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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, K5 z7 |6 _1 c+ ]* N% o  v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical; K: w5 O, C3 U% \9 E# F; R  K" Q
Exposure to Testosterone  m9 s" j" E: d6 ]/ }( m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" j! F! Z* S) r1 e$ _& Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( v$ `* v* J( T4 cClinical Pediatrics
1 c  x* Y+ T; M$ {Volume 46 Number 64 _( S3 e& S( x" [% Q2 d
July 2007 540-543
/ {9 c+ c) F+ P5 \: t© 2007 Sage Publications
# [6 F' T' \/ I% w, w, c9 w$ ]10.1177/0009922806296651
* O5 f- U) @& e$ \; x% U6 \http://clp.sagepub.com
6 V8 Q% v- n+ n6 ihosted at6 a. A8 u, ?3 J$ m
http://online.sagepub.com
, c  i1 i2 D8 F5 h. xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 x( Y1 W# m3 R' Eis a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 U; b6 C. d2 I; ]. P" sprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; L0 c' M8 s8 U0 r# ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has. T- R- _3 ^3 j
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( ^6 E& p8 P+ K9 \( W% ?% ulesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! q$ s5 B* n3 r; N. W+ nby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 m6 W( p& V" X7 H+ b( t5 X5 B: r
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 p, V! |( I$ E) @- e2 a9 T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 H' [! x: j" A6 breport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: a5 N& x! U* ~  G, o3 B# T. e
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! L) y5 f2 X/ iment without testicular enlargement, which was due" o* U% L# m& L% h% \+ |. D8 S/ ^# r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" d  t+ }+ B, s/ ]+ |7 ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 W$ D* S1 Z) Z; I& Y4 qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' D  e6 x  m& M2 o: n  |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 A) K, F( p) i6 A  p
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 T- o0 {6 \; ^9 R/ o
bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ i% l1 X# b! y' Oliterature.4! j0 o5 S) G% F& k
Patient Report
9 N: E+ p' t: E: t0 sA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& k/ J& ~3 n9 w3 j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 v  y  F1 N5 xof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 Y3 O- s0 l1 `6 Q' x5 J7 T
light colored pubic hair development when he was
6 K$ w5 w# k( _2 ?+ I8 SFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' h- D$ Q# R- l! d5 s7 jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.7 t& i0 W* H, r
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
! C, t# ?" T+ ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 ~8 k1 `+ A/ B+ |7 y- u; ?8 H4 BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ X$ w" u: ?( I  c. o
e-mail: [email protected].5 U* V. X) K# x& j. u  h8 f# f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became- B9 P3 H" L0 a( v) H! U
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 H2 \* X4 H1 l, oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ Y$ c& w, k' |( R7 c( Vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" t+ J1 [8 x1 }! I5 Fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 H# \# W8 P" I+ B
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% F  ]# G: H) Z5 o1 d" U
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 {; ^: _, q2 J8 P0 B4 x/ t- Tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 L0 Y0 A, h7 C3 a  k5 V* }) sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; u" b, r" S: kwas age appropriate.5 ?6 q( p* A1 q3 R! ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" Z: n8 r6 K" Z/ V4 a/ h' Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 _; f8 q; Z' x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# ]: R9 M1 i6 h3 D- _1 h7 eheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ r- W: u# Z: X1 m% j) |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' Z2 J+ s" u4 |( @3 \The father denied taking any other medication. The; j4 o: B. Y7 A3 T/ A
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche5 n- |$ f4 M4 N5 h$ q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ Z" p8 n: I& g" Y) q- y& J$ Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ O8 Q: J  Y5 Z- Y% r5 Y3 W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ g9 m+ g0 }. \' H5 ?! btives. There were no siblings.
- ~' _) Q& d) s7 bPhysical Examination' @) r& a+ x; E8 o& \6 L/ k
The physical examination revealed a very active,
& s- X9 e* |/ h) Y: }' Z, bplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) u8 r# F" h" [& B) G8 |
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: _3 I: `5 O9 U$ S' y8 m- K
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ R8 _' e3 L8 O0 w5 @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 x. e0 @+ b5 x! e- [+ T
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. c: U* H5 ?& C% C! ^0 O! v3 xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. N5 O- u! |2 v4 W) ]  g
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ Q' C0 b, [* e% T6 V9 {enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. P& e7 F% o. ]
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
0 J+ s" A5 X5 B! r- Mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% Z/ }; f- e8 m/ `5 M1 D5406 ^! m) N6 D- ^; K+ W. E, _; r$ F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 W1 r* \- A, S$ E! fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The+ l5 u# B# @6 `7 H
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 Z5 D0 z+ S7 rThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" x9 Z! v1 F. U: d% Q/ S7 Koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
  A9 A% P" Z* w4 p9 {( s; Nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 R5 [: i$ V/ h4 JNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# [  F) o* {5 F/ f1 ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 e) G* m) ~) C' B2 D" {! }, d. Q' Zof papilledema.
5 b4 P$ |  [# p7 l) ?* t/ @Laboratory Evaluation( G/ y3 H" s: x
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 r5 C  s( A9 Pusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ X$ c2 H  X2 V* s( [, c& ~
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
7 d$ M3 d, M1 Dkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 @' X5 L9 g- ^/ Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- t+ W& @- F7 ?  A5 \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  ?. F: P: Z  \( C/ QThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 k0 E2 J! e8 X2 {- e
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 R* p; U' K: F4 E
within normal range for his age. The concentration
& h: k6 Z8 o, A2 ]of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 E# Z2 n  d& p0 k3 t
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: C9 I5 j: D3 F; [0 Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" @( x% D: d/ ]% Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# K; q( a- L7 a. y2 h! b+ u, gdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- M# r1 q& z5 [! e
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 D- }2 C6 s! |+ A# Q1 v" {: s8 b
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, Z) K- K# z3 g3 X8 ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# m. w; O2 i) {- Q4 S2 M  t. `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 S  V! L7 C7 V; d; ?. c4 Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 G9 z0 X) Z4 k( e) B, x5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 m  m2 f- [! [5 N
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 }- r9 b- X8 Y" `2 r
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ t9 [3 z$ Z( K& q0 a
(prepubertal).$ P: O# D* p& \  ]* |' q
The parents were notified about the laboratory* A% }- O/ `# u% a7 q
results and were informed that all of the tests were/ i/ S% X" x! t- h- b' m
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
, e+ i1 I1 j9 m. |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to/ y2 |; C4 s2 C0 s1 z1 m& I0 \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ h( `/ i9 c* E/ Pever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 F) q5 X$ i) R' u. K) PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
5 [0 M# W; m& s0 S" H& H; j/ pchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* Q" A, j( T7 H& B
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 P; |8 `# I. v# F3 j1 G1 S5 F/ m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; l! b* c6 d4 J% I4 _5 M7 Lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 i5 u; Y- k- bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. Y1 g0 \+ w9 F6 C# h; GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' W/ y# S- D/ k, z- I! u4 x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ P! E2 L; j! G; o8 b( ~; [ing frequent erections.
; {) h, N" G0 K# U0 K* q6 P" uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
: q& B  A4 l; iany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 A  M1 x) D+ r. D8 Hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ c! }; U/ g: Q2 T6 O" F* o5 xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  n) ^. r- ]- x/ l8 Kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 W- z4 `& G7 V2 M. Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 F/ O& K) y5 ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. e7 T: W' H, q: B, u' Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-5 {& j  ?- U3 U* y3 x
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 q! ]7 }! h. |secondary to depression.  Y0 J) d* k2 Z+ _
The child slept in the same bed with parents., \6 j+ M# n1 s3 `6 r8 g4 {5 `
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his' b+ v) x' B" [9 A/ S$ S& T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 }: j1 a4 v1 M2 N+ n3 T
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( a1 s# i* V9 R6 ?9 f# v7 ^
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ p; X! u) W0 Z: S2 z( swhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# C$ C: ^" P( h! V0 [# u2 Y6 c" w
was high, he then read the product information
5 }% ^1 q7 f( |+ w7 p  apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-9 w  I" x- M: [3 X( [% X  D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 U+ U! ~- e5 |* r1 m. O2 qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 f+ v0 U: y  S1 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 ~. f9 k4 c. v+ N; abeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& U) C# O) v4 ^7 r+ [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 g0 O- T( A, Y
laboratory to obtain the test.3 U! _4 \. k& m' W3 \. L1 i
Discussion
7 z" U4 D/ c% Q  ?, }+ Y! u1 pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 `7 j; \! Q7 ?' _sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: Z, n4 }1 h9 z8 S7 [7 s
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
! u7 H, j9 j# Eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% K, N6 L4 }4 X% C3 ~thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ V' W5 t5 P) R* F
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP6 B; G# C5 _' L& A; o
may have a central nervous system lesion that is" X  T4 P/ G* G: `& N; S$ U
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' }8 Z) s, d, I- R  x4 zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' {8 @9 {* ]) K: v2 C$ F: d' }/ Y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% K7 E. \) ~$ p, C
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ W4 |, c# l( R( G& D1 H# bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! s3 k7 k- x' V( l; K! _  N3 R
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! E( i. ?& y3 Kgonadotropins.1,3: a% V6 y$ y% C9 e% c$ X* r4 G
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* \0 `1 ?6 u: ~) J. w+ G/ Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
  c3 O* X  s' I9 @" Aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or, W1 V( p: h0 B: F7 S  _1 e3 l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
" p! S9 v# y0 W0 n7 Mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ [  K  [4 {( n' G' c+ l0 {- D. u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
: k* t* {  S0 |1 `3 F. zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 g" b; W2 j) S
puberty in boys.3,4
7 Y* P7 V% c! i# XThe most common form of congenital adrenal6 w1 A* a3 Q6 [( N  d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 M2 `5 `) H4 P  u7 R3 J0 O8 ~; KThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- g% W; u, K# ^) d  K$ ?' hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& F4 c8 c! n5 r* b- _
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* P8 v" [& y* {* y# `% C/ eexcess.1,37 G9 J& a3 ^0 ^6 r& a6 [: P& G" q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ m- x: w# P6 |* p4 ]& y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# Z" D( C8 p& r7 l' h$ k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 B0 }% I5 C6 f3 t+ m% O/ pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 |2 d* R# C, j# C, F! oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% Z& I9 E2 c: C" Dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 C3 m* I- a/ r" }1 V  }9 `with this disorder are full pubertal development,4 e7 b* t! r+ v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 r9 t' J. J1 y' r) Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder- A6 j, S  r" h, I7 G; I9 o; d$ G
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: `. W% ]5 k* y% h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
; K& h: v/ H% X) ?' U3 Oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 C% T0 D, L* A, V
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
: P( s9 u5 `& D! V7 `8 h! O' Zmales; therefore, other male members of the family9 w8 b0 ]# D! B3 M! N7 r8 _; m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' y6 u! I* I' M0 P0 m  [+ F" p; yIn our patient, physical examination was incon-, k0 Q$ n# N2 u" }1 j2 Z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& O1 }$ _, N1 i$ w( E
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' B7 w+ E  Z. ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 x! m1 F' v8 t5 M( zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. I: n$ f( X3 Ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 h6 R! K" e" p. `: Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% ]: [2 c5 C) \" @" ^ative initial history of androgen exposure, our& K% S% \0 x; H' r& f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, R0 h2 _% ?$ f+ k9 A( q7 t- W$ ~
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& Q, g$ z3 f4 n9 i& Tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 h6 Q! g9 Q* p! w, J
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 d1 A4 |7 w. G! F, e& [The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ }1 o) g9 i& H  V2 T9 Q" ?  p9 m( esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% e8 v0 T5 F" A: T/ v
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; s9 s" D9 A8 p" x; P6 C+ ?3 Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ ^* ~2 Z8 u9 b' mdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& q5 [, H$ r" J0 x$ V
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 e$ T) M+ H# h% [* h  n0 Vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 |- k" o# ?0 x2 p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 B# I. A* }! X- wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% k9 d1 H' e: C: k3 `' J& Iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.% \% ~. t0 p& R
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! a6 e/ i& ~7 F! `7 Q% }
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 g" k& l7 n' leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- T0 O3 A! o' V* |: f$ x4 _5 h: y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" z; q. q  [/ o/ X. O
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
8 W/ U. y6 [1 xOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# O* \3 E9 |) w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 x- d6 h! \% Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
0 M6 d  e% s% w- P2 p2 }) R7 S( ^terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
: E6 ?& s1 N: f2 t4 g! S) l6 factive in young children exposed to testosterone
; g% q& I  m) T1 r& L5 texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-2 F6 I0 A( z9 r" R# z6 F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% d; r! L# b3 \* A# s) _  m
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& f+ J5 {' _: c2 H, p3 zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ U. ~9 ]: {5 Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; w9 c$ P: x/ e2 M
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 V3 p% M! N1 b1 G: J
early childhood on pubertal development and final6 ~6 G* E; g' o1 N
adult height are not fully known and always remain
% m  W8 i  N" t( n  u3 ~a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 z# P1 N- y; \& B8 _: Y7 Z/ cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! R) k& V! H" Z- J0 _acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" u- t1 ]+ B- N7 v9 |3 rcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 |3 {/ C- u1 r0 Q. adecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- Z2 p% j+ B" R+ S
There are conflicting reports and controversy
7 z% _) c. s' L4 P6 X' Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; y: e0 y0 D% o4 p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. E! e2 e) z, ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 A, s0 |- n1 ]' U; t7 B5 culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& ?( |* I' o; w0 T6 M9 }" XSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 R9 X1 S. K4 m5 A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 k+ @4 @6 K% z' E9 J" Ypenile length in clinical studies., B% t8 I# ~/ p# Z  l  ]' w9 j
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 _; E3 }7 X* j& Jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) o' @8 {9 e- F( o
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- a) |# e9 m, K& [. m; {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 x; O0 n/ v  U& [5 d0 gAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 I6 {$ y. `- T+ sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* d7 A6 t- {  X2 t5 Y, i: X. G9 f
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 `, \4 g1 c) J
height will not be affected.% @- V, h# h1 ~- s0 ?
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 V' x3 U$ \+ s+ q* J$ K3 vability of androgen products in our society may; r, o' s8 Y8 a. Y7 k( `
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! u3 a2 a& |0 @' @* S8 q; y5 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
; X4 c4 [& }, p6 f! ugen products must be considered and specific ques-, d  Z$ R- ?8 g" P
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* g0 y+ _9 j: L6 wgel should be asked of the family members during
3 `* D* A/ a' d: Y& Q6 J2 w. tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: x: \) {3 j  d/ H9 x! o9 `ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 c: s4 i: T  j) ]1 E9 ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: ^! M6 D3 F8 i1 \/ w8 V! Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 F7 m) h, G" ^history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may6 L% Y' M1 ~. t0 o: z: W
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 Z: z4 _. ?0 d4 B; W) \investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 a( S' Y, {8 Kaware of this fact, because most of these children
+ h+ V1 A7 U! V) h9 Q7 f3 Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 Q3 x1 v) C5 ^. q/ [& }+ x! [9 n, wDesk Reference and package insert should also put a( i& `8 G1 u  X4 o- h5 Q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. {! }% _) h5 L3 O8 c0 G5 f
female child who might come in contact with some-
/ ]$ k) x7 Y% ~' ]one using any of these products.
2 n  W- Z; p4 d' `References# T8 [) @& R; j$ m2 t) s7 r8 G
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation" s# ~" V$ a3 l, n* [
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, ~/ n: n! T8 e3 z2 e
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 H5 W& {) Z+ h4 H/ ^( X! i2002: 565-628.9 r# u9 g% D+ K
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- b$ O: ]# L. T& Q2 F! I6 vpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ U9 E6 z. J* I$ D. x( A- @Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 c, O0 g; o! X
Exposure to Testosterone& d; Y' u$ V( |
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; s$ v' c5 P% }0 N& @
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% H4 D2 }0 U  Q0 ~& [$ M' Q* J/ DClinical Pediatrics6 ^1 [* [' c& o$ N# |
Volume 46 Number 6
% i+ D: x3 c% bJuly 2007 540-543- o# l( ?. O. e7 I. b
© 2007 Sage Publications( |8 ^1 [$ ^" ?8 P& R. ~
10.1177/0009922806296651
, G! U' l8 @4 h2 N* G) shttp://clp.sagepub.com8 S& G! o0 ^. m  M9 Q& i
hosted at
1 j3 G' [1 c- L+ Y/ ahttp://online.sagepub.com" W8 P  s# ^/ G# Z2 x! y- N
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 n+ e4 \7 C7 G! x' F) ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central7 k7 M0 C7 Q& I! v
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! U' I. ]% u1 P! Rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: a* a) i3 ]: r; l# @; ]! g
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, Q+ h0 b  c6 \( i4 y0 ?$ G  Llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" w( S- j+ f0 ~; Z$ S- [1 S8 W. p
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 n6 J3 ^) G9 m& [" P9 chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-2 l2 E; Y5 @1 v1 N$ X" l
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We7 \$ Y, v. o% z0 o
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
5 w% P" H  Y- M9 Genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  ~3 }9 I2 `: h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( l$ q  i2 X' w' H, ^: q% fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: s1 U% l8 L5 p/ }. xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 l8 d' X; `4 ~$ Y% Q) Dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) @  Q* t1 N' H9 a- h
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ G7 O% h% f0 y6 J6 o2 dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
% ?: @$ p3 U. ~0 w1 H+ \) O' ?- ?5 Nbly more common than the rare case report in the
& H; \7 s* \  u! k. {# v  z# |literature.4* e: n/ F% o1 _' m5 k" A& s! o
Patient Report% c& h$ Y; `# @% D: k7 Y4 u
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 e+ V, r; c; F" q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ u+ T' o! p8 Z
of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ C1 G/ ~* p: v7 Z0 Y
light colored pubic hair development when he was! v! x0 n% \, T0 J$ ^
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ ~& G4 k3 J; [9 r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
7 h3 |6 L  }9 M4 p* D6 s  `Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: K5 O. I1 q& H4 t8 `/ KProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: h1 X8 d. `4 \/ M2 T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* C0 A: X* G" [3 V& E- be-mail: [email protected].
  I9 g, u6 U' u+ k+ J0 Habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 T7 i: d7 k( x9 V
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 I: Z0 P2 L, G" h  |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! A9 Z# V4 J' V1 A; vwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 @3 P: J5 W5 `; n: \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* v8 `* ~' e. X* f6 A6 j3 L% d
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 D- N% [: p8 P3 C2 j3 e$ Sof life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ e- p( s& I* S5 N: ]2 N/ S9 D
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
0 B3 l3 O" x" V" t( B8 g% a" xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" D0 H9 {; [( j' c: swas age appropriate.
* Z8 x4 ~2 H$ }. @The family history was remarkable for the father,: w7 B6 R* h0 ^9 J2 p" J
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ P0 a! p% |  c/ ]: Zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
* q6 _7 ]8 t* _5 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 l# X4 ?" O1 w) D! r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 |$ d& Q) h+ d+ V
The father denied taking any other medication. The
. t6 b9 G) `: ?. c: G5 L: {child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ x* m4 }; T6 q5 P9 cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 B7 `, ?; t1 r9 X# P& ?. n. l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 W+ m0 p# Q8 Z5 i1 O( c& Acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 Z  i( y  B! G, n9 y- O) }tives. There were no siblings.
  ]- I- b0 K& Z% X$ hPhysical Examination
  i8 A2 J% W: n! w% }- \1 i. sThe physical examination revealed a very active," o3 j8 O3 y9 L& m4 z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 v- r9 Q* ~: t5 l
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, X! L; d: ~/ |  Z9 D# D2 J90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) a9 `5 y# ?# g, v. F# {  L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 \- ~) T& a, W# K% X4 [! cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' q' [, a: R: Q9 J0 [
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* b* @* \- O# u$ g# l! sThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 b+ c% `+ a: z1 x9 P& b
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ ]' ?7 A4 _3 K0 N
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 f% x3 v* A! r, q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 i% f! p* G) S1 _& f4 _: G
5407 B8 U/ `0 y% |. L% _* H; b) y5 E* b/ \' ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 K* Y- X& @, @
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
1 C& k7 `) g) ]3 q! U, A  Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  R- U2 _7 l+ t. A) e" F6 AThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* p1 J+ D; B1 U# u" Goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 k$ K6 \$ r# [6 x2 U& J& `0 r9 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 _8 t/ b; v8 Y0 j- q& b- XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# K* m; f  v! z4 G- x( qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 t$ |9 Y" I) G
of papilledema." G. V2 ^. N+ K& i* y$ _$ r
Laboratory Evaluation* Z. p; O0 b) o& L, f( `7 R
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by) z  C3 h8 h* _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' y4 @) P( X+ N7 y( i3 k) R8 blogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, e0 p- M! G5 W: e
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 |4 X' T, X( T8 E$ b& Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-; D" T: x  ]% A0 I
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
9 [2 e3 u4 U8 S9 I* ^The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
$ u) a( E6 e1 ~9 T8 purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were$ L. S% E+ K0 b# k: L! o* J
within normal range for his age. The concentration2 Y% |0 t* B% Y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 i; w) P4 V- f8 L' T3 U(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ ?! I" o  s6 g6 X( Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% I1 I. v9 @3 o! M7 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" S0 Q+ V! }. T3 xdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" l% s$ Z6 o8 r, e& Q
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- ]2 R! N7 A# e$ k6 dwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& r6 |% A! l& L; T9 [, e
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 C3 T( N2 ^: m
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% m, T0 W0 ]4 K" C; xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) l8 n# J' u: \9 A( T. N+ D+ M5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& G: ~& q. B) I8 ^$ @0 k
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 H0 ]) w+ ^, I& O: Sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! L; Y5 ]6 K0 f1 i/ }: ~(prepubertal).
1 r2 o" r9 M/ N4 UThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! m/ B& n9 ~7 b% o7 d3 `- Tresults and were informed that all of the tests were, d2 [, Y9 q6 Y& M/ R/ R
normal except the testosterone level was high. The$ ~  Z$ ]$ ?# u0 k& {; Y0 y4 R
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ ]5 w4 d3 G- X9 Y9 P6 b/ I) u7 _obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 ~* H1 [, L8 oever, the family did not return for 4 months." b) E: f; }  p2 Z4 y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ P$ L% I0 t- `5 L3 Zchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained5 c6 j" U3 L# ]7 G9 ^6 c9 I9 f
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 ]1 c+ J8 R! O$ h' H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-: f3 I- z  _8 ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 {8 g, s% B6 H" }the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ L+ J6 H: i, v- [0 Q- @4 e5 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( `4 n* L$ V. m2 b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 a+ B/ j2 Y. C
ing frequent erections.8 f+ S& N- u; w* }" T6 N# j1 w# |. Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- _- {- l5 V  |. C/ f, i, Uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" h2 V  _! v) F, K0 n% l: }
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 N6 I: _" q6 w" B* ^, E7 {% MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ h3 I* q0 W/ B: Y' y7 a. Huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 ?3 w( @2 ?- L  w$ b/ x
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" K- n9 c5 R# U, g$ Y4 a% p0 n# fa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  I$ l0 U6 o1 e7 ?
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! D) X. ~5 ~3 e9 Z. ]9 K9 |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido& `. a: I2 D: z& D
secondary to depression.- o  h/ h! K  q  R: S" @: O
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 ]2 s! |% Z, z$ _The father would hug the baby and hold him on his* v2 k" r! Q, n6 L3 \' o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 y) v0 o: O# n- }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ k4 q2 A/ U, D$ {, \The father also admitted that after the phone call,! H" w5 p' b: q, p, c! U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) }- ]# @2 {* O0 G
was high, he then read the product information. q0 ^6 [  N% E4 Z  A  E: G
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 V' Y" |* |6 M3 O$ B$ ^
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* k  e$ W) e3 l* a5 g7 J( Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: o1 m4 e  N$ J' {8 B5 {father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 m0 P, B4 p5 H: }; ?
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! h4 X. T, k0 r
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* ?1 x5 i  y, P
laboratory to obtain the test.- u* O* o' ?% E. h! u
Discussion) Y' i6 Y, J9 g  v& C1 y# V( |; Q  k
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) y) X3 R! ^3 ]+ K0 I8 I) F3 Asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 \& V/ [% Q& T- r7 Z4 S9 F+ z& IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  F$ _4 b! N7 t
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 W" o4 N2 Q8 g" mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 D0 _  O; E/ i# d" T$ J% @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- s. D+ n- x3 `2 l% f% Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is4 ^" D$ l$ r) v) ~; \
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. Y$ f9 X  d: r( U7 J
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ K& H. @4 W& V* w5 Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 Z, K, s" n* A- Q2 l2 i
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 y! |: v# S- s! C
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 j+ s6 b. @8 B5 }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 I& i8 s- T3 `6 I1 }/ o
gonadotropins.1,3
- P9 k; H/ s$ d2 {2 NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 J: v0 I: C. Z, x* hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 L" E4 `6 C: p( p
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or  f3 o6 s( C2 u) D. X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 ~- o+ Q1 d$ P( J* T* L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ n# p7 ?7 }' U$ D! pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive$ k( G+ P- E5 c( [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& M' i* C2 v$ A/ O$ S8 L' C
puberty in boys.3,4" E. t+ B' X3 j* X5 L7 a
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 y- ^3 E* G2 B( Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 x& @! c' S0 {) M3 N- Y
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 ~- j5 H- L9 }* |excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ \2 G# [0 o7 f' r" J$ {8 ~* x
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& ^# J3 T4 S) i
excess.1,3- L* [* ]* }  ~4 R4 E( b7 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% @; {# P9 N* G. e' Q
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
) ~' w2 L2 F# Y) O' Y& D5 p+ H! L; ~A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( ^% l4 g6 c  h; g0 f* p/ }2 a
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. }9 C1 q3 B0 L' m# c  M# d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 D; J1 b' c/ g! overy young age. The physical findings in these boys1 r8 K4 A* s! z/ {. v6 g
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
. f7 ]# o! C0 S) l: bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ b; a) b0 t6 q0 H( |2 g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 u! @/ u* J. n! Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% n: z0 K8 d7 q0 L9 tpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% t6 ~9 m: T2 b$ M
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. t! h0 p5 P' W/ p( w1 i' S  eautosomal dominant disorder that affects only% i; P! o% d/ j4 M/ G5 ~6 W
males; therefore, other male members of the family1 s8 {2 n9 |* }- D+ m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
. L& X" X7 V8 e$ [' w; A9 L- C6 jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) L3 D' ~% e! _+ l! [
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! }- c9 A2 g* ^, @, M  W
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: d0 b) I! g8 l: R1 K
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
# A  x8 h: k& |0 _2 k" U! ^3 b6 Mstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; R9 z/ j5 Z8 Y2 @2 e( _
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 o0 E! s6 m7 q5 [! O8 l5 o# ~% [5 x- sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 U  @4 {/ b( Y+ _5 pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ p9 c4 m8 v& F4 T5 q5 Dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 s0 R+ W5 k+ u: n  teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' f! L* A& T) t
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ \* r' B! Q9 Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 e% V- L9 O( W
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% P$ x' A# N. C2 f" M2 x: }suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 T  T" v! r; w3 u- |1 k+ @9 m
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-  O9 h  g+ }2 d! e& H! h; `1 i( P! w  @
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
: v1 t8 l: S0 C( N1 ^decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 x! V' d1 A( d; {# Kterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 L$ H/ [/ K1 B" A5 D, T6 E# tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. ]8 O( w0 k5 i/ y1 pDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ V1 h% x0 i( \! o6 ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ u9 n) {- ?" A" _' t
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 r$ W; J  X7 y5 F5 {
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 D" C# A8 P! k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 h1 G( @4 N7 A- u+ geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male% a( Q/ J! M' A7 h
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ J1 Z3 f# J7 a
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
" a! @0 P8 e: ^) [Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& R7 X( q: O  Y  G6 J) L- e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  N, Y2 h- A1 Q# S8 V) k9 `
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# [3 T% t! c! x/ }) I+ N8 V+ F2 Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. u$ {+ O$ Q4 |" ^( J" qactive in young children exposed to testosterone* _) c* X# C8 z5 J- a- ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
2 V, n9 z  U$ E: r* D! s8 T$ M4 X0 odrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  s3 j' p$ i3 f( x1 l* C, hvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 H* [; l8 {: `4 f" f) G: pchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 n, l* ^+ J7 |- l2 V2 J  g+ y" Radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! E1 j8 u8 l4 x' cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% L  e/ f1 B2 bearly childhood on pubertal development and final" S) Z) y5 o+ j* ~/ J1 [4 Y0 A
adult height are not fully known and always remain
4 f, }, t5 _8 K3 r! g" N* aa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, n0 s4 g. `& K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
0 _$ \# u, l6 a2 [acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# [8 G7 J3 z+ Z; @; H$ M
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 t( \, N2 |, m' P0 ~# O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 a+ Z/ m9 n( t( j' r9 N8 c
There are conflicting reports and controversy2 `& k' W6 O! m6 {1 z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 |: x2 w6 Q' H$ b: p4 Y1 ?, Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 x& z  S  v9 D+ _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. L  ~0 v8 l$ L: X$ I) zulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: o* W  q' l/ q" s* |8 hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
; a: G  n9 P! x, X1 }0 rchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: q6 T9 }; D2 O/ p7 c  s5 q+ Xpenile length in clinical studies.
" K' A; c+ t& ?' eNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 I. |1 F, n" H9 f9 }$ Qgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
+ E0 E" [; v1 q: \; G  b6 A8 a' x' Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because% i$ Y0 ~, J: @1 A1 |$ o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' x" H7 }+ A! h1 a. v8 E
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* e" N8 W3 b) W" j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' \# e. a) |& r8 J) }3 C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 u3 W" ^8 y9 A7 [
height will not be affected.
2 @* z* i0 ?2 b1 KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 W" a8 b2 j6 I8 tability of androgen products in our society may5 E- w6 r' _- \7 k; n  n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female4 w9 S  p9 a) S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& T( l1 F( U/ H) s8 Z% w
gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 |3 t6 ~1 F2 ?1 T+ e
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 W2 S2 ]4 s$ @% a) Q$ O* c
gel should be asked of the family members during) U, R7 w1 C7 j* K9 s
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, e2 o  j3 Y8 m6 Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" u6 o9 i  u6 O2 znosis can be established by just a few tests and by; M  y1 d( Y2 X8 s/ m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" c; m, \6 Q5 F/ r( V* lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 V1 S1 N0 l, j8 W+ T& h
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
, x7 }- ]. ?* T" Cinvestigation. The primary care physician should be0 K7 n9 \0 w1 j; t8 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children2 [/ ?9 u' X/ q  m# B5 M2 H
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 y" _/ x' p1 R" L% ODesk Reference and package insert should also put a! a7 u. t# U, G, }& A, i
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or; X$ \/ w2 _% l$ h' f
female child who might come in contact with some-/ J0 Q/ l6 i2 Y  @
one using any of these products.5 C9 p% [5 V8 n1 {' Q6 a: C# p
References
+ Q% p/ y0 i( i* B1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation2 N6 @: n1 `; Q6 @2 h0 Z% }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; O4 U" p) W& e- J2 |/ wEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;; O# O" Y$ V, C
2002: 565-628.
8 G& ^9 v! W; }3 L  V! J. S2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% r0 ~* g: ^$ x3 Q- U6 z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 W/ B) h6 v8 z! @
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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