i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. S% I3 V( [" Y7 D" K# N( AThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ W- f& E8 y; c& T5 p. J$ b: [; i2 R
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& e! a' O2 v3 k" i% }2 P9 z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ Y, F- E, r/ H% F3 p, YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,$ w: V3 d& x2 Y. N6 I, \& g' O
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; U' z' W, |  P; w0 z: c! ?
was high, he then read the product information
# K2 V& C7 U3 r" W7 c3 J! o+ opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ X6 ?3 _$ y% i5 K# k) u* E2 ?son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 x! O) T5 z) e8 j2 C( H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 \& h" G2 \! Z3 e* F7 wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ H7 y5 k! p- U+ j5 g4 h5 R. a6 B+ ^
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! X, z0 u0 Q" y! k! mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ Q" \. _/ ?( H: k- Llaboratory to obtain the test.
4 b* O' y+ _0 r# ?, n( ], t/ bDiscussion
! u/ A5 }& B1 \# IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 X7 d6 r2 V. i" f5 P0 w0 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 t: r5 {+ Q0 T1 E8 r
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 d7 q  a8 S3 G: Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* m5 O0 \" X* y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 v; h; |1 g; r/ o4 Y% ~$ u" zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& z7 I; D" [# n9 V. k( @# K# t$ J. w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 Z7 d# v# U3 V4 Oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-2 P1 i) x# Z# v) v# @! x
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 \# n- f) \4 [
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ Y3 T" H% Y0 [! y3 x1 A; w2 iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 s. m) G! n, G2 M5 m& Tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 i* ~3 |. u$ n2 i! D; A9 w) p
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% z" _& R% Q7 h" h2 y$ U* r& |gonadotropins.1,3
* r+ ^% h. ?8 D( z  q/ JGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; l& U  N* I4 E! o- j( d& I' p% S" Lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ {# B% m9 p! u; d; H) j$ ^androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" }! w( H: f/ x8 c; ~- @
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ M8 G) a" Z! A1 ?7 c7 W  L; I( i
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" y5 F' S8 O8 c1 d' b: P3 G
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. o0 e$ V$ L! ~2 o7 L! Q9 n2 }adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* x2 _7 a' ^& B( K4 M
puberty in boys.3,4
- A4 d0 I( R7 y! hThe most common form of congenital adrenal
# D8 m/ |% n+ p2 dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. q8 B% P$ B7 V5 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* ^. n$ E& i) m' O# F/ N5 `( b) g: oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 F0 u  R. r; han adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' V6 A1 n% n5 F7 L0 u; hexcess.1,3
0 [( ]: ^5 ?7 k% \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, j' ]( @: F) F2 }' l( p% _/ a542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% x- ^5 I# ]" [; @5 @9 OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 @) }% [$ E% ~& S8 O! xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' t  f# S* Z$ _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ t+ p+ u: F& G7 y- p0 M+ ]# q* q
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 ?' T! b* P( R  n+ F6 H- M, ]with this disorder are full pubertal development,& J! ]/ O7 }9 L9 K# I
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. U& Z( A7 p( G
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 A8 O6 P8 x( D! T8 Z! yare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 M8 @( [8 r5 N, S$ Lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 T' ~+ s2 s; K6 l1 O* n! r( A9 A; d" F$ b
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 Z) c; S" D' Z' F  S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 h0 Q% O9 p+ l/ u$ ?2 D% u* ^males; therefore, other male members of the family: c; h  C) y0 Z3 K' Z
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 g  ]4 F; Q, [0 A& t/ s# _In our patient, physical examination was incon-* T; E- @3 y- h7 H- U) t  y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 f- E" ^# S, G; Rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 a1 H4 i' u/ }3 jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 n5 k+ U. h, j- a% a, g, k( Vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,/ D, E2 j4 g# P
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
. E4 Y# d  h$ o5 [3 [beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 X. X( S* y- T7 N0 a$ u) u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our; C. ?# R6 Z  G. r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" R9 _, V! j/ K6 r# leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. Y3 {& s* p5 w+ ?+ N2 r" y2 Z3 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 _: T( N. T- @: _" {
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( W) m9 c2 z8 O) ~  U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' v) {, b' u; ~- R. p5 l) r+ tsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& C/ \$ ]" P1 m( g) H; h* X# athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 K/ Y, M7 A/ a- v2 r& G0 Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 m" i( M( I' v- {  A% @' D% f
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 e  E  u' ^# j4 \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: o- Y9 D4 V6 l3 G3 g, g0 J0 }using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 F& W3 k2 j" w7 g9 RDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or# r! ~; R( d4 z4 }# s7 C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! R$ ?& a: v! y1 ?5 zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.. N6 r9 ^+ S) O. V' ~
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# |& `0 E5 I% {  y2 g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
; [4 l1 Q; c  p9 a. c( z, \# |even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  G3 `; Z; I$ s- I& M, Q, M+ Cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! c" y. A) U! U0 z/ U1 R* `
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 S, V8 m8 _" tOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ I4 v# l7 b8 [' N* n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 `% @1 K- [" x) L9 Q" g( n$ F
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" n$ K, O' k$ ?9 Y; G" L0 S
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ A# P) ?+ A" I$ }: a0 r" {" Z& B% s
active in young children exposed to testosterone2 Z6 R3 c/ @* R! R" e
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 e8 o: [- Q* g+ y3 Y; g) ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 ]1 P( u. J: v$ m# d' kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ B* Y9 T5 P: I. u1 Y2 H  Ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and9 a- `. @) K8 ]9 R+ B0 X& z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ N; K( x! H9 F6 n: p
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* h  m4 }/ U' F% mearly childhood on pubertal development and final2 U; w" a+ x; B0 [! W, W9 `' v7 x
adult height are not fully known and always remain% T* u( n, P% M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ M2 r/ I, n# p. p
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& P/ X5 |& L+ ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ K, ^' u' Y! W* B4 B
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 A) B4 j, g6 q% z5 \1 qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. s* `* O. X3 U5 Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy0 z: w% E3 Z* G% N9 A% j3 }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- }. I$ x# a7 _1 r. ^3 K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# B! g( K& g" f: t8 {& ~. ~
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-$ w/ G; g- y/ N
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 t" X3 D- C9 E5 {9 CSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 S. @+ P+ R: F# p; C; Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
, u$ C7 F6 a+ j+ w) vpenile length in clinical studies.
- a% a  n! v/ Y) d$ O9 vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
/ v9 F& T4 K4 ]: \8 V( Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from* G8 A& E# t9 D. a  ~1 H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 u3 ]3 \0 D2 Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.) s: }0 X& ~3 h( G5 \7 C2 ^3 k& B
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ ?: Y0 V/ n, J4 q6 b* l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 S+ v2 X" i5 q0 M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- X4 l4 f+ a' G! sheight will not be affected.
# s7 ]; [" h. x0 f, ]: nAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ |+ X3 d2 }& ?5 K- P/ g6 q. h6 tability of androgen products in our society may9 D# V$ J; W$ S' x/ q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: `8 d; Z2 o0 @children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 D* k; @! q% f  t! @. i0 K' H
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 E* A3 \3 l' F# t+ _6 F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. M* v& a& O+ C9 k2 V% J  y& B* \
gel should be asked of the family members during; [3 w% x( f$ F! F0 \3 H2 Z- R8 Q) ~
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ N" F4 m/ e5 C$ `ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 ?2 I" l* u0 R) U4 O# o& dnosis can be established by just a few tests and by( ?4 z% S8 ^1 }0 I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ z  |7 p6 k! _# P7 ]6 `history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 e) s' _8 h$ P  a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 j$ d0 `' _5 B
investigation. The primary care physician should be5 u, ^1 q1 a9 A, s. Z1 k* t
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 V! y" n& L/ qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 V9 d+ W( Q1 ~& _/ c
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( \: K4 x2 \/ u( |! j7 ]! dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 o6 I; D. t" T: A7 v. q2 Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 p% N4 e( V5 w6 z6 @9 L: |
one using any of these products., e7 g3 Y4 [" [2 k; d
References9 D& L2 d- O4 `8 ?: r6 V( r
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 [- n& E" N# S% ?) j
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# z3 D# o% {  E" {Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! O2 B1 V5 w* l. w0 b, e" a2002: 565-628.
; Z5 R, l3 g: r) [2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 z3 R2 y+ R  q. N/ ~5 @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
( t) K) u. w( J5 L( T0 Q
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表