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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old% [! }7 J- `! _( u, D# K' a
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 X5 u9 {6 l) m$ s' `Exposure to Testosterone, F; T, S+ y3 u3 H8 N! @: M2 ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 I1 ^$ ?1 }3 u4 R# f  ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
' N7 e2 G3 v8 [% F$ N' p6 j+ IClinical Pediatrics
( a2 w% b6 c7 z% F0 RVolume 46 Number 6
+ V" q; {6 r5 L( [4 s) JJuly 2007 540-543# P2 h  x* T; `7 k6 v& ?+ e# E
© 2007 Sage Publications
- }& z. S6 T3 s$ x10.1177/00099228062966510 t" {5 x7 z+ u/ _
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 c7 t6 o) ?* a8 c* Shosted at3 f- ^* c! L; ]/ @6 r! O
http://online.sagepub.com
$ x2 }2 R- J! MPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# i8 p# E# u; Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central3 F. f/ ^: c0 K# f% N1 D2 Y1 ?' \# A' T
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( e0 [; J2 M/ B0 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 G5 `9 [/ C: U: [6 R* W1 @0 {- u
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 \+ k/ v) X9 Qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 H, M$ F8 ?1 ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ _: a4 c' ?  Ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 X$ h, o5 A( j5 L- d( z! z) q: Q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- y+ m) [8 F: Xreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' J, O5 p+ L0 K. |2 l: |enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) v. o8 }! @7 l( L! F6 {6 a8 Jment without testicular enlargement, which was due! C- T4 {4 u6 E/ o$ t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: F( v3 S. Z; d$ v5 e6 ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 U1 L- y( |7 F6 M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# z" _" L3 G8 R/ A
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ g" J0 e6 d4 o: \2 x+ g/ _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" X% ]; D% g' T# i* z8 u1 y0 F
bly more common than the rare case report in the
3 p7 Z5 D, O- D2 r- eliterature.4% i5 j- R7 N0 Y4 Y; n; R; W
Patient Report
- [* S& d9 v8 y: G0 E7 i7 \' L/ jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 S" {! B& s& C7 ?7 V- i4 aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
8 \( `7 g: T( g0 f. r4 Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed
. d$ s8 j( Q& g* Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was) ~* u5 Y/ d" ^! I) Q& Z
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& N) G% R" J. m0 t9 c# Q& T( cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% j9 r$ I* z- T) W( w* M1 D8 W* Z* p
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 ?* r! A. L- w( o" o! F8 d7 ~- ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 n, i( n$ T2 G5 r9 k- s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& I& D0 I* m' B
e-mail: [email protected].- \/ @2 m( K/ ^7 I0 r  H
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( B% u  K2 q- s7 b8 R) F" x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' T8 `7 v" L- w( S/ f) l( T
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  q" W' s) D% w3 U, I1 awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' L! g8 c1 R9 j% w' P2 xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 b' g1 \% e- d' U' c20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 ~' Q+ m" C" F" Yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with- l0 Y4 N9 l4 C% c3 a/ K
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ V! L# n/ f6 Z, X1 Sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development" A$ Q5 w. f! E8 y
was age appropriate.
8 S+ h$ z+ T4 I. X7 x: `. TThe family history was remarkable for the father,2 q6 k1 f7 q% C4 M8 j4 N- g2 a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
: M" v# \+ P8 ]8 q. ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ f$ p& |- p" S: g7 o
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 @6 X/ H8 Q" f% j! _$ Eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ k2 ?! g4 }- k6 `& P7 u: jThe father denied taking any other medication. The* w7 v4 I& p' x6 Q7 c9 @# C
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 t4 h2 i( D, P# h$ Q2 X6 x+ L
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ Y4 L2 t- t7 ?, \4 v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 M- I: d3 w/ T# h- }$ Y, w5 k% g
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 S( j+ {; ~% w, D4 Ftives. There were no siblings.
+ {3 X$ v% @- I2 E/ qPhysical Examination
- K1 f, F, M$ o3 P9 j4 x9 [The physical examination revealed a very active,
0 K: ^6 {9 l: ]1 C) Fplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! Z; p" U: C% E% C# y- e7 {
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 _4 n& s9 B/ T$ `- u2 Y: n; S
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  X- k4 \! c* Y/ \1 A, {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" ~7 j; J- _! ]7 xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 \# h/ x* d) A: ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' c4 G2 ?, d7 b$ J/ tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for. D2 B7 V' Y* a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! c( G& S3 [% T; M9 v0 j- J+ q5 F; |
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! W8 Q; V$ b! r/ s" {7 E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) l+ q1 L# @" q9 Y: D( N. R
540
  S/ \3 n9 ^) H' e0 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 [3 P& E% G' d/ S  F3 q
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% b, r% s: A5 xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; w3 h$ s# i- p& A5 ]The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 w7 l! }: A; u0 D% L) i: d2 X
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 M, d, j. B( t. habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.2 ^2 t9 J, c$ S4 W1 w& Z" d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! ~& M( V9 E# Z+ {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  F  A( o7 \; t  U& d7 Aof papilledema.
; n: T; t( I/ g" c2 `  k1 \" ELaboratory Evaluation7 P+ b% q) Q% i9 w6 T+ @- ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by! P% h$ Z# k( e) V) ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; G) y0 _2 E! g+ _) Jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' Q2 u+ \" B) c9 [% Xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% v# S  ]" ~3 _" w
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ H8 |3 y8 `+ \2 x/ f! v& K: q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
3 R, u+ J: G3 u9 l* j5 IThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood2 h" q/ L( N# L9 L  G
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 `( A" M9 i/ h) [
within normal range for his age. The concentration- c& u  N$ r5 y( f- O) A& c: [0 r% u
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" X9 }" P; c& \7 Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ @6 M0 _  t6 R: z$ S& N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ X$ Y, }+ _+ ~6 U) v
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ U6 d: h8 T. q0 H/ A0 S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ T' r- H0 ^: i' ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: |# @4 C, H; b6 j# t9 iwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-; u! ^5 Z% U+ C' F
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) X! @( t" v( ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),1 F4 l/ ^& o3 }6 d
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 j3 Z4 m3 }+ z/ Z0 h0 t7 v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: o2 y  D/ }) P$ }# c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; @, ?9 t* W" r  x( R# l  D
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' N- x" E2 q5 X5 C5 |1 o
(prepubertal).
; w* ?4 y. k, f) q) z: v/ M$ x7 }The parents were notified about the laboratory4 D0 B+ `' }/ T9 O* q3 h! ^$ R# |
results and were informed that all of the tests were
% |( l9 u- {3 H" I3 Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The, T* o& G! F( A) Q- S  h$ i3 Q  _
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, \8 i. f1 z, qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 U- _" V6 U5 i: Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 L" U- q( r8 F+ c# K' {' B. h
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
% |7 w7 K! ?3 H' p8 K1 Q$ S8 s7 Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 w" l1 Y% W; H4 R6 @# Z1 U$ Q3 r2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ k1 c+ X/ @* ]8 aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, _( N! t9 e, U7 O2 E4 h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 G. U: T4 E$ X6 {% \) Hthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
# b, t) F% b4 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( T* {' v) g0 s. o) M; n
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: i: `) w2 p3 Q6 e* s$ P
ing frequent erections.
) U* R; P- z4 J7 r# zBoth parents were again questioned about use of
+ y7 \, F2 X- g" n5 H% ~% d) K; Zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to. D- c  S  x$ i/ d7 s. z& x
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) x, L' {! g! f/ i+ E
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 `9 J/ h. S; Z0 z1 S( p
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; B5 I! n$ ]' L% C2 b1 J3 qing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! j) W6 M5 ~3 V4 c! ma year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 ?9 w$ P) g2 ?9 i) s, M: ?" Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 m+ N) U( d. E: @6 v8 f: B, V2 Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
/ E. H. X/ t: P4 x5 p% Xsecondary to depression.& J9 w  z4 |- `, V0 p
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# K0 t3 L) v1 B! A$ W2 RThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
3 S, R( }7 z- k% ?chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 a- s9 _( |7 ~. b/ ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; O# O" M2 Z0 ^: v% i: K7 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 O6 v7 q+ T2 b# P  }* ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 q- E* U% m+ m$ \was high, he then read the product information* @4 O( P" O, e; R4 w# I5 S
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: P$ h/ ?' f" S, sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
4 Z- B& _+ }! {5 i6 g$ \2 t; p% Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" k0 L+ ^* e) m7 E5 vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
$ H; o3 D6 z# Z& f! L' J# gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* f, ]7 G0 N: ], \; qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ j0 C; ?  A& [0 `laboratory to obtain the test., D' ]4 {6 J7 i9 x+ h
Discussion
) D0 K# g# f, ]- x$ IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary5 x' W9 [7 o# x+ G% B+ G
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  m# u$ Q5 N& v, O
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 \& d( a- t- Q4 F6 k8 sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 u8 j% I2 X' t2 G6 rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-# C7 m4 W1 u2 g6 b. |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) j, N- y* S; a  @
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. b, L0 [; g7 d9 G6 }* K( yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 ^( j4 S+ G( I. H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-; ~& p* @9 i% n! h; d2 r/ X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in* ~  I& |/ Q6 X+ A
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) y9 Z: q: p, W/ b/ y' v
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 [, M9 I3 _, A7 {8 N6 {* K
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
1 u% {0 Y" V* y7 [" Cgonadotropins.1,3
0 h& Q" k% d8 ?9 j& b, oGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 D3 ?& _  N  R$ l; gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" L+ ~# ?* U2 p  M" `  \0 c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 ?0 T! x8 D8 X/ q7 i0 ], Texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 W* T, |  M, `ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ a0 ~9 j* \3 A0 w/ J: @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* M  Q% f3 d& q1 h8 N" n; l: D% V, O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' `3 G; X& I  q2 ppuberty in boys.3,44 r% }2 p. @& q3 n% u! }/ `
The most common form of congenital adrenal
+ H/ E3 }/ \- h+ k3 p; ?, X; e* {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" m$ ^3 x" `7 p; E( w/ @The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, Q' T& r/ k! ^5 p  r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) z6 p8 k7 r& ~# can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( `6 E( G- |- W. }excess.1,3
2 T1 ~; g. ]& s) r' k- B6 Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 ^1 N+ E# y* D7 O542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 B. U) {# R; s, ~3 a7 p2 W# m
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-; q+ a) o5 K- L, o, p/ i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 l! p( @& N# {- S% j. \( h) M
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 P5 J# J  l: x1 K& t
very young age. The physical findings in these boys0 \8 N1 p: Z- f1 m! D/ {, e3 Z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 q% t! }! N- Q2 H- Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ r6 c9 r% t! L
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 d% E* Z. m4 H+ [7 Rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 L/ R: l% i7 }0 c
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-9 Z$ [/ [( n6 C( d
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- }7 S6 l) c$ k( |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) b% e" M0 K2 Emales; therefore, other male members of the family
' a# K: F, H5 e5 c; Hmay have similar precocious puberty.3
; U9 \- n- e- e# {" Y: k8 VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 K" {8 v& y8 ?0 a: p  S+ V
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 {+ M+ V% M5 l2 G$ D" mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis* N. ]' [% ], y) q+ a
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ J) Q1 b4 B& ~2 e. c2 Jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, ^- N* q# u; j
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 O( F3 C( U" }5 Q  Z" ^. d( vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ ~& t8 n" \9 |* Z7 J; q; Xative initial history of androgen exposure, our
, N" k  R: S' Q0 }0 k$ bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ r/ t4 p2 O: i, E
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ y! g4 c6 T, [; Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 Y, I5 N' |& p1 A- j* I' }! ~- @
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 B5 a/ b* S7 {
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* A, k2 ^* Z( `/ o( `# d0 |! Rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; Q* ?" U2 o# h, u* }4 j7 tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 T2 ?, P  _  r+ @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( k7 X; W$ T1 h8 X7 Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-7 V8 @0 E( K: w- i$ w$ N/ ^
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 z2 v* T; S8 V# N! g
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ X8 o! @! V! ~& K* x6 B( mDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' p  N* \' v& i/ @9 xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' M" [: @9 z) ~unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* x, P2 G, I. Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the- L4 N- w$ @: r5 H
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ }5 o0 J& z% Z: u1 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% X3 M$ h; _; h' H* e6 e" bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, d- [. [# ~# C! g* h8 d3 D- h
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 h! A& R9 e, d# E2 }0 x0 `8 NOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: I  c7 x) J/ P" c: N% [which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 a. {2 H) R& cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( H# j" ~" e" ^' R" O8 c0 }; Aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: ^2 c3 A% d: G! `
active in young children exposed to testosterone
0 x# s! g- C( h+ M9 O; g' fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% K" i6 T1 Y& m( v& B. _3 x' |drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
2 A1 i, l2 \# X, R- Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ d) R6 Q* l6 a: y9 W% Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and3 Z+ H& {) d2 P2 [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 k! j4 p0 W1 M  ?4 zThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, P5 H: F- \; F- W& |
early childhood on pubertal development and final" E0 d# ~9 j  c1 E7 V5 i/ Y
adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 O  B; D+ N0 X# Y9 W8 xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' U1 Q5 b( k, ^4 |$ [) a
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. A5 y+ g" l  I0 Q9 Q6 Xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% x, Z6 X4 z& k+ f2 S
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 m1 r5 S. o& O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- F' c& p! C' j
There are conflicting reports and controversy
+ T/ z( f+ D) [+ Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
/ @7 @2 M) ^+ g0 p# W/ m# upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 }: R; C  L/ _! D, v( d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-& p% v6 _, N: }7 D7 e2 K3 w1 C$ e. @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. R" J! l& y4 J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 t2 R3 H. v5 V0 hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 q) A" S# E: P6 t1 s0 Fpenile length in clinical studies.1 F! b- e" w& M1 |& O4 z
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
7 c2 p: H0 B) A  F6 lgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 N: g9 O" e6 R' }4 o2 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 I- _4 ?) K) ^* s' d
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 M: R& i( w. r# @6 W+ _: y; Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: |: V* c; R2 W& l; Q( u, o) wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 {2 S0 c& y+ b8 k3 t$ }1 R
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 m4 ?% V" ?* G9 |9 Gheight will not be affected.: K3 W; |7 l) ~3 T4 @6 F0 {5 }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 u% e6 L4 p- E& M% }7 Tability of androgen products in our society may7 K' v* V8 t. V; k
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 h0 W; A% ~+ M" Uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 F( x  O3 W, F7 B4 qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 x* |5 q/ q' |7 V& W6 q; ~$ s0 P( Ftioning about the use of a testosterone product or" ~) x9 y$ C) o, p1 B
gel should be asked of the family members during
. w, E5 E( d2 k- J( |9 Othe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
- J% X; s3 }# t/ n7 D) F" nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" u" b# G& @% a2 W# C9 n& F2 `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 z& R" f+ r& s1 F7 c- Y: Y4 S$ b% Happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! @& @- E5 X" ^1 n
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may$ A) z. ?9 |# g( w) B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" o, o* W- G! l/ s
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 p& D/ g/ U( E$ U+ C% [
aware of this fact, because most of these children
2 G* P/ l7 L; K, m. a5 k" [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
4 |" K$ R- x( P( l0 dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a% v3 ^- C" M" r% q$ {  U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& M, l# ?# z" D$ c( bfemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 W9 x( T( S7 `# N5 ione using any of these products.) r8 T3 Z# D6 G1 S& _  d- @! i
References
; c& G2 D5 Y' p  G) w; }8 ?5 |. x+ T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation  P& V/ [  }* o0 N- Z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 U7 {4 ]1 G% A5 s- m+ K7 g3 l* {# X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; c, O2 ~. H% k7 r7 a7 x8 k' _2002: 565-628.
1 _# g) E" W  a2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 b9 b- q# O, J. q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 k: x' G& r: ?. m$ V+ p8 D. vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 e+ q* G& e/ G1 |4 j# zExposure to Testosterone
2 e& d5 y' b' ]$ o' H$ i) CSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 E5 u, a2 n% u9 Z, H, E; T
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" c# |' F  G( Y9 g
Clinical Pediatrics9 J1 g' y1 n7 r$ k$ {2 J% `
Volume 46 Number 6
7 {5 t. q4 c% {- eJuly 2007 540-5439 F5 _, v1 o7 i- C  ]" ?) U
© 2007 Sage Publications6 ~5 _) ?0 A( v2 e8 D
10.1177/0009922806296651% ?2 G1 l$ E, |# ?. z' x
http://clp.sagepub.com
; G! m, e$ [8 t& p% k5 k- \hosted at
, k" B/ {- G8 P# _http://online.sagepub.com
8 H& q( ?- P$ y! ?1 \. Y# T* A2 }/ rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ g+ \* x' u: G" D4 h4 m8 \8 x2 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( l$ I  q8 j: q8 o' {; ~  C/ M4 ]. p: G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ \6 C: G6 B9 V. D' o" B- gthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 n/ C) E; M. F: e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ D, d5 F- B6 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& h3 o0 p& W% u6 ?4 Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% v" w2 L, w! ?3 U
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) R9 d$ A) E$ V2 Y: ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 P- m0 S# _9 D5 B
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ d9 N% i: D$ tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 \2 z4 q  P* p6 d" z3 H
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: b" _$ |( J8 s2 R, Z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 I% t5 y3 e; F, ?: k1 q7 S. y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' [& f0 K0 Y$ Hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
0 C# D0 P* c( C. achild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 A' D$ Q3 v: J& ]$ T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  l! S# x0 j. y$ U; U! t' f- I, bbly more common than the rare case report in the
8 s5 r& ~& C6 f) Gliterature.45 y3 `4 z) Y6 _3 V* [. d% h
Patient Report& g, @* [; R* T& t9 ]9 V8 t- ~7 _
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 W# M+ V. z! J! c, g9 a, Aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& S) N! ^* B5 N$ ], a- S! u5 D/ m
of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ p: R5 a% y* K( s/ E) o
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 ?2 Q7 O) K7 W+ N# q- V7 o# N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, M% A2 M. l6 A+ Y0 J
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 h  y  c' A2 Y& {, k* q8 h$ |
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ S8 {# i8 R- U1 u6 {% Q0 y
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of1 [: z/ u5 m9 F/ N3 G9 s3 [
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) d0 c- S! J) E/ P$ U+ h( Q
e-mail: [email protected].
% U1 S7 E# b5 w+ T& l4 P4 ]! habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 V% a' H. F  d3 w: odarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# n2 x# O! E) z" I; {4 {/ o* Ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# x; V0 F) [6 Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ @& U: _" G* Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 R+ {; `" q, @# C, J, c
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
# @) g* `: p: B- ~# E, P2 Hof life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 Q2 \/ Q( [* k, D, g7 `( N
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 U/ ?0 |; g5 D' l! i/ G6 mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development  e1 F, w$ h  ]; P
was age appropriate." H9 }& r! a. ^3 p
The family history was remarkable for the father,
0 `0 P2 j* q) i* P8 Fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' ~8 b' f& r+ _, k8 w( l6 N0 C/ M
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; {$ M* y1 Q, S3 N/ ^
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  D6 K  O. ?  _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, V3 @) p+ I5 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
1 V* O9 ?4 E3 k2 a; R. g/ r, Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( {: s" z& S! n7 N8 D
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ s; o8 h5 X# M1 J+ ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: \7 k9 t) w; U7 b
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-4 t. x( k1 d/ c. M4 w) ~
tives. There were no siblings.* h9 j& _: v! o/ p  i9 y; \- o" e5 @
Physical Examination) z* g1 }. [# e0 V2 R  @4 `
The physical examination revealed a very active,
, G3 V. ~' U, R8 S7 _playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 U( U5 F/ ^2 J% y9 d$ ~( t+ Xa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& l$ u5 y, ]. Y1 g; G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ n, l& E6 _- X* j+ Q8 a2 s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ w' n7 {+ I) R# o) mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 V) Z! M: M4 Q; H$ mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 q& o' ^4 [( oThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# V: S0 w2 F' P# ?enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
' X+ v2 q+ l, M6 p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- ]+ l+ u9 b6 ~3 ~' c$ gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! }) d( W, G5 [% s6 f5 {9 k540
/ @# \. Q* n: V- n  q. }* yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& P9 ^- r& @+ f5 h! ~0 E, ^
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The! [7 x2 I/ ]8 ^. Q. ~
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ K* H( F" d6 m$ c4 n/ C2 XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 V1 e3 l) k+ ]: k" x
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 _! w) u1 e: h, i5 q+ C& l7 t, H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ {3 Z& q/ ?$ q- @' o& X3 t2 NNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 u* }1 Y$ U& E0 ~- K, `
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" V' \* J/ J, z* l6 t( a8 E
of papilledema.
0 g8 c/ n$ S5 \% [7 {& vLaboratory Evaluation
$ }9 ]' O4 i: ?: f4 U. v6 h- [8 [- oThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" a3 I6 ^- c0 {9 d: B3 E* Q  Dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. O8 a" s! i0 R
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 ?# ?  k$ @& ]) ?/ D: S8 \0 H* {
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 l3 A0 G  v8 Mshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# k% R# G6 e8 f/ v, wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  L# f" X3 H" P: g/ SThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% y, C7 ~8 U" y! h+ l
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, u' a. @3 g' }; N% Y/ y
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% Q" i! ?" z, K3 w0 Rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% }, h$ s. h+ P5 }4 @0 _$ j( \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 _& x+ b- s6 Q' }# q& X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; i, F+ ^) J  I) Z  \2 O0 ~terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: d% z2 g3 U& |desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 x: I3 y* w& [/ A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 s. d7 w  g$ g1 N1 Ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* Z' e5 x( {1 ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 o& }0 t( e8 B6 m. k5 H/ N
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# A. [) G, w! H- Z% wand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 w; M+ H( L3 A1 m2 G6 ~7 w4 C
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- J" h5 {0 `. M# u8 `) f0 i& z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 Z1 m" d# z, Oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& O. K6 }) `2 I' m(prepubertal).) E, I0 u7 g2 Z& t5 V
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 Q4 d& E7 R; |0 k# |# p+ Y- tresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 n( y! u( Y) p( n9 Fnormal except the testosterone level was high. The/ b! f( a$ I" d+ n2 p$ z1 O: T+ |  M
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" m6 `$ Z( N/ ]3 z1 Q) x) L/ k2 lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
; Y" q+ T' [2 ^1 j& u' `, K' dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
9 H' U' a, q' A6 u- Q/ WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
0 C- h1 E' r& C% \child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ [( @+ h  i0 N% b4 D2 W1 o* ?- [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained: I% Z4 w4 b6 N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& Z' M- G& }7 [" Ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 w" R. x  B& B. g
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- i! t& j8 ~6 o
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 T  g! X; g# z/ ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; H, m3 Z2 h! e5 F; o8 H3 o# j
ing frequent erections.
4 s* J: _( P( C/ L5 u+ u7 o, KBoth parents were again questioned about use of5 m5 H' z3 Y# A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, U9 `/ q/ Y7 sthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, E0 m( `0 b7 S& QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 N6 Q/ W/ A' H, q" r  \( guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ F3 J$ `& ^$ E2 F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 y$ e9 T. i# i  H0 M
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! @$ `+ W/ }. ?1 h/ W+ \
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! `8 \1 K% l. L7 t$ sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
# V: X' o6 A- Wsecondary to depression.
: C* D* s) {- R3 ZThe child slept in the same bed with parents.: M& J  c6 M. ^7 N* i& F8 J
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his& N/ K5 f9 `* T& A8 H
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 ^9 {# ]+ w+ W: Z  u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 n  R) e. Y; ?( y: [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% v) l9 }  J3 O) d9 ?. R9 ?" k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) c5 \  L6 m8 a: O8 S
was high, he then read the product information
% l& H& v& `, Z# M5 o% epacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-9 n1 c" F5 }! m& e. a' ^$ D; y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 P+ E' m; y2 v( v3 [$ D
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# H" o! U7 F, G$ u: k2 Z, ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' P! B$ \$ h1 l3 f: l$ }3 `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% c. c7 E9 H0 t9 E- I9 ftest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ N# Q+ e: G9 q( Plaboratory to obtain the test.
: M% r! t: Y( G0 V* ]Discussion
8 w: z, W2 Z* K) c- ^/ K) SPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 U0 Z' _6 s6 ?9 `  O+ Osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; }/ O  G9 I: l+ V* v' [* Z( OPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* i4 [5 \" z, \( K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 K/ x8 L1 z; j2 @6 Y0 v
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' L8 C+ X7 o9 q
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ I) P. R" p- zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is! Y: j8 P) r  Q6 ~4 V) ]( K
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
4 ~; J9 @5 C$ d' [5 Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. O2 b# h* c/ `( [, w- R; i0 asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 T; f  Q1 q0 r, [3 x9 M& z* q! Z
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 L& i, I5 o+ n6 i; Sization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) P9 C1 N9 h& n
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ `" e$ z& E4 k: F0 w
gonadotropins.1,3/ [% s: W: ?8 J+ r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-! j# T$ O6 i- `' A
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ n) j& G& e8 {- e( |7 zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. b  C9 O9 [0 m- k( G) w; H  Cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-7 ?8 Q. x& H" @
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
  x1 z4 e+ r, ^" Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% P; l/ V8 g/ C7 G% h% \6 e) D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ `, H5 Y+ \. H( q) {puberty in boys.3,4
3 K, ^3 Z; f5 F1 ^' s7 VThe most common form of congenital adrenal) _1 x. Y' D( p) |: \
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 R2 ^" y3 S. N/ U2 W8 R* y4 p
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ _6 n5 q; M  Kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) v, l2 c. A, ]- Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ y. w6 K1 L2 f3 c
excess.1,3
- r1 ], i. Y7 f: ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ h6 t) ?" l2 S" e7 o542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 B" R- ?: x' s8 m6 N( iA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 z; o$ f$ [* s* {2 H; n8 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 ^  W& j. }2 }as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
# v3 c& f/ W; d- s& E- Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys6 ?( {1 G$ W" [
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 o4 N0 ?8 |. A6 q6 C' E# [including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; N* R0 [+ D6 u' Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ }* R+ r- a/ b7 ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 S% h& Z" F+ L/ L$ C( e- ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 }/ [3 ]9 T7 freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% |. w8 H/ X4 b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  V, Y7 o$ q3 d% a) F! b9 hmales; therefore, other male members of the family1 ^) C: |. C) Y; h( S
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 E9 W" ^. p& R  a2 n: u- ?5 x! ]  TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-! H3 {- C% X% \( G. t3 |9 Q& S
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 y' f$ d9 e1 A$ P2 ~, d) g( _cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 ~/ w2 q  _) g! ]) F4 Pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 A8 W) B4 o6 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* i' l+ o3 G5 L6 z! Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
- T8 W. A( Q- E0 c+ F9 Q0 e# ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) g9 Y! K/ y' m3 x1 h5 f  v# y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" o' K. k! A7 v0 \9 Hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; W) i" m$ O, b& C  _# M6 @9 N: I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ I; Z4 Y- P. A3 d) ]3 c( n: Z2 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 ^' e3 f! w. }6 U) ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.3 u( _& z/ ?! y; u9 s* h; y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' o9 |3 w/ q1 }suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! B" G0 h3 C- B& ^, sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-' \* p$ _2 v4 S& [" P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
) J2 P+ l! i/ }+ T7 I8 f( q5 Mdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- L) E# n- a! d" W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 Q2 l2 c* ]( C* ?, Husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 c- N! B. v# a4 ^, O  [
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. _( R2 f/ t) r$ ~( j# k' |cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 b. F5 n5 x; B2 B1 @& `( m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  V( w$ _: K1 D( V2 @4 J1 |$ cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& ^' r+ O5 @6 _baseline value in those females who were exposed to) a6 W, H# {1 H3 {  s7 y$ L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male9 f8 J( K0 {8 P0 @& N6 x8 M$ ^
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! _0 `: |" x+ U' Z/ O9 D
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 ^! R! c6 Q. b8 a* vOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 `( V" A) w. e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! O" D+ U1 M) z- K" }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 v. {; m% b# Q& ^; \- Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* H2 g' K6 h! u0 v+ f; I9 C+ Pactive in young children exposed to testosterone
) c1 Q. y) F; cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 ?" ?/ y3 W4 R0 n6 P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  z! b  u6 K1 p+ ^: X* ]2 {$ \virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ _/ }) _6 J" J( g! bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: Z) W: I) Q8 X. g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ _6 V, m1 d, M% T7 @0 TThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during5 e% x5 O. c( S# \
early childhood on pubertal development and final2 S* L' a( }2 [
adult height are not fully known and always remain
" ^, M$ t- ^$ B& xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, z, c' a8 P  h0 ^3 W
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some5 \6 E9 n7 z3 P+ T3 ?& `- o
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; U+ V  w6 n' T) ?. scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 q  i5 J# X, N) b/ O% ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9/ ]. P+ Q# J1 z3 N1 l- O( W
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 T6 F5 N; e8 j4 C% N0 F5 L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- A/ \: T7 K- H+ r! l- ^# Q/ Tpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' P) H- A0 R1 q+ ]+ w5 W% d3 y5 p
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 n) i' h% O+ J3 r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; ?/ Q) B1 c& \' p+ H* m
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 f: c& o( v, x  Uchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: S, R1 ?) P7 s! Hpenile length in clinical studies.
# d( d  T6 b( V& `% MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 m' E! ^% g/ W3 T5 l
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' m* E8 v6 s! @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because( f6 y( D  s5 t- C0 N7 C) \
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., r6 s0 B+ i* w
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  D, Z) S1 u; ^4 G8 n9 L
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 K! W3 O# X: o3 R( K2 S2 }
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* _) y" [- ~% `8 e2 z
height will not be affected.1 t" A- T! U' U" J6 Q$ n
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-: f' `0 _; V8 x/ V
ability of androgen products in our society may4 j. }! H  R9 J. W4 m
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 ^. l6 Z4 L5 R* j1 a( g5 {5 Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 b6 o8 h4 D6 xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 {/ H: D1 E8 N8 ]5 I4 d  B( [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. U1 m* J+ I/ D4 c% @, \8 T
gel should be asked of the family members during* D& H# Y+ `! C3 D% I; n
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ F$ e. `$ L, Q% Q, }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( @9 E2 d3 u+ [3 c# C$ u; L1 pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% f/ ?8 o% a# h; N. Y/ L1 P! M% _) {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, ]7 h2 p9 N( ^
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ B1 \) G6 C6 Y+ k4 ]. A0 Eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 A+ p2 I+ O. Y# e: {+ w; ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be; q- \3 {6 j; r8 [" o7 c
aware of this fact, because most of these children
: s) |' u! t7 f% a8 S) Y8 \3 F& Hmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( V" ]2 [. h' C7 q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, k, `' M3 h9 w9 X' r( V4 ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or% J0 v7 t  Z* [3 }" f
female child who might come in contact with some-$ c  l( B1 \5 D
one using any of these products.
* A) e- L8 m9 }  bReferences
7 q( w2 U& k& H1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% C9 s0 F. G4 q, {) `6 Z" q/ m- M( ]
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' c3 p6 O) W, |) T" ^' }Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- [& p  O7 ?/ J8 c$ }9 \1 A0 G! V
2002: 565-628.. Q2 G7 f! h4 P1 e' ^! U) W
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious/ g3 [( g' \5 N6 i  i9 c
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

5 x4 n& r0 _- g4 u精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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