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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 c3 ]/ e* e, D2 n8 G$ K/ K
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical6 o$ A& s1 D! o+ F/ B
Exposure to Testosterone
: `8 I5 H4 y+ |/ L: ?Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: u4 `" M) b7 w4 S- B6 _2 Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 \/ x7 U' B1 HClinical Pediatrics
; I% r+ h% _3 D2 [9 y8 y* C/ IVolume 46 Number 6
& T# I9 I5 J& p* k* a4 ~: s8 @July 2007 540-543
+ l0 c. g. P, R, W8 V5 q5 |0 z© 2007 Sage Publications& S  e( z# V( ], h2 e7 x
10.1177/0009922806296651
- I8 w! r; z8 g; @! v2 A! chttp://clp.sagepub.com& e/ F$ @  n( d9 x8 u
hosted at
4 E" t8 Q* e; {: E7 ]3 l- bhttp://online.sagepub.com
) u3 U/ o; L; k. t0 rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 _1 D4 J, A! K% V
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; Q% `% R" K6 Z* \  v% o; D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 i3 R$ c8 S7 a' z# W3 F4 F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 v6 c; k. ?! }3 O0 L) j) j9 l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 l( f/ B* u0 T6 L; r5 u+ e
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; Y: \, g" [# y* }$ ?' ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 r4 @9 m2 I, o! q6 fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  `6 G- W  w7 t2 b) N2 r
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 H* @8 w9 u1 k6 ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; K- R+ a/ `, l& }, C+ x6 k5 v' u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
" C$ L$ s* R7 P6 ]) x1 s" Q+ pment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* k1 L0 w; T5 Z3 K; d0 F' |4 ]to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 i0 [  T' @8 Othe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
2 r+ a5 V, R' c+ U5 Dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ d6 f6 z/ I3 Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of' h( t: q) M$ Z1 a; I* M0 F" w
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ g- Y: S1 t3 }$ @7 X) Wbly more common than the rare case report in the
+ d7 \  h) b7 A4 uliterature.46 Z+ |, {& x) d: W6 L9 O9 p; E
Patient Report9 G  n) p" u& [! _# @# O$ e. x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( |5 C  b4 [) j1 [% Pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 }2 z0 w; P$ Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed; Z$ P3 \5 h+ G4 t. J
light colored pubic hair development when he was# a. _0 h3 `$ `0 O
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' A1 H' Z0 s- {7 {6 m9 B6 X' o
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.6 W1 N9 t9 {) ~* Y) i; j
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" u3 v8 ?. c0 }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! {( j; d# G5 x6 D( m6 T' s. m! mMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& j! `1 A! W/ K! f0 g" [
e-mail: [email protected].  Y* ^3 q0 X' T. D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! {4 T" i- W+ g* ?) j& Ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) ~" q4 U' n; F3 b) @ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
6 E# B" \7 [! ?2 E; B' [, `" uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) {) V* K: E$ v* i( B& J3 B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: O6 i5 m" w: ?4 F$ V, l, I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 Q3 Y4 M2 y5 B  W9 j5 bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
1 a% H8 d, q$ k- @6 `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ |! O# U0 o& x4 m% ?. f4 W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development( a' y0 W% @) A* Y  G7 r) H2 t  o
was age appropriate.+ b" S2 e& P$ R$ x1 [) b" a- v
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 Y6 [" Q9 [; P3 B+ V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; ~. C5 {& f, E  E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
8 u2 U% ~7 \# W; hheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ S5 V, W( Z4 o4 T5 S3 E
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- O8 t/ ~( }3 U3 C6 G; \9 WThe father denied taking any other medication. The
- _) z; H* w* O- d" q- Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& Q8 o' ~* C3 `+ x1 H5 `
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( G3 X" S5 m, I; K; V5 C7 n
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ Y& Q& Q  o( G5 N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% F$ I6 ~3 ^9 Q: ^* q, Z. d  J1 h
tives. There were no siblings.
! d+ J! p" I9 M$ k( EPhysical Examination" s: }9 F. c. v* m  j
The physical examination revealed a very active,0 b" I! U& B4 t& ?1 X+ j+ c
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) Z: i5 O1 z6 T; R- D8 r; p& T
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. _% H7 W* t% \5 G# A
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- |1 i: M9 ~3 m# P, n: O% Y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; K) W, G4 W5 k; I8 K9 L0 Bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. J3 J; X/ s# d% j% S# d7 K
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." Z* D% O2 L/ f- t  C& d
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 M( E+ X2 x' v7 M
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 {( i8 E2 i' u  R+ G
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- C/ z$ Y4 _- X! T8 zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 }/ L# O! \# R  J+ H4 \$ c540% M- b; G& C# \: j
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 C$ B5 x0 e: o1 d2 G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 o/ P: `# M$ S. i
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* |. C; V0 L5 \
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat0 E' a& y4 J9 I: [( g
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  j% h0 Q& O$ N) B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" V: [8 q. A% i6 I" qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! T2 I% E4 w( @2 v) M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% B, b1 K+ N0 kof papilledema.
( [* V% Y7 i- W1 K7 l5 B4 h7 JLaboratory Evaluation' x$ H3 h/ k% g4 [/ w0 U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ y/ m+ p3 c) w2 k) X/ M" J
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" W( t+ L3 ~1 g$ P6 {) ~$ u; g
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 p: Q7 z. k) g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- f! i6 Z' x! e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 F8 f1 {$ N3 O8 {  A0 \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! M! @8 b8 i4 H6 y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  z* V6 n, F1 p' aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% q2 s7 O2 y7 X9 N1 g
within normal range for his age. The concentration
) u& q+ o  z  e" i1 H5 G  _of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
+ }; G( p' d4 M# c2 m! @(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 B) H; N4 V' `7 o4 T" v( ~
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
6 T4 y4 c% p8 y7 dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
0 j; I' \* Y# \" Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 s: Q  Q! G% D49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 M% Z* Z9 w$ L5 W  F/ h* Ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: e: O3 I9 m" a1 K9 Y" g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ n5 o* H6 u9 ^7 o% _: N; B
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),0 O: d6 m  n' Z
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than" e+ U. i3 Y& Q3 s
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 v, e. d9 W  Z& a) P
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: v- \: S( n5 X* P  G6 |
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 X- n- E- X. B/ @% V: F(prepubertal)./ i. y. h2 _. Q; ^: j8 b: ~
The parents were notified about the laboratory# b) X) e3 r8 K: K) H0 D' F
results and were informed that all of the tests were' N+ M, W/ D0 h7 ]0 t
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
! x- L4 A# T  v# kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 B7 A) O3 f7 @$ P% h. tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ N/ l" |) U! O1 |! G0 Hever, the family did not return for 4 months.- \- c8 ^# C8 F, p) b" _: y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the1 Z. u5 Z  j3 }) B1 k7 m
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 I, T4 n- \+ B% H- m2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  v2 _6 D# `: c* |2 k# }# Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ _6 M; h2 o0 \+ Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. A" r7 S# v% c8 h; h5 ?5 e7 tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 P  m* k1 C7 F7 E* mmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 Q; D  z. L+ S1 ?  Y* z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 L1 A7 A0 \+ ]/ Z$ Ving frequent erections.
9 P7 P- [) q- a9 ?3 a" N3 `Both parents were again questioned about use of
9 T3 s# L( n" Q7 C, z# S! e  Qany ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 c1 I; \) I! ^5 K9 _6 k% I; v/ E
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the2 Y/ H- Z* r$ m7 T" \7 C- r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 g9 ]& R4 U6 v( J$ ^3 d! ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ p7 ~) y' G7 E, V
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" M( X8 q6 P5 ~" S1 m  L, H* H& G& `a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; o* {+ d5 t0 F( t; Y6 kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' l# c5 @+ G7 G4 c$ ~- x1 [" Dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# ^9 V/ c' K3 k$ G. O" M4 M' S8 d
secondary to depression.
8 z2 C, H: C! E' PThe child slept in the same bed with parents.! T3 U( @$ d) L9 E- V9 L) ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 D) F7 R) w" V% w( V( D. achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-1 A9 V, [' ~5 g6 y, f9 B% @! A! p( X
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 m+ B" c  T. h( bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,! S8 F8 S$ h$ b5 }+ I: {1 {3 X* j
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby- P  @, J& X& g; q( i
was high, he then read the product information/ P( n. m% L4 Q* _& s; Z3 {
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 b+ Z8 x: `: Uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( J# V( R3 M$ i( vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 R7 N* O( {2 _2 l% n' w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ b* |1 l# N9 k& i$ X- A8 T6 Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" d) ]" y$ |3 a" I' `' v% O9 z3 Y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 P' z1 M7 N$ {$ zlaboratory to obtain the test.
$ W2 @4 Y; S) j- a  k1 R% pDiscussion8 m/ _7 r+ q5 B6 }* b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 k% e; `1 D9 C( Q5 B) u: B7 h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
4 e0 z+ K8 L+ TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  L; i/ p' U( Y" H* Q5 C( v
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 f) u0 F* [" ^* O& \/ Q5 ythalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 u: h3 `: \, k! z$ F. P, vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; T( A! Z4 H1 @may have a central nervous system lesion that is' Y# F" I" T+ p1 X7 R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 W" X& v5 k9 ~$ b& A) i/ X' kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-0 ]8 @& h% y* o- d4 `! M! q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: R0 n. V, \4 [- c% U) s+ m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 q. r; J+ L7 eization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! i5 \; u, _3 H1 a: }1 s! l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% R+ F3 L' A4 R/ F1 ~. |) r
gonadotropins.1,3& {. X8 |# a; A
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 Y3 z% `2 T6 m' t2 ?' Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) a2 U: a% f; u) e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 g) T. e8 u1 A& ~$ q; r9 V8 Vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 r* {5 c6 f) H4 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ S; p; w. {( icongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% c( \3 x: E2 Padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" I* `8 J; l+ P" f5 hpuberty in boys.3,4; V6 i! _* k: d5 v1 k+ L3 D
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( Z" E$ f. t- m& u$ f* N4 d2 chyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 k6 X# V5 L' ]% q/ LThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- N4 F' T2 d1 \* o) J1 ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
: G1 }6 U9 ?. Y' L  j! Lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 r- \& B4 t- q. Q1 y
excess.1,3
, v: q; m3 x/ h. ?* h9 kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% N$ O& m. k& w8 H! u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ N# L% R4 o, D; Y/ b+ _9 m6 RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, Z, D3 t5 o" M# C! W. f; N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 i" u1 `) d  f& J; s. i( Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 q- @7 R5 @2 H- z; o  `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 I5 s, }; i" Y! E1 Y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) c) @  T) ~) ]& W, A, A* bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
3 s3 w7 n# b7 t: M( X2 n0 }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- ~$ B2 m' Z. `9 g! vare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* Y2 p# y" R, D# u
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' t  \. k# P5 v! D6 o- \  C; `( ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 i) S3 h: ]( x+ T! X( O. E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 d- g. C+ [. ^( w& `1 z# p3 g
males; therefore, other male members of the family5 L' K6 ~! b! m/ J9 Y$ p
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ l. o  R) g4 K# B3 e0 FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
8 e. F) G, N/ c( Q: U9 Dsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% U5 M* N9 H' ~( m1 d
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ ?# w. x, e4 p' [
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# g: y" I& T- N% @9 _, E2 s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 m! ?/ f8 F9 v  R: Y" y$ D
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 z( J/ Q' t! Y! X0 d4 f- J: \beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 A' E# D- d0 y, _- [: z9 n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 P! f, B' y% H/ c* O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 D; r3 X5 N& w5 y7 qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. Z. S8 k6 c6 H: O- Y% e6 |deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ S7 U* v- i1 p* N+ y) ~3 F( Z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.' x6 r) m* u# i* b8 r9 s- M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ z+ _& D( m* K0 c8 _suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 x! e" Z* A; p7 J2 Y8 k5 G% Y
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 q5 V( |- w5 n7 F+ U9 X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
  m+ t; A9 y& t! Fdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 }* G- u! k5 ~5 S+ R  I1 X
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" }( [8 _7 b4 q) h1 Z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# D* [+ n6 w# d. S. pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' z6 W8 N" _0 E: Q  n
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 w% ~2 x  l& G$ O( g3 I) d+ ^' Lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.! S& l4 {( C( u1 P  Q# h$ k$ f" e
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. R$ l& I1 _. b, W# z0 `" p% Xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
! f3 }0 Q0 J* Y0 q6 P& v) Veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, X& X/ r' U% f4 o+ a: ?0 z  kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. Q% \9 f( H4 O0 Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) R5 w- v; [3 {- Y9 cOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; k0 C8 T  J8 G6 o( m) A2 J' P" p
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ b/ i2 q' [1 G7 t4 |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
: v" m3 m9 r0 m4 w2 r4 \( a  lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ {( @: K8 y4 Lactive in young children exposed to testosterone& T2 H# P' e; R& m: _6 G
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* X& y, g7 m* a! J
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& }# }! F, e$ S6 o/ x( I. v
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 u& x' j1 f4 P  Z% d
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
! [, V: J. b2 cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.' {( I* Q/ F$ [. `, [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 f; @8 ~  @9 H  B& d9 Pearly childhood on pubertal development and final! _" I; A- V6 g
adult height are not fully known and always remain
4 _& I. L5 e5 c! y) Ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 R: ]! z+ c7 r+ n+ _  x! Vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 P% S2 [8 N! V2 D! Y$ P& {acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ i$ l. i# k- M- O  e2 i1 e, k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# z5 K. j" }) J' F: {7 w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 {3 o" W7 S0 M4 a- ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy9 h+ z6 _. K- i* F& O8 N; L9 L5 F
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: [7 ]- U2 b3 p8 c; ]+ n" _+ i' {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' j! O# Q0 z& J! B6 Radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# Z7 L6 U/ c+ {. w1 A4 H8 R$ uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,% i# g5 Z6 H3 W3 U) C/ m9 \0 A7 E
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# |9 Z7 e, O% k0 T( ?childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, u% t  Q6 ]) L  u5 r
penile length in clinical studies.0 t, J9 D# i% j( _/ L5 k0 Y
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! H9 J& m9 ?) f. r8 tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- q* j) V' _0 U% |; m
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: f; q7 z3 }, y  D
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 t% g  L& d, W1 u$ \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# v/ U+ U$ t0 r" ?6 m) q4 B5 N$ K4 Wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
- P4 Y2 X5 m, W; f" N$ Wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; `: F4 _, u  H' Gheight will not be affected.
3 B7 ?3 q2 I- r0 w" H% s, KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 f& {+ Q: H2 J8 T/ N0 Pability of androgen products in our society may. w( K. O! E5 d5 D' R# ~: S
indeed cause more virilization in male or female( f5 H  ~& w5 [. R. x  M
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 ], y& u* l: A! Z# O
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 n$ j& D" y+ @: R9 d& ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ U6 p: {5 q3 S2 W( n# ^5 q: y* W* w! V
gel should be asked of the family members during
. }* ~5 o8 r" g& u4 K& j9 @the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" w0 |% A  K( o; X8 s+ eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 [( G7 C) x4 s  Xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by! }. b$ m4 F2 R% Z  z$ w- U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 H- L$ q) ?6 }3 Z% {! G6 H
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ \. F/ O; f- B  j: `& T# qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! N$ A4 a; V9 a4 y- e, D# Y/ H# U
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 s( r0 {& I: v; C  Caware of this fact, because most of these children- u3 ^7 a4 H& b, v2 Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ _6 y% |# v/ m5 V% m5 k# ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a! q. b9 X6 @  ]) H* O: M
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# ]4 J* }2 Z( n4 ?1 Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-' R3 ]2 `2 e" n7 C8 c$ Y
one using any of these products.
! r* h" z9 C' g% H4 @: f! XReferences2 ?! Y& W! Q& `  u8 e& o5 _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( \( a, E- l5 h+ _+ @and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric- i0 n' H) C& N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( A$ t/ v3 w5 m& K2002: 565-628.
, ^9 O" g4 M4 G  s2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ A# \: d3 y! p
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 ^1 X3 y8 F2 j$ X5 ?+ L" q+ c5 P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* M* E& n) t) l( G3 P/ L' l+ dExposure to Testosterone0 S0 T3 [9 ]9 Y0 n5 f
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- r4 k& o# ^$ t" b" _" U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  Z! h  z% a+ j' fClinical Pediatrics
! b1 k( ]6 ^7 b" z! MVolume 46 Number 6
, a! b( `& q! x% T- e& |July 2007 540-5435 K( `! Q, A% T! @2 x
© 2007 Sage Publications
  _  V9 p. s* E0 |  W10.1177/00099228062966515 a0 V2 Y# T. U- ~9 W0 `# ~. y
http://clp.sagepub.com
, t# G  Y8 p  z9 U* I  ~! phosted at: `' E8 ~6 k( V1 C) i
http://online.sagepub.com
3 N/ V$ l6 x0 @9 O0 [% X4 W; GPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 V0 l8 t- n, _5 N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central! F( i& w" k/ `
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! d6 n, W2 A- Hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% B+ r- K: `# I0 L0 |; Fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& o, b5 U7 T" m6 u* {, Llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 U3 g& O7 m7 m* x8 _) H& G) Uby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 c; v; }# j% ~2 E0 g& P7 r* [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  p- {3 Q9 F. L/ W) R% A0 |4 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
8 ], t) I9 `+ sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 S9 P8 i1 [4 n4 ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; t" G) l* P9 \* ~6 J
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due2 a( u( w, {$ j, e* T4 a7 V& v
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: |# P( s1 `2 \3 Q. n; Z3 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 c! [/ A0 B( Q, P) k) c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 d5 B+ J2 \% h) ^2 p' w, a9 lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
2 z6 S' |8 R8 G% L# h  jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 M* A7 i! K+ T. h* D: D2 i
bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 l7 r6 ?& h* e3 T. X6 uliterature.4
. O0 Y7 o$ N, E# ?. IPatient Report& r! J( \2 j* ]! @2 `1 ]
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 c2 s4 q0 {  O! O
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, ~4 X9 |; t- O
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
+ z/ K7 ?. g/ B/ zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
% }5 D1 q; d3 b9 s5 \& Y6 O6 D3 eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 s0 Y# h" R8 i5 W1 b9 a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. _6 q& ~, Y" ~" c# a& r7 SAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 w0 n" N! v4 B/ v# d( a8 u6 B9 ]
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: u# b% n! O: S3 i3 E# ?1 G: HMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' a3 M- y) `: f( B) T8 `1 _! xe-mail: [email protected].
; B( m/ _# n4 n& Fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became, W' i/ G0 S9 r
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! \1 Z! w6 k4 d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 d6 U2 Q( l1 J! s) h+ J" swas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 v7 U+ D. W/ v2 @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' F( i; I. v; O* Y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 k0 g  Y  E7 N
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& X: y- D1 i& K+ k& p3 L, [solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 h8 |3 G) }; U4 a! o9 l) R1 G; eand his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ P+ Y# E) d5 d4 l0 D. H8 s
was age appropriate.- j; @7 W/ m+ t
The family history was remarkable for the father,7 s2 g; P% x/ Z5 Q# m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 k9 _7 V- K' H4 {7 n' E" j, h" vwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ V. N$ F  [0 @/ x* rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% z4 o4 H( z/ ]9 t# eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
1 u8 D9 C! W9 [6 O6 g$ `The father denied taking any other medication. The
# A" c3 [% z: T' ^( t  Jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  z3 s0 B' L+ S9 m% {4 Qwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 G2 S5 N8 P1 v1 ~9 k4 [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 D! q$ E; I* `% i0 d
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; m- V/ k$ m- p0 w' y9 f2 v/ ktives. There were no siblings.
& n) }! w- q& [4 C$ sPhysical Examination2 l! Y- y1 u* g4 I! Z# h1 `1 ~
The physical examination revealed a very active,
& _* f7 y- w* {/ P8 s& E. Nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* ^) `. x2 Y$ S9 e( ]% ~) a" G7 Q- f& [a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 f+ \9 h7 r( [. I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ i0 o, w) o" z. V# B(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* ~" q: v% F9 _8 O
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& S, p8 ^6 T$ l4 m2 i) L. y: athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ m* N; u$ }' C$ I/ \- Z# Q' m2 i7 KThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# J5 j  s+ _9 genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 H' [0 [; a6 b: x; v8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 }  f; ]. }' i4 X8 L5 jdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: _4 S- u6 }% T5 t# Q
540, c: o% ?3 C" G- ]" N9 L
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- D$ g7 p- Y. f  Q  F3 g
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
3 z, N* R1 h( T8 X3 Stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.0 s7 l+ m6 ~8 [- E5 b1 x/ x# y
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ {. m0 i/ U/ o' L3 B- C
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! ^5 b/ i+ C; _abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ ^2 o' Q  Q* |* LNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' E* L% l6 ~6 O: U% G- }# h
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion& C8 J+ |7 d  T+ k3 ]$ Y
of papilledema.
. C" [" [+ C1 G+ E. L( @( o1 XLaboratory Evaluation
7 |$ s! w$ L: o: f1 M$ DThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( F7 }% P6 H  Q& x0 wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 L# o& z! h# Y% U
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 s9 o5 t6 w& ~7 Wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 z. l) R8 k# y) q6 a% I( Z. Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ G( `, p3 W8 P% s1 q6 n0 s
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* v& N4 _1 D7 h" W: l# r5 iThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- o7 W9 t; o$ u+ k/ S8 Q* K
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
, r1 R, h3 g, w0 F* twithin normal range for his age. The concentration1 s+ f  ]) `6 m8 y' f
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' a3 E1 e* |2 ?
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 E$ d7 u1 H4 P" y# q0 W. z
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ o! t4 r5 I6 m0 s; L; j8 t
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),, [' u' B" L2 D, R& X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- `/ T( J' `, l% h8 A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 A9 V7 V1 ?# `+ J( \4 O
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ \' z* g2 e% ~2 S* J; f7 J  M. |6 itisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 F7 Q. x6 O! x: w' t; U! ?
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ x, M' Y0 F9 r
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ }3 _1 ]6 P: W/ c
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( T* M; @. H3 t& _: {
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 R& ^4 D( z  t8 V, f2 d0 Jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL# h! {( f: P+ y" P$ W' k; e, H; A
(prepubertal).
2 m: q; t& b- E# DThe parents were notified about the laboratory" E- E3 }+ E, d& i4 i- k
results and were informed that all of the tests were6 D/ {* D% r7 m; S6 X$ U) m* K
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ J, j% {$ J, r8 K: j0 G; k4 y* `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- S) ^* b4 u3 H; H$ b
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; s6 r7 F6 `9 i7 V5 N, s
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." w8 y7 i- @) N0 s! U: o$ |
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 H( H' }; j6 |9 R! uchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 G( E+ Y  k: k3 o# v: G
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 }! q; c  y* I! G$ K3 E8 Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% P5 n, r; |6 G" M$ tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 x+ C* ]7 J2 m5 h  ?
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 y* B& _- O$ z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., y4 K& H$ R$ x- P" F; F3 b  ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: j8 U6 D( O( H" _ing frequent erections.
) C; V; ?  o4 k/ RBoth parents were again questioned about use of' b" n& M6 C/ |4 c
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 p: B5 ~) j9 m# z% {the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) ^, }: X& ?& f
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' I5 h2 f0 L+ T; y* Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 q3 J1 i* o/ uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ A3 [( B; }* i2 V2 v$ l; }4 e% }a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! y$ p1 C' w; a" ]8 Z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
7 v2 h0 y2 R! oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido* t: n) V6 S- K; s
secondary to depression.1 j1 p9 e& }" a  e% N/ ^8 i
The child slept in the same bed with parents.# S' K8 O% U% ?- d8 T2 l4 J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his' S- g! \' \, u) u' r/ _% G
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 }% n7 r6 j& @- e* F# A/ j
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, d& \9 N2 y2 J, y8 h! N, @The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ {- z5 N- b  ^; [# Y0 J( e) V
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ z% ]4 Z  h# m) Bwas high, he then read the product information8 `, y% I( }) @& f) b0 ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 c+ ~+ k: W1 ^4 o$ x: `+ ^8 D+ Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
2 b* o$ N; P" E5 p, s% H0 ]- W9 J9 vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: H( W; R6 L8 n( z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ r# q$ A2 @1 a4 G# C0 Nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 m) @9 j; Z# Q9 s) |( P$ |test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. t: L8 c/ M. J/ s
laboratory to obtain the test.
1 H0 ?5 p* H. {( k' u" K3 W0 p' [Discussion
1 D* T8 ?' K- R3 j, hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, l& s) t& z0 |  A( o4 U3 q
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 D. [3 ]' r% Z2 X- ?1 e( K
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 ~8 b" ?- l8 Q$ D9 I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) |: n, G3 F% A6 |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 M) s! E- A3 e$ s0 J7 Cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 y1 P; n0 v0 k& Q! n4 |3 amay have a central nervous system lesion that is
% u7 H7 J( x* v. {# wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 a, \1 X$ R3 p/ Q3 U( U
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-7 A* R0 j" P$ s; l  A1 T
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 l$ T# T+ }* T. gboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, n. c- ?- @% K3 \% l+ h3 F4 }5 I6 \
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" C5 l8 V0 i  L  I: M4 m3 V4 ^/ _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% y' h& X, t- ]6 c7 zgonadotropins.1,3
$ P  ?# G6 ^* H1 R9 oGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: w4 j( f' g0 F% N) Gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate' U3 h& B+ x. K/ x$ \6 V
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ n  }: L1 ^- K9 Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 d9 D3 @) [/ A+ ^7 p; T
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% s* ^) Z2 i+ L+ a# Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
6 o) E; H# F# Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( s) ^0 w1 a9 r5 wpuberty in boys.3,4
0 L; o* v" {3 D/ b' p4 h) NThe most common form of congenital adrenal) Y( i8 C- J0 n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.. v4 z% J1 |- z8 f/ j% t2 l1 q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
/ k  N% \( \# L) aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, b2 v) U! t7 Q- e0 ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) a. u$ v# H7 T. h* r
excess.1,3
, Q, f: i% _( h  b1 q9 {  jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 ]2 c7 m, j7 D- ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: ~( I/ \2 f5 H- R0 Y2 L/ A" v" U
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
: o, K% a) M  b1 gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known8 H2 @2 b/ M) g' x7 q! D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, v1 ]* @# [4 z% r; Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
  `! R% y  F2 r7 E" e. X' vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,0 ?2 V( o; Y2 _. s6 v, z# L
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( O/ `7 u0 p$ e" V. [0 hwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
4 K$ C. V  K# \  h- y) Zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 R. z- Z( @7 h5 j  D" Cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) x& W7 W/ B' w4 ?$ ]$ u  s: @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 C0 @# q. ^; j) s( Z2 O) S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; I! s+ ~7 \, k3 t+ T/ D* A! W5 |) \males; therefore, other male members of the family
  c. M% C0 u# i9 c* {may have similar precocious puberty.3
& f7 P( A+ ^1 Y: |& lIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
  Q8 p6 l- H% L3 |( Psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ f* w/ H: f# f- [% acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 m3 R2 A$ m7 s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father# |) D( p( `( B2 p  W- o1 w* l% f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. k. t0 ?0 M$ z2 o. c8 V: Ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the% D6 ]1 O2 U% }( o, D
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- L0 B% ^' J5 t# v% B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our) f4 z; B. [5 G' w0 |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 i' f/ |- l+ U: r6 r; Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% G! j* [- T/ W* t2 j: ~0 w" Xdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" s1 N: s2 S. Zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
9 I* _0 O( G  ^& |- K  hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; L3 e( z5 ~* n
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 E. a0 x, l4 R$ }+ z7 y2 m! othe physical examination revealed the complete disap-- c# F3 l. `! g: F0 Z% E7 I7 w6 w0 T
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and0 f  T0 s/ b% b, V! S4 J
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' \+ j) s+ P, s- A& z" J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 ^/ R) N6 E( }8 O
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 z% m8 p" i6 E4 T5 w, n, U3 UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ b9 a4 i6 s& B, {6 q9 b: ^* r) Mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 T5 r$ S  t9 {9 S0 ^. Punprotected females through direct skin exposure.
; b) V  N6 f9 w2 PSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 b# c2 x3 Z5 m4 c, _. r
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, m9 @. h/ Y. v4 j+ O5 n0 g
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# Q2 ~$ f! P- k8 m+ Lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 [- f2 Y' {8 s) F& M) h3 htion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- f1 [# y& E6 e4 s* O) XOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 ^: n5 I: A* E  ^/ y% d" I9 f8 ^
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 E( |* _0 i" i; d9 Pdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
1 Y+ F: A$ q+ G+ `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% U; j! a( e& ^: _& c# J9 `active in young children exposed to testosterone: N' @# }" Z  Q0 J# R0 E6 ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 J3 g# ^1 N) a  C# L$ M) @drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. z7 d! n2 H1 f8 R% W; c6 K% Ovirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 O* T; ^! z8 O4 @( |. }$ bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 ~; M+ _+ c: r) u5 A7 L
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.- D1 j) h2 U4 B+ q2 F
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! j: T# l0 C  e$ Z- d3 P
early childhood on pubertal development and final
/ u) m  w- ^' Tadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 i# k) Z' |$ `: Y: c) w! fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 S( l. Q/ u; y; o  h5 M/ j; o6 |terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& G) r+ h7 r* w% K0 nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
3 s8 I/ z4 m. T) ^4 Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Q3 @/ V( Y; F" P1 d
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& Y$ }7 x" m2 J2 H8 D3 DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
2 X. ~  O5 U3 D: t1 s' L/ I" }over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 ?# j5 j2 F6 r, U' O1 [penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 d# _$ r) p* a+ Q
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 z" F6 u. p9 Z: u# yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ n/ N1 E2 g( G' C  `1 SSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
# {0 }! `) a4 S- a# [7 F( fchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& G. Q3 A- P$ W, i; C# V+ u0 vpenile length in clinical studies.
, g5 Z: v0 m  T1 u$ x' @$ yNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 y1 S, K1 N* \2 [7 n' k, A8 z/ k4 V! m. ogoing to experience any of the untoward effects from# j7 \: N2 o( Z4 Y% W. u4 @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ F9 `1 {8 X( qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- y6 Z# ~) V6 g/ y8 L& P2 gAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of/ H; I9 n4 j/ e( B5 t
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% L/ F2 A& ~/ H; o5 R
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( R3 r  I; v% ]. i4 j5 O
height will not be affected.5 C7 k: q3 S% C/ R& j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( E. }! P% f  r5 M" e# T
ability of androgen products in our society may
8 L: e/ d# Q8 k* hindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% l( n' l3 E/ N1 Lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- {! f! \$ A7 d
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 i8 M. q) ~, {3 O; b  u; E* ?tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 l! c0 ?4 i' j0 vgel should be asked of the family members during, k& J2 v: `: _4 C: C# V& K9 ~2 V" Y
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 Y8 s0 G% R9 l0 I8 q8 }ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 ~+ ^( x+ ^; b4 l0 s4 \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by) S/ i% s8 L# f' _
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( S. s4 T- a5 z5 k* [( w7 U& h$ P
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. k' H6 M# K6 v/ z4 Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
& D. c: W# ~. G, oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
# J7 I$ J1 J  ~& X. |9 a" Vaware of this fact, because most of these children) z4 D. _" q/ W- w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 v6 G+ U1 [6 qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 }% J" E+ N& n# F  hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 y& U* f! u7 R) c
female child who might come in contact with some-
" @+ l  E" `  j6 Z! \one using any of these products.
7 x; [( q" ?. G6 K# UReferences
& H& M+ H& m8 d$ j3 ?/ ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! M! b  C& v9 D! ]! D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 u$ |* S, ~% E/ Q8 A- W
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& F* ~2 h; R& H) h9 J9 g, F
2002: 565-628.
5 f+ \9 [% l5 l  {5 }/ B  {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  V* a5 N9 r# X+ v# j/ wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

" l* v( |* Y; k/ E* Y精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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