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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% c5 j Z" D- \# {0 Q& [/ yBoy Induced by Indirect Topical, R3 W C3 v" ]' ]- T
Exposure to Testosterone
! f! O/ \, F! DSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
3 I! O' `" i) u6 `* _0 {4 R# Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 f, {! Q" L" g% K6 w: T( J
Clinical Pediatrics$ S6 M8 X$ \. t0 v4 q1 o5 b* u
Volume 46 Number 6
T# m0 {% r; n' P7 L: C PJuly 2007 540-543+ D& u. t& m9 m4 O) W# ^+ |
© 2007 Sage Publications# [) n) X4 [9 P$ [( N9 u9 W5 @
10.1177/0009922806296651( A$ P2 f" n9 E3 m+ c' ~
http://clp.sagepub.com
_0 g# O7 C7 h7 \/ |/ ghosted at; |) |+ e8 a! W* r- @
http://online.sagepub.com6 h0 O; Y# U1 N9 `' y- U" a
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 w, S2 D) ?8 K
is a significant concern for physicians. Central& Y7 {% S' T. J4 I/ h7 J& @/ c7 R; P
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# g; h2 _: W# Q7 [0 Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ M% _% Z5 M; l# D9 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! _( E$ l& ^ x3 o* ]; h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" T3 H* @5 }7 [. Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* ]8 V! O: r0 X8 k3 I! d) Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' I+ p. |; i9 w+ `; n; p# y; f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
0 { m; N& v1 Wreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ G8 A$ ^" Q' m3 z; g( Q9 e# f2 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 A! W: T( N# |* u8 M: E- g
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& A* u" R" ]2 ]* C% w+ V2 @
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
- H0 I" L/ X! o5 A) h, |6 f! R' Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 y8 X9 i$ C1 J: \5 C) _
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 q; _$ V3 A4 v- S5 k# G; d7 S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of c8 d8 y0 M& k. P
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, w% N5 ~. k" B5 A, Q4 Z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 p: X9 R. C# K4 ~- `- j/ oliterature.4
. K' E1 T& B: R* q$ s5 iPatient Report$ z: a% {5 a L* ?
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 f( Y7 ?( e. n& I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' ?; S6 s" I, M, L* g! \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed1 Q0 p& R, M& W7 p
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- ]/ S3 m" G4 G& q2 d. Q/ H7 EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 v/ h) L' C. v& c1 Z$ y/ uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* j! }! R# A" j/ z- wAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,) a3 ?) I) _: K0 y h
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) t% ?+ V( V: iMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& H) E( i+ j8 n' y# U. ee-mail: [email protected].
+ F) ~5 h% k- y: gabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
& G, f0 O* ^4 u4 }, C0 gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" ]+ }- U& b* Yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ B: @' L! Y0 Y" r8 X. l! E
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) T3 F4 s/ L5 c! x
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* s) ^% [+ \" Z1 o! T2 I' J
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; P8 j2 n. Q" V2 y, H. \/ k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- h2 F$ _- |; X* lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( U* N9 C: z/ ^$ R# ?# F2 l- L
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 R: p# e7 w( c3 Q* }was age appropriate.: ~4 @, t f7 m; k
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 l9 c3 q$ \' gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( W0 s* h( Z0 u8 x+ j2 s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; N) ?7 u7 Z6 ?/ kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat- g4 ~5 K- Q$ J: y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 P! E! Y; Q, f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 Q- r1 d! P2 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 c' t* d9 Q8 m! Y3 _0 V* w" ?& ^4 I X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 ]) N4 m3 N1 a' {/ z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ P+ [3 p8 \' hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ \# [0 i8 X) _) E1 _) o, Ptives. There were no siblings.* l t6 s! s4 f. \ ?
Physical Examination/ t3 t! @1 G# `/ W9 c0 O: ]: I
The physical examination revealed a very active,- F$ w+ Y4 x( [0 q, b% G
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ [! _# F2 H' e8 M) U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, \2 _. Y( {7 Z5 N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! |" ^: |; d$ t& e; `" b2 F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, s. H- ]2 V$ ?5 Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ Y" P" k. i# J3 ?, Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" u, [ o' R) |! `* M7 eThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: u5 A) Q3 Y# O- `9 Aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 B) ?- a) y$ y% m8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 s1 ~- g3 a* C, y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 g( n( L% j8 |* T
540) U! D2 c$ ]/ Y3 I& [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( `( u& |# Q) a6 |" P0 F! h, ?/ F
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 b! l' J: W' ^: u" t: l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( f/ @) E) v1 u0 S4 eThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 S) G0 A7 h# D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) B' ]0 @: _( m, @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" \) y8 @3 Q. YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+ z! o% h* O8 L" v3 h9 h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) \. {8 O+ d' C6 }# [+ T7 G
of papilledema., ?" @2 ]# y, B4 [% W
Laboratory Evaluation: H& x; y8 {8 H/ _4 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* T) {6 i( n- A' L" U0 `: Y& rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 f- @* b! g* N, d" slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 u' J2 A4 w, _+ F5 n7 r) H
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( ]) ~& k: E3 |
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" U4 G! r# t4 L i$ r0 Elating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# J' {0 W! ]6 t! _' H W9 l+ _
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood, K! u. ]2 P9 B- H! w" N) F& C8 c
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ q5 ^( e+ r5 q$ lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
3 i, ^) d% i3 P* j0 z! |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 P# s7 _0 X. d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* s2 o# |" F8 z8 a8 S6 X% S4 V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, b, S% S5 A2 X n9 N, V* D s9 Z4 rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),2 p7 A- Y. N' V' v6 T, e" r' R2 I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ f/ o, s- Q! H7 w4 t
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 Y& v( P' z) e' o1 Y4 H6 P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% U: p6 O: n& _- x" y4 }# m/ Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 W1 R! p0 _5 F1 i4 J; h, t
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. E- O1 I5 [8 n% l1 Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. x' C5 F- v( A5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 Y; y4 a5 l! J4 r
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. e: E; M n" L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! ]5 i7 n5 g ]4 ?& J
(prepubertal).5 ]) ~2 s4 e y; B
The parents were notified about the laboratory' P: a+ X9 ]+ C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; q# l" d) h+ ^; l* _- K" \normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ G$ t# t, E1 I% W) E3 _8 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
; `6 K% G5 j; E0 G0 j( iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 t* ]1 H5 a/ v/ n5 o X) Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* Y! i0 B3 W, @+ b1 [Physical examination at this time revealed that the" o% n4 I2 T* C% J! e( _0 ~2 Q$ [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 n$ X5 ~6 v# t, o9 Y: W$ V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ S- x- g! P }1 V! E) ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 \# ]+ P- z( a, m2 q) r( ]7 opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 C5 ~! o$ K1 `5 U0 pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 h7 Z$ z4 N$ b4 _9 cmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.0 u4 ?+ J' ]& z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- c. w2 W# q( j3 K3 l8 a+ s+ M+ ming frequent erections.
+ h& \4 Q1 t) l7 Q4 H8 ]$ h- `Both parents were again questioned about use of
, w. W/ q/ e) @1 P8 ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! q. y" T. T% o& P' `3 V; ^' B# j. Q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' M1 B! R5 Y1 uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
$ d4 h' L0 v: t7 c; D% ?$ F6 Y. Ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! R7 T# ^" d m7 \5 |! T) Ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 m0 U" r; c% r% x f2 \+ V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' j! p# h3 t% E* x# N: d3 M
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre- p2 m8 D d' G- R& ^. n
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 \; {, v) u2 p
secondary to depression.+ Q1 \8 B# x! @& p
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) g3 l/ R B! e4 ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
% j! \' a9 |, h+ C7 V6 {0 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; u4 E l- E: ~8 G$ p0 A0 S2 \% Nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 L( ?1 ?- V$ K$ o" @! FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,, w! G' H4 O( u: M* ^. h- \' J% }
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 ~1 ~; o, g, ~was high, he then read the product information$ |! V. A1 Y& X
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 O% r% F' l) D* G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ G8 X# m \6 F: O5 D
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
6 l7 f3 U/ x7 ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 p, O3 u# d* [4 Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* E9 j" z0 @* z0 `" ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 g) _. ^. Z. B+ l0 @1 T# S% Llaboratory to obtain the test.
7 W: j. ~ C* m5 x% ~ V- ~/ ODiscussion5 E7 D7 L6 y/ c4 G* }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary r5 o$ y- N( l4 P$ `7 V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 I/ d5 R0 c9 OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 U, Q7 x3 I* @3 l- ?. d" wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ U5 I" r3 O! g1 P9 U& r
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 S1 c( o# `) n( a1 kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 v5 q# H7 G# F9 E9 S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, a2 y8 M, G G; f
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 a/ X" @" o4 X, Y- ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha- ?1 |0 V/ R4 ^# Y) k
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ Y' _% g' @: H2 gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 l- T. e( K1 H# q1 l, rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. H& R/ N9 t& B0 erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 P! o6 G: ~6 } O7 pgonadotropins.1,3# l1 v" ~9 C6 W- U) ~( P$ W( g- f8 y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-. z/ t9 ~( @2 l9 D) a ^- w+ ]# w
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: B& D- L: {" D1 r1 O/ Q% candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; _' |6 U$ T4 i$ ]4 N5 wexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 }% P. \! h7 Y4 ~: {1 f& d1 u% f( |ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& u6 h* {" j- |1 A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. j7 q. A' K4 E5 f/ W! {6 badrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 l9 v: y* a7 A n3 F3 W3 Lpuberty in boys.3,4
7 h1 t* T4 L8 |, m* NThe most common form of congenital adrenal! N8 l V5 D7 E# T6 @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ B5 Y- D9 U* N: Z* n* B- [The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in( j7 S' G. u, \ X# N
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 l! N% l U$ C6 o, {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; v0 G* N" H! b. J" m8 `8 o" d
excess.1,3
( |* z% e- b2 ?9 mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. C. q+ G1 S4 F; ]/ m' L7 @3 G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: ^* r) @( G' H5 ?. @) u
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-% b) T' p; w: W1 o0 f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known @0 _* |1 U" t; |
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ c9 C4 O0 n: F' ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' ]; S4 e; \: h/ B" ^3 V
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
: ~' e \+ T0 b _; A# m( w. [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 y3 O; Z4 Y; f- Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 i( P& H: T5 n5 A( I/ P) | s# T
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 e2 q1 W4 [8 A1 c4 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. b1 A$ T9 H: X( |; G) yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 E9 L3 C& M6 L* ~6 o, r% W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 U7 g4 R3 P0 r p7 a' H% Q. b2 J cmales; therefore, other male members of the family5 s) h; ]7 u' q3 {& i" a) |
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* g( C! J9 |) C" x- ]In our patient, physical examination was incon-! t, M7 F( b. B. }& c% L2 s3 t2 Z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-; _6 t" J2 c* g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% }* j/ H9 v3 V; ~; R* i) M& ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father/ E/ I) T1 e; B$ A, G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( x& ^0 }* Y; ] D2 R! I/ ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
! e# ?8 {- v* hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! |6 E9 q% q% Z! a( Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our T, l. s& w' P2 _" o$ C4 ?- f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ F" z, d, j- C2 Y0 c& b! ]3 `5 a, Leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 i9 h) z5 y/ Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 M( f1 ^' n/ V$ s F* ?
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# `6 g* m8 U$ J, O. p1 O& L, VThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ D+ Q9 s; |8 ^" C$ O6 osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 {" Q8 B5 N& c' {) T% u; h3 k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& _; V$ ?9 j1 z6 W% [! ` l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 x' C6 Y' O: c8 L/ O8 a% y& hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 o0 J) x' a4 b* n, Z5 Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 b3 C5 Y6 S% ^) ]( m# R1 A
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’, N B4 z5 ^+ I0 ?5 z+ V4 I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! X* t6 o1 q8 o7 c/ k/ d. v5 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( x1 c: L1 L& }; n, o8 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! L1 a4 d6 {6 m8 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 z! }. w' R: l: J9 u+ Rbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 q! [4 z( {* I1 Z, g3 s9 I% _even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ r n& A6 y0 f" B
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
9 V I0 e8 C3 l2 A, qtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) H0 \* D1 j, M" N! C X" X2 e/ o2 oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
[' Z- U* v! [& [' J/ Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 d- q- S5 X% }7 W7 d/ e% ]4 K% F0 ?% hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ p% ]. s( K7 W0 U7 d; Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- c& U) y5 \: G* Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
~$ j/ q1 q# K- hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ y$ e( c' X8 b9 @5 b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 f7 d( c" c4 u) X7 Hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 }# @+ Q4 h# A E uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! W. T H$ X9 s: e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ L( Z2 g1 u, A# e
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 i: u% Q1 P7 W! L0 X% I6 [, n
early childhood on pubertal development and final% r7 o9 C1 X# ~
adult height are not fully known and always remain* ~9 g: b& B4 u& v( e
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( v; Z: v# Y X [) g$ ~; j# N+ }# rterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 @% `# F( n0 \( K" {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 d% j" U) c& o. scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 |$ L- s. Y; \9 Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
+ g: [8 M4 G9 c6 j! }- _There are conflicting reports and controversy
3 m! S# d4 J' d: w% B& Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; a- e6 h/ C0 c0 `3 N1 E7 |% `
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" Q E# O4 E8 s1 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) i0 c9 V1 H7 y( r- z! [; D# A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ O' s# [. I0 t+ d; c" r
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: \! y# f0 q# v+ u( Xchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- T7 t2 J3 e1 F3 ^
penile length in clinical studies.
2 e% M2 o3 q! E8 C/ O, jNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 z% I9 V' W( S0 B3 m& c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 H' p) N: s( j9 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* J" F, {& Z Y: X; }7 X& W$ i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- [+ Q; T- D' R1 o7 Z8 q/ _) x, FAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 y+ x' `1 u, x4 rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at3 J4 y2 ^$ o ], a
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 C$ f. p& p9 |+ w6 K; Fheight will not be affected.
# s: y3 f x, K5 V7 [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 j6 l3 h4 x% ~9 {# a
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 e b" l" ]& e' H P: Zindeed cause more virilization in male or female
* F: W* {& b2 N' `, |+ Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% W* a) y! z1 {: O
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 I, ?0 S* O3 q' K6 Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 \3 [% J6 E; v& X1 I$ T0 ^0 W: _gel should be asked of the family members during
, B4 u/ f4 Z) ]* M- B6 b g4 ^' jthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# C: |9 C, H2 i& s( g }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 L) B9 u" N& h. r- e( R Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 d. C1 s# u" q3 i+ m m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% C# i6 u4 ]4 Khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 N+ n X M: b( f
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive7 B4 H5 w" c4 v! S# ?
investigation. The primary care physician should be: j# c+ G y' c/ y9 N0 j0 O9 ~# h, D
aware of this fact, because most of these children
( q! I& M7 I' Y$ `7 _% d# nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ L% p- Q6 y! N' O) ?9 V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ d. t. R0 ^4 L. dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 `: |- g" \9 {+ Qfemale child who might come in contact with some-
4 c$ z4 `& F8 {, V- xone using any of these products.# \ t" A* y8 H, c) ]/ `1 I1 E
References2 |0 C9 T8 [' D( m O1 l
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ i2 ~; L1 H% Y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* `( J% t0 ^2 I$ i) O# z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' x1 s6 j1 _1 Q. m& @; G3 ~$ l9 U
2002: 565-628.) @, n3 b% Z# t2 V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( l( c0 e) I& y+ i: x4 R
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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