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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 f) ~+ p/ x) k7 M; O* H# K& a% W! _Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- o" t; L' ]1 b! K9 Q+ Z3 A
Exposure to Testosterone
  {9 o! |6 j' \: z4 B- MSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: f" m  o5 _8 {+ R$ P
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( M7 Q( y1 `3 l+ t6 v
Clinical Pediatrics
( G6 {. i" \1 eVolume 46 Number 6
5 d7 M# R& y: x0 E; e% _& q: RJuly 2007 540-543
% e' k, k3 k! y* S* O. O9 I© 2007 Sage Publications8 Z% x9 d# |$ f8 u- z3 @% G
10.1177/0009922806296651
) L$ }7 y( x& N4 ]3 X  F, Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com3 n8 B9 g2 p- V. e/ w% x  N
hosted at# Z. }( q( e1 g+ i' P3 M: S
http://online.sagepub.com
* r+ J( w+ a" qPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% D+ F4 H" z- {$ V" X8 t, eis a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ k' \0 h3 b# ?! O) Iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ q8 L. S) R/ R2 c: D2 ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* [5 A: F# D$ N* v) Q/ y4 Za higher incidence of organic central nervous system; M# ?! [: [& b! X
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  r7 q2 b) e8 N3 }$ V0 mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& \( e" \% O' V2 b4 x
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
& S. ]; ~6 E# l  ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 R2 p# e0 j2 h4 q+ e
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 l0 w4 S- o# ~) Q; }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ o" `8 F7 L, M. U; ~
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* `2 A) k: _# G2 j- F
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& B8 T1 z0 P, p5 u
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- l8 b: v: B/ T  {% L0 P
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, t6 ]+ O  c, c6 D1 u
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ U2 i& A3 r4 N: P" m" q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: Q6 o: @: V2 [+ d# x4 e
bly more common than the rare case report in the
* q) A* m! K  h5 Bliterature.41 P( S$ v( W$ m/ x
Patient Report( c1 t* e& j0 Y1 ~4 p2 I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 V1 Z  e4 k. xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. C, W& U6 `) N! v" `& n
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 n7 o) a# P7 Q0 |& z
light colored pubic hair development when he was  I& n6 j3 a- y1 C& t* i
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 R; x* a1 Q# A( jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% v: j4 d, E7 J0 uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,; h/ v9 R, w) V9 S
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ J3 R7 V0 l* I0 H. l1 |9 [
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 u: c' G$ }/ g3 \  @
e-mail: [email protected].
2 |0 o& L( V9 T' b$ Z4 O2 @$ dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ n- v: C7 L: W" U# J" H$ E6 m* h
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
$ H! \2 Q7 g  O% Y, C9 S, v4 pment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  Z" o+ y& g, q& o1 x5 q' E  dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. ]; F" c2 D/ s. a9 @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' L% V+ b* q) B7 S- z. x8 M
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ J' c- d2 A, e7 `/ ^3 S" ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ d& |1 D; [% O# y& y! k
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# |0 j( W$ u$ f6 n" X. I) `
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" X. g7 s7 n# i" Wwas age appropriate.9 T" N, P) Q/ v) m, T
The family history was remarkable for the father,) v3 H5 M1 ?! |/ {6 u# P" [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 F2 N4 a3 J) R; A0 o: Kwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
5 W& }  t2 P1 f, X* ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, f' V2 w! f# x( Rearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. r. F; I, F* t; NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, f+ P5 n2 ]* k  Tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) n1 M; y( z& r* L6 W
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; K  O+ K) |' L$ Q% o
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* T/ l  d5 I/ N# M1 D4 C
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; S" q7 D- g$ @
tives. There were no siblings." F& V( d; \& }! l# Y+ g4 y- ]# I
Physical Examination
  w1 e; n$ P2 u9 _" Z+ V( i2 [( vThe physical examination revealed a very active,( M8 G" H  P: o0 X, \- @+ Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 Q5 c$ {1 S/ ?. f) y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
) H: o+ s" C  d0 z' Q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, p  m1 a6 j: k7 \" I; h& o(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth/ y3 x* S: P$ I3 j& ?7 S: o6 c
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* O) }" {7 N0 ]; h( E' w1 z* vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ m& a6 @' c" P' M2 m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ S  S' u1 A$ _! w% H/ ?5 H6 Renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
6 n0 S4 i6 d( ^! j8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
' z2 N. l2 V1 q& y+ mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 F* s& a; @7 p+ ]5407 y, \# B/ G' o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- Q) z7 o$ {( Z7 Y# A- v5 V
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 x  A. U: d! l7 @2 {: Stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." v5 N# l5 k" Z" c% a+ j& ~$ X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ W& ~( F# U9 {: F3 i" U2 \5 Voily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 r# o9 y3 H, |5 d2 ]" T) i" Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 d/ K2 R0 [: i+ l8 ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( e2 P- g( [% Ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ c: {7 S1 h* ?$ I8 _, S5 ]- y# @+ Vof papilledema.
' A) }- v9 A+ R) H; x3 yLaboratory Evaluation
2 M/ s/ y) s& q7 {" s. V7 mThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ T; b( {# V* b1 m& s5 `; I  y2 L
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  ^2 y# |( }& U5 Glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal: ?! U1 }3 p" r% l  g, k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. Q+ q" }; V' V( a
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' A1 O! i) H6 N2 d% e/ V+ b
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" F' @0 |: D+ S" |& [' z3 i" b& hThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 _% i% Z. V- n/ S# E' @0 _$ Eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 b4 h: O' m1 N4 J" @  r( B+ M) C; owithin normal range for his age. The concentration7 B& O/ f5 J" _' I- y! s: a  H
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. V; M2 H; v5 n; l2 b6 [+ N- B
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
' R8 Q. Z0 E; [0 Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-6 d& W4 F0 A' h. P( e+ P" f  t& V
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 h% j7 `7 f, W# a- udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* q: Z& K1 ]  f' F# M( Y# Z+ n$ N49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 k9 u2 `; B' jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  F7 g# F/ K. U9 R. \tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 R" a; @& Q% L- Z* x7 C
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 b/ v3 \4 P9 A' @: P8 u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. o$ E8 ]! f: `7 \5 D1 v* w9 c& Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( D+ U8 W& g) G1 _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 R9 m6 A( h" B5 Y2 Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& c( c( U  W( S(prepubertal).3 p- Y7 ~$ b" [) B# x% d
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 {% Y' ]. G' |
results and were informed that all of the tests were
" f! L9 f$ X6 H4 L1 k; l0 D3 hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 I# ~5 e4 {& Pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* {* n. {4 N1 m& q# x) Xobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! h4 d; t, O8 Z8 P4 U: f; E8 N
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* k" d6 s3 Q6 a: a; m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
  D7 z: u! _$ b! @2 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- v1 L& g5 r  D! S
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' ~7 e" K/ k% v" s1 Funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* b7 n' w" Q3 k! v2 N& H
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 U3 e! Y6 G5 H0 P) G* w  E# X$ V
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" _+ O, g- F* Y! |0 t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., D" t0 k8 e7 d% O( e; s
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' e2 H5 E  x" t6 H5 U- Ling frequent erections.- ?: e6 i3 B% }2 y$ a# k. u( Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of( E3 B, a: i7 R( J0 [
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% Q( m5 I5 d1 E- c8 @, w, j
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 M+ y; Y9 z) Y/ B, |3 H
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 z  z8 h' H3 b, U  b: _; I" Puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-- \  d) u6 S! W5 }, P% G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; C% t* K# p( |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" K/ V% S, O% H. d; y1 a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-% Z# p6 \* i8 Y1 r1 }2 t( p
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 ~( i- R  `$ r0 ~secondary to depression.1 y7 w0 c/ d" b5 j6 H" z
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 H0 Z0 L; C. y6 ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 Q. e$ Q! B8 f9 D* g- {1 ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% t5 }1 H" r. W- q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ D# L/ v3 f; J( h2 p' Z/ b9 zThe father also admitted that after the phone call,0 H6 S6 g& S+ ^! s4 V" d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby. b0 K+ W6 s: l+ W! N+ C- y4 `
was high, he then read the product information
" n' w) a& D$ h; d+ N' V4 g( l- M1 ?packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. [0 B! L% `3 l9 H+ }' O0 D( Wson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ |0 G% k+ u2 C9 v) Ddecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 C: B! d( c  b* c/ X8 nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" n+ c& ]& N3 v8 ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone( L& d$ ~+ P6 `6 h( \3 S( ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ }3 J5 b; [8 Q, B) f
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 c. L2 p, v! C' _Discussion. }* {1 U5 @% j4 h) i$ O7 ?0 J
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* |; H) Y" q% `" g! ?sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 D' w6 A. s1 a( E( d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! @. L0 ]0 @6 y4 X# l: Wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 s4 L6 }* f) \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ ?& [. z4 c$ I$ K6 K. u
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; F8 j& J0 e# z% E+ p; F
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 p  P) L- l9 |% Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" Z9 ]) n6 S4 D' Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' F+ L' f1 Z0 g; T% D$ r/ @8 G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ w. ?% u0 ^8 `3 d, q- pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; j5 P6 Y( ]* k5 ^' vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 a+ y/ H( b9 s( Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# L$ n3 D# ?6 |! T' ~gonadotropins.1,3
2 x6 _$ e' D+ `7 N  HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' Z8 D, [5 J5 |! a3 i; R! s; g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: Y9 f6 I& o  F- M- u
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% s) C- a8 D8 G3 y$ b
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; _  O/ c* m; ?) o) W, U8 Tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing3 }( R; ?5 B7 ^3 Z: ^% j7 l: n# r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: q9 C$ B7 U: Y, r) c$ \3 P7 r; @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; B. Z* \1 c% s$ q/ Upuberty in boys.3,4/ M. q, ?1 {- O* @: p
The most common form of congenital adrenal
2 [, t2 u/ @0 u/ yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: ?! L: h+ \* ^" N+ P( H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 D- S/ }2 N% \! u1 Q* t
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: e' w. a- f2 g
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
6 u0 F# ^) ~  _! hexcess.1,3
* m! X) p1 d, s/ }! fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* j7 T( h; r7 q1 u  ]
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007% c5 _- i3 C% f
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 O  q8 ^! Y5 U/ J- T0 k- Z" r' {independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 y0 X3 w" m1 L7 P8 {3 Aas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, j' G  e! l# b4 ~" {+ L; k; g7 Cvery young age. The physical findings in these boys  P% F; Y  u2 p
with this disorder are full pubertal development,# J# b/ s/ ~5 P8 Q8 j$ c5 ^. U
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
8 D: R+ L/ S" F& z# I* e7 Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% |& d; E4 J6 J
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 c: \$ Q1 P; p. N0 l2 a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ m4 o7 i( J% S5 x4 T6 |releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; F8 O% N& Z7 G( Z6 l/ W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: ?5 ^. O) l$ a) j0 {+ @7 z
males; therefore, other male members of the family. L0 J; D9 `) N2 ~* |. C! v3 r
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 [- x+ K' E2 o; mIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 i6 |  r' \) b! T( z. |/ gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% z. d) T" e) z+ j1 N
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 w+ b# ]/ s3 c2 i: b8 ~
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
: i/ J  |7 ~4 a  O1 R2 E4 ]" qstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 f: h+ q" H" t( @( p# A! g8 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the  }, p. N: X+ X' @% J0 r$ B
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, S7 L% J* d8 o: h6 Q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 ^# `" y9 G# C% G! [0 ?2 zbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& m8 c6 Y0 d* F3 E- g. i0 [, X6 f+ u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: k6 S; i/ Q$ n- z0 f1 B# K
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" {6 e7 Z3 r7 s/ H+ ]2 M
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 ~  q! T0 l* k, X& ^6 y( h! D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ D; ^* F! V% i: J9 F, V/ n6 j& J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 Z& i- l2 C( G- J3 Q. D  X0 W! sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ _0 L% A  I- E# i4 Kpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 z* N1 {1 H2 f: I7 Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-2 h6 t+ O" h' X3 u& j% H+ c% U! I1 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& ^, Y3 a* I9 C5 F8 s
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 P, G% d( O  E8 QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) f5 B" `% [9 g3 ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 X# O" Z( I; U1 Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.) l# X9 u$ P9 N. o
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: y+ a, M" b5 e1 z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
. Z6 |" F5 f: I3 w, k; `* Feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 l- H9 z3 g5 p- ?& xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' f: M: a* U" Y7 F, gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# g( B6 M+ g5 d5 N3 `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: o$ n+ M$ Q1 K  D4 M( c& lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: t. S+ m3 ?3 ]2 E# b# E% o/ a' U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 t1 C. f' `8 o6 W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) N; v6 z( B" ^! x0 [active in young children exposed to testosterone
0 `. N! S& L! r7 Vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 R5 q, O! b2 ?( T) [8 G2 Y2 G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 V- t: Y% V, h9 J7 [virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 [, e5 j# F8 e. Qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 S% g/ T1 B* q5 |0 V/ T2 D
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 U+ a" |4 G+ j' Q/ X7 s% f( v1 Q$ v% g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& o- `" v2 Q* pearly childhood on pubertal development and final7 O; E: Y0 \  @
adult height are not fully known and always remain  x$ M$ f- R6 [0 b" n
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  d1 T# H0 |$ H& K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 B5 k( ], H0 o1 ]
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 i) |7 y. o- ]9 K9 y9 kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* @8 W1 \& p4 U/ Bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; t4 v; ^! G% ^3 v  I) EThere are conflicting reports and controversy' ?3 S7 R4 }( B( S* g! }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
) o7 M* Z+ `' R2 c6 n/ Openile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 A5 D- H! c9 [/ jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 u; b0 [$ _2 ?! f1 p2 g* h& T
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 `3 N( v$ e+ p" p' B+ H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 P+ I8 S0 l. f7 g/ l7 Qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 ~2 U9 x  e2 B: B' C
penile length in clinical studies.
6 m! \- s+ Z/ Q% tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 m- v- v9 {- K$ ?2 \2 k
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- J1 N9 o7 U% e; }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 E' b3 `+ ]% t. Y, g0 M( `& Hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 A4 r: e/ `# g. `* EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 [6 P, [8 s/ c8 A" w' {- \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& e; N; U' i0 ^- G! i6 U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  f+ e1 O& N8 v* Qheight will not be affected.3 y7 a# ?) \2 F  d5 J4 V7 N4 q/ ]
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' D3 P% t5 Q" q  l' c# E5 j  _ability of androgen products in our society may1 \0 `' u6 I7 \8 I
indeed cause more virilization in male or female4 \+ C' N8 k+ U' u
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* u+ |7 P1 {/ i, {gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 g9 c1 L! ^4 a* }7 b3 P5 x4 H% a  ]
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
& s/ W% W( @, h* y) Igel should be asked of the family members during( M( h" _) L! \7 N# {" n0 l
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 Z7 h; I- U; s3 Rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 n8 f& J* ~  C, y+ R
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by' p( q+ `" f7 _2 J) x: f
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  b* A5 J- x( f# w- a1 w1 j
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% U' [+ y! j, b' Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
# z* A: W( l$ J' E* f. k' [1 \& ^# r/ Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 ~% T' Z  @1 ?! s9 z/ g
aware of this fact, because most of these children
3 _4 c% R( k; X# H* m/ J: B: Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# m% C% T! B- j4 ]+ P9 {Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
) x! i& N! X' o2 z& {warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 W# w3 J( |% c: F7 i. o7 ?3 \female child who might come in contact with some-
" {3 `% g" z; y4 ?5 _4 h( eone using any of these products.; W( K4 @" ~; i  ?# x  m, R' ~
References) J6 ?; h. l1 x+ Z
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ J% h. b2 l  h$ T3 }; o* L/ @
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( m+ b$ ^) n; `5 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' e; j3 @5 ~* F! f1 G2002: 565-628.8 `* O; d" ]4 f
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 B6 W6 Y* b! z% r: f7 wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 J2 t5 @9 Q- i
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- F8 `( s7 T, ?- a' Z9 n- V2 }5 |
Exposure to Testosterone
( m' {8 v/ t* w" pSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* ]! s. @$ M( ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 N+ J2 N7 `& ^3 c# ZClinical Pediatrics
+ A$ l0 x. W" X' i* dVolume 46 Number 6
, I8 F( s4 `: V# h3 SJuly 2007 540-543
- ?7 `8 j+ ?  K) ^© 2007 Sage Publications
' I- D$ E2 d& k10.1177/0009922806296651
8 d5 _' H; Y8 H! Bhttp://clp.sagepub.com7 M+ _6 T+ R) c6 T" g
hosted at3 s% S* y" C, a  n$ F
http://online.sagepub.com
% n8 y7 t4 f& zPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* V) d( K0 B$ ~
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
; @1 i5 z9 K0 Nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 ?- f, d# P. S" lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; a4 r* B& l$ u8 f6 t& Ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ _0 I" \4 ^4 Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. q8 J7 p' r0 _. K
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ r) c; S$ o$ _9 f. v* n
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* ]1 m. W1 z5 _5 y) c
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* I; k# x" C* v6 c8 Q/ U1 w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! f, E  F4 \' q$ ^+ \6 k0 Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, M* [! a  _, s0 Vment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& [+ t' h. c  g5 P0 Fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, f. q0 G+ l0 x" `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! L# L, h# R( D. s: [9 tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 m5 o, a& V! C. w5 ]" [/ Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& Q: |. ^3 l, W. {testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 h- Q2 n0 W1 W3 Obly more common than the rare case report in the3 t( ^9 E! v  N0 q& K0 A' Z. X4 I
literature.4
. w8 ?- E% J: f4 }Patient Report4 T' d  |, Q8 x6 s* q0 X9 e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the8 z6 a2 O: x9 ]" Y$ s3 B
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* B+ `. d; E2 h+ ~+ E% d: |0 H' Xof early sexual development. His mother noticed
( R6 N/ x* y+ S  d1 ?! _light colored pubic hair development when he was
& v8 K) ]% j6 {2 m2 Y( RFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" u. ~$ b. \2 Y, R& Z" G; N% I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! X. u0 A+ f- D- w8 C" XAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ D5 ]' c; N1 C" D* z  @! K
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# M/ \  C7 V6 z2 k+ X8 [, ]Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  u0 z$ w( `- de-mail: [email protected]./ [; r2 S+ U$ {% p9 h) ^9 z$ V
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  N  o6 Y6 J) X( N- R
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: [+ [! {9 @! N1 L# ?3 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. ^$ B0 z: Q, L
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. O* g  d* g3 B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* H; f4 R  s& P7 L' z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 e* B( V9 _: |" _' t' p  p3 hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) m+ K+ `, M& @: D& Ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
9 ~& t8 i9 h. e- O* Z7 F4 q7 [and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# ]  ^2 M2 r: P/ [% g- O0 pwas age appropriate.5 ?$ r/ j5 r0 o0 {) T- D' n, R0 R: u' J
The family history was remarkable for the father,, Y( u2 V' G. p( ~4 Q- {
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 I7 B5 |& t) f0 U& h2 L. d" Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s" ^- l! @2 f. P0 H. ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* A  Y7 Y& p7 v% P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ _& j( G) S* k1 GThe father denied taking any other medication. The) A5 z3 ]" X2 \: J, w8 j
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( O! O. l7 u' K2 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 Z7 ?: n( |, W2 M5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ R- Y0 v' K$ i% j2 L$ v# A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-8 M3 x5 s, o! X% T) ]6 z/ m* k
tives. There were no siblings.
7 V" [: l$ g) _! q" I( h$ KPhysical Examination+ [- l! H* f* a3 F1 [2 }
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 h& @8 P6 ?; i5 U7 w- s
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented# Y8 s3 X# J7 j' D
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 @+ R* _3 M3 Z" I2 Z6 @
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 O: k6 d3 I! \, b+ F4 u% Y  J5 f(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
% F2 H) @$ [& b( M/ S9 ?4 Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' }  f. w( h6 r1 `2 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# X8 S) R# [: U/ I+ J7 v4 q8 `) O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# l. o. d1 J8 i5 D: w  K% ~enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of& ^# L5 `. h2 {) z& a0 n4 X
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& M" s% ^1 ^5 A, e. ]2 Z) o/ g
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around3 y: J/ E- p" r5 @5 D4 B
540; R/ s. M$ S  J* _5 L; U
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' d  X0 M- {+ u$ O
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 ?- j3 B( X6 b4 o1 g5 w8 |$ G! c
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
, x( I3 ~% f+ TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 o6 i% r/ A$ Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 a3 i+ i' f3 I, b7 ~( F' J
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ f5 Z0 J$ P7 h
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 r& n3 G7 K8 M; T/ o% \- V
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ X  D1 w( G; ]9 e: Y
of papilledema.
' x8 f  l% P: Y& q$ A+ zLaboratory Evaluation6 C) K/ D9 h" p4 s
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 q! ]: z* U- Z* \! Y# ^8 g: Yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-' y9 c  Z# E( k* u1 j, @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: z2 b8 N; ?# t; Z5 okaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 N- Z( l$ @9 v, ]. Y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) F' G- M  d: S+ T5 z  E
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' K% l! E* k6 b" \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 U2 J7 G4 X* A" L7 Ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 p1 p+ h+ j4 \9 X
within normal range for his age. The concentration! Q( a% S& y. Y9 G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL1 r8 l; a+ a0 C( C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" t3 W& c. l) f7 e& M  bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
8 B. U% ]6 o0 ?+ dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 C0 v( |1 e5 S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; T  X! o1 [9 e! J7 W' C8 p
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ k' n! |) m  S' @' c
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 a! W3 a9 o- q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 h) G3 n% T. t* i# `9 R1 Z( _' k/ atestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: g( T' [6 x' L+ V4 a
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; o- M2 B0 {2 s8 F: \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
4 l7 l; j4 r% L+ v$ k7 @# k8 Rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' A. @+ z3 V3 V% `; p0 M3 aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
9 T) t/ {. c* a! q(prepubertal).
; h% Y# _1 k; x( TThe parents were notified about the laboratory% `! ^% f. u- L# C# k5 X3 `' a/ ^
results and were informed that all of the tests were- \$ w% y& A$ ]: w/ f6 a* f, K
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* M9 P" Z9 o4 g$ d" K3 V
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 X/ h; a/ s1 p
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( I6 a( t" e5 c& X4 N
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 R- O# p4 P. Z2 p8 s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 c5 J3 M+ _6 D: q* J& A! n9 ^
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 E' }' e$ s9 R( L$ |
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) I0 Z, c2 I. `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; u" p& G7 o* Ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 M* B$ E8 W8 s8 l8 {; m% Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! T% Z% J; A  `  z, ]: d" q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 i5 v" V+ H3 @+ q3 B& b  z
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( J5 a" @5 I) b# p" zing frequent erections.
6 X, G' I9 }$ E( T7 OBoth parents were again questioned about use of% p; t4 T# J; B; O
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 x* P0 z, t; D) S7 V8 Z6 e! |' hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" M6 Q% ^4 w, l7 y: t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 }. X9 N" e# ]" i
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. ?  T2 f; G( r' _' N% i8 D) `ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" O: ?$ J% a) U* R1 [( {( j# ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ u/ t( }0 Y( ?7 q  Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 V1 R% Z1 n  P5 R& q& k* b
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 ~+ a9 J) t3 ^* V* k1 |* x5 ]: N
secondary to depression.
) \: E; k# [; J+ }% T3 CThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
. G- X% o5 k6 BThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* ~  r& }# s$ [, g3 c+ Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 P) K( q) k- H, Anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% N5 J- m& ~( l4 {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,' `8 B) l7 a$ y$ _
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 }5 ^5 y1 o! \3 vwas high, he then read the product information6 D' ~# r" ~+ B* A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' e; y" b' z; D9 x! o$ G& i
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 k4 c6 t3 K& W
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 E. y, N  ~/ s* q. [, Q2 a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ {4 J0 I/ D% d0 R8 ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 u  n( Y/ c. |# J% Y" n* Z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, j. {9 Y! s( Z/ _4 @$ }9 Y8 o4 Elaboratory to obtain the test.
4 d% Z: x& |2 [' iDiscussion# w# ]# c6 Y* v
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ V/ t; L" n7 C: Y) ?% t, u& m4 Bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; m9 O: J4 \0 q& ^! t/ z
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' A2 R6 s; x5 d  pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 S( B4 |& m9 ^" }7 _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( g' e4 S  l* b6 n- emon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ C* Q9 p& A+ a7 r; b$ Y9 B; Rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' N; {3 k. ~% i9 O- I( T% ^responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 g0 e$ g( K9 C
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ ]# g+ B" f: |+ M8 D3 d: Jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 B* r. f- h, R# n( n" g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 V3 j. `/ P0 b  M- j7 f' S& c4 g1 Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 ]; r$ U- B7 P& _
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% b6 e2 P* ~( A" E7 _gonadotropins.1,3
4 S  b! w6 D6 r+ _- P( I6 |4 IGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 d8 U9 [# t, Y& x# Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( w' Q" G4 J# s: K9 Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; t2 g4 i7 y9 r) ^/ @! N2 xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-1 u2 w" c0 U+ W+ C) H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ s) Q: z) ^0 ?" Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, f5 X: m6 W( C: ]7 f
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 ^2 J% v# q8 ~1 Apuberty in boys.3,4
# E' u0 p$ D2 z$ G' i" _The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ B2 [4 C2 z8 v  A0 h' ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
* M4 r8 N6 v! i4 v* JThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 p. v# S) `1 c: y2 D9 m% Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 A, r# X# A3 n/ V& a3 l, s
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen: Y& F+ c3 ^1 k) B! ~7 @
excess.1,37 t! m. o' k1 O; ], x
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 M9 P- G: m" E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) |- }/ W' ~2 C! |' B; x+ xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 e7 [: f' S0 k
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
# {, `, Z+ v  G% Yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 w: J, n# j$ [9 B" s- K! h
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 W& H+ [! c" ]4 Y/ h; l6 v$ r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
, ~- M" K; \, K5 _$ |% m4 m: u- Xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! t5 C  V/ L. k6 ?$ |with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# m9 `. s0 b, S  Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, x" n) X8 I4 o3 C8 n3 R
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; k8 Q: J) B9 H3 |7 x/ creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# _- E3 w% R, v4 Y+ W& ~7 @9 W
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' k' I- m  U, j( wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
: W# W" X9 W: l) \- Dmay have similar precocious puberty.3
" S7 O* m. f& v  W3 C8 N2 b! d9 vIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" k2 b) p. W3 s9 F- R+ Y
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 X. a+ C9 J4 R, L& t5 {  Pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, H1 a% R( e% j/ ~) Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father) R" q* H% N4 W/ s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 F1 m9 k- ]2 z* Ytesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ ?7 Z. o! B- e) x3 o" s
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 W, K" W6 T( o( ^, [7 I6 kative initial history of androgen exposure, our* _7 c' n0 [: w& r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ m1 e' V9 f. b- U
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 F& \) S2 L/ M  L: X
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) h& u$ A1 N' U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) F" a, V4 _* x9 O
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ Q* ]$ d5 t. g0 w- ^suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- H5 Q- H! f- @9 n' d6 n6 Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 G7 b. A! g/ P+ @( ?3 z2 Lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" u7 l. l8 Z& L  m" jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( q% P% Q) N$ e* Z) `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ H& j) [% E! Q. L( D. k
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 p' T4 I5 r* V6 l- ?/ SDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 n5 `: `7 H; D+ Ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' W3 c1 D2 R! x( Aunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 B$ S* j- d9 C. ~( y* D' J, wSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) O' m$ u6 {; I* K& u. W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 S  h7 W  G5 S6 l9 Leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& q! ]* q' _' U' o0 K) w! I) N+ g( Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 s- s* G6 a6 Z* h* u6 |) G
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( ?+ n. x% t* ^- G" _5 m
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) y9 }/ {. \. qwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 B  I0 o7 g% x0 R8 O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-) n2 g) n3 h3 r" r. r" f4 S  M( p
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# N3 H5 |# H( X& b
active in young children exposed to testosterone
& t8 m. h% l* A( oexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( ~! p& c  ^9 U, F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# D; [$ W( |5 j$ w$ Y# D/ G$ b5 Hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* @* b" Q: t+ Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* r' G% G1 d/ B/ Uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 n8 \/ o4 w( AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during5 y) u" m+ [/ x6 {0 B9 C% ]' R
early childhood on pubertal development and final$ @7 U. Q" _9 S; k* k
adult height are not fully known and always remain2 K" e* ?7 L( L0 I: [
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ p. J% ]* _) W- P) e0 v" z+ F
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
5 k1 @; }/ x" s+ R: {- B) gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 s9 g9 v) C$ _cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation2 ~. e# T" x1 [
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: c( v+ X8 a& j/ _1 \  IThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* n( J2 a# _0 c5 S1 W7 Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult% _  a( c2 t" m- O  }1 j
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 j0 }! P  q* K6 s* C2 x- _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
' \. n6 `, i0 q5 |- e* fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,# G* q! z9 Y$ I5 u2 o& A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 y* j* v0 d! l$ P7 \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# j2 P& J; k8 J7 n6 g
penile length in clinical studies.
6 n3 S- R. [! {4 a) O2 p/ d2 YNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
" J4 V$ X: s6 e: w. pgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ v% H7 H8 d! [testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 V4 F; r2 a+ S. A* ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& r7 T, _& {9 H( I6 \5 u0 M6 X) O
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 x9 {4 T5 L, r( d9 y! i- z! `
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: R& U3 }6 J3 g6 Xthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& \* U3 c& `1 T
height will not be affected., w/ j5 p4 g" e- Z  n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& a( k8 m3 a- i# J( N$ }/ Z5 G# dability of androgen products in our society may; E. L( ]: v- f- X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 ~5 h( I/ @9 m+ @6 z; [6 g
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 A2 D! A% [% y; k& v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
% S4 D6 Y9 \; I% btioning about the use of a testosterone product or, u3 y' a, I& B: F* K
gel should be asked of the family members during+ I" F( J; i2 I: h  j+ t
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ I/ f5 ^$ w  q& P
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 w6 k! u; F( A$ L3 [0 E" ]
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  T0 L) M- W- O6 ~$ k: }appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' C  T" A0 S5 _+ x
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* r" k# Z3 _- V+ U9 y( E0 kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ n/ o9 h* G* I0 Q/ _investigation. The primary care physician should be$ w2 k. X: B3 t
aware of this fact, because most of these children5 h; u" C( l* B; t2 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ H6 ?* t' w7 n/ h3 u
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a( a* }# ]+ U' v; e
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or* O1 c" a9 Q$ Z
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 ]' O0 A5 B- T. D) {one using any of these products.3 u* {- h! E- W% E9 S
References% |, b$ `' x# C$ ^4 F5 C* }- x( X5 f3 C  ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 h* k; A$ R( r  \, T7 tand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
8 ?$ S) h7 R6 f6 s! v4 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 y( P2 B8 u" V) t
2002: 565-628.
6 G1 Y( F1 r# s& d9 y! N1 M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
' J2 U/ x0 s3 x$ ^1 s9 M; X. gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
. q; h& e  P! p8 m; R+ J3 W
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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