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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, }" A/ F/ z, m& ^Boy Induced by Indirect Topical2 d& t: @3 d; p' Q ]( `2 R/ i
Exposure to Testosterone
1 w5 b7 g9 Q# `0 wSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ d& [& n1 H/ e$ D
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% [8 B8 J6 l% n7 o% v0 a& a/ \Clinical Pediatrics
* D" u& ^5 t% ]8 \1 \# pVolume 46 Number 69 }" ]# e" Q+ ], C, L0 N0 H- x
July 2007 540-5437 o0 c3 d, J. o; w- b2 x7 v4 t; @8 G
© 2007 Sage Publications) `* x) v0 m# R& K
10.1177/0009922806296651
, E( W1 c# J' |, R/ O' U- i$ {9 M: ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
. Y+ l* e! V- hhosted at
! _ B$ n, ^ Y6 G. N. i3 Shttp://online.sagepub.com
0 o* A) e1 ~! R4 B/ r# k; K, `Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" j/ d# v5 z! y" Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central- r% a1 x% i, W, ~3 o
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) i5 r& v# k0 h1 `& P. m3 qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 n- [& b3 @4 Ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system' @( C. W5 |* B( M- y, A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" k8 f4 t- e+ ~6 N% f5 C
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 H# e; R; A6 V) c' f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 Y' H5 I& n- l& G' W) R: b& B2 f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 A7 j5 n( T& o. ?3 \3 Q
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) c9 W- c* ^6 T
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 l3 ~( X0 D% `& ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 e$ t1 A" E0 f/ V) \/ ?& R) [) i
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ d9 X8 f+ S9 ~% `- c
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 ^4 k5 a# U* `$ T8 J$ wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# _3 X" ?6 a) V' wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 y; f- a/ J5 t8 D+ ?/ g( Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 T# |9 ` ^; i% c1 c* R7 o5 ?bly more common than the rare case report in the* X% e2 F/ ?1 J' g$ p, V' g: I5 S
literature.4
& H( m v# L: ]+ _2 @" ?5 RPatient Report' R% V# P/ N: A5 z" Q7 ^
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 c* F! a: U. p. V9 X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ t, F) }5 e6 ^4 d- Rof early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 u" D; x6 R8 [: f: Z4 ` ]light colored pubic hair development when he was
1 t* K/ w8 p$ ]( p V6 [From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. b% @0 b1 K, |- r
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ w2 c: m. B$ U: I* dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 h% K9 y; z" q3 cProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) ^% j, ~. Y: F( |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 E/ I9 u7 `( g; L# @1 z' u( f
e-mail: [email protected].
3 R Y5 M$ h1 k( j4 r2 s4 _/ N# dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) f& v( T7 t* _1 r* E
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 n6 r* B/ T4 O9 b, L- Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 \# w2 ~: z. K; Q5 g( D. ~
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( N$ q ^2 n7 A) R; Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- |$ Y- L3 x2 o9 [! m
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 c: E% f# I! W, g# D. Cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( d( v" |5 T9 s, G1 v& y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 W' O0 w9 K( I% q) @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- S* a, H, _8 {; B1 Jwas age appropriate.
$ v$ } D9 Z; ]) i" u. A+ k* q mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
5 g& }5 e$ `! l; x; H4 M# swho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
. f1 J9 _4 b4 r" j* ?which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 C. h+ q. U. R7 \ e3 M* c7 C
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. R2 }4 t- I" {2 s' k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ n; C0 ^+ ^3 x: k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- F& H7 ~+ Q" J, l3 C; f+ J. n% w' Achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 \. d" d: a/ N( X
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 V( [" i' U' c/ ]/ _$ I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" |0 M7 B% ?5 Q4 Wcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; O, l; A8 R4 [1 c4 A
tives. There were no siblings.
! J' j" T; E' Z4 YPhysical Examination
9 n$ C( j5 B8 E8 OThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 p$ \2 M5 y7 t4 k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( \8 k, l8 X$ Q5 q& ?9 n
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 u0 J' X5 T0 g( J* a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" H* _& c- P [% I$ }(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( G+ W0 R$ n! [. b4 F
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
/ }3 W! a7 Q# P; M3 Hthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.+ y. Z' p( |/ ]- R3 e
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! f1 L" X, n, senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! V. t* e1 l8 e0 y. g% V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& m5 A1 k- l* L' i1 {- N1 S% L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& R3 d% u# ?0 f+ e
540
' L. m# ]/ R! W5 xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ m, o: B0 F3 R2 ^- I; F0 ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; R _+ Q _3 h$ b+ T' w l2 xtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 n8 B2 b" S) j' H+ G% S# e hThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 t. r5 B) t; c& [$ J9 S: T2 h6 y
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* D$ Q6 h; U1 ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 D& w% n _4 T R9 G( rNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# E1 P( Q# ]) j+ g7 y1 Q# h- } Nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 c: d" |' e$ q7 a: m# j' g& C2 [7 Aof papilledema.7 ?7 X! Q8 ^$ r) q9 G# X0 p
Laboratory Evaluation
, A) P- \ B4 x+ U3 {4 QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) q6 n0 l4 t7 P0 G/ k1 \6 uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
2 e! v+ [5 j2 Slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 ]7 i, G8 O! x# P5 w
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
: l* Z5 g# T+ T5 ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 x8 V1 j5 r8 [+ x
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 w( f4 s2 M/ y! L4 I/ [
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; @/ h5 ? s* I V& S3 x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& @' |1 ]" r3 D7 L$ g5 Bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration: f6 J& p. i8 y8 Q! U( Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& P7 j( S1 T2 g* s8 C5 _2 c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( u% k d1 B6 E; H- Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ F' ?/ D O& X1 ~9 s' ?9 Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: Q f: q+ y' z5 ?0 ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# w) G. W9 A, G+ Y& g/ a% N49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- t' H+ M! d; p7 W2 g- I1 B; ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 e' D' D2 `* M! k0 Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; ~/ l; n/ G6 P" f0 o1 `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: E/ ]3 W! o$ F3 G0 X! i; ~5 t" H& C
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 j* ~. Q7 P; R# t# t1 s
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% S* \9 D) Q1 o/ S) Istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% b' C) y3 ^" D' L3 ` L4 l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 u% x0 c- [( f" y3 W" ~; q% c
(prepubertal).
8 N% W" I: c, ^1 ?The parents were notified about the laboratory
& H% u8 U2 D7 l; s& T' q% ]results and were informed that all of the tests were
1 D9 ?2 m* d0 W/ ]+ {0 lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# `" a s4 h7 G2 K s p7 d8 h1 ~! tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( ?6 I# r. `/ N2 r4 Z3 O
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 q' k* \5 i0 y. {6 t
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 \- f# {& Q% ?- PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" K: H! X0 X echild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( z- d( V, V. [6 N8 ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) G# H; R+ z! c1 U# }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 p8 x4 [- c, ?/ `( }pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
" _; S1 N C; n. M- ]$ Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 r) y0 F' _+ D- ]5 s% J) Z( D
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. N0 ~; k2 }% V% c7 E1 S. E$ P+ NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 i. v4 P3 ]3 n3 {& n
ing frequent erections.
5 S4 M. a' j; P7 u4 T5 o1 a" pBoth parents were again questioned about use of P# k7 r2 d7 T+ W9 Y H$ m4 R+ W Z- u: q
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, ^ z9 h# R) w4 v: V
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) z. k2 V; d. i% U
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 N- g: b# @; e6 o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' ^/ `( g9 |. N, A
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 e0 `6 d7 p' L2 ka year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' V1 A) o3 _: C' u* X7 cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' W7 Y9 G# v+ Y" d7 @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 P: z( e# m7 P5 p4 K0 X
secondary to depression.* d; w* H2 J9 E$ t$ j) ~
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; E. ^0 h! ^# O* j( f* I; [
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( P. i: t/ B! P% U8 W$ |& {& Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ r- x- S: u# B' S; X$ W4 V& M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ _* I" ]8 N1 I1 B4 c
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
( a- `6 T, p6 S2 V0 j( rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# m0 h; K5 u' r, y/ N& `8 m
was high, he then read the product information$ V5 z% X' k4 Z4 Q# _, I+ T8 L2 Z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( ?3 z5 m1 M! [6 q9 q4 dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 }- n2 J9 Z. J; a
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the1 u% r' a7 y9 c: _/ t
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( E7 L- _7 Q5 S% ]/ n& q' Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& h# j% W6 I, K5 `
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 S: a) T# Z9 ?7 f8 {laboratory to obtain the test.8 P" q0 P! Y1 f" s9 m
Discussion
& c# w) n4 [6 |/ O5 [$ mPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 _/ Y- t/ i3 E2 a& @5 ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) {1 `4 |: `1 X2 EPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; R% {+ q$ I! i, a; U; hit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( M1 q; I) v6 d' t! Sthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% G5 Y: a; @- K% ?( @0 }
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 I4 u+ @9 ^/ c X* [7 rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 p' \& g5 h, H& Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-' B1 S' Z8 p% ?% }9 |
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" P) t- u1 I' H3 Z/ }sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in0 }+ c" g! ?, e) x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
6 u# L; k9 _8 r1 e1 a) K% m1 B- @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
7 H9 r6 O* n1 R2 s; Vrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! R& @7 g. B; j! t# C2 u
gonadotropins.1,3: l( h. I0 t9 M7 R* o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* P$ ^6 k$ Y0 N$ a% g5 ?cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, s2 x) m$ K0 q2 S- ?0 U/ w2 ]! o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( N7 s( y7 Z. `( P6 W& T+ }/ i/ ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) B0 j. i4 Z& Z2 b5 {
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 a8 B; o8 ]2 U2 O+ |- v5 E2 i- dcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive {/ c. U: ^( P+ C7 K- |
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 o* A& }: @9 h( h& S1 `0 o H6 Z
puberty in boys.3,4
3 T; l; Z3 E6 D' pThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 U0 m8 A% b: x z/ ?! Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 }9 ^# a, g8 V9 w9 xThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 v7 t: t, V% U
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 N) x& _$ f0 h5 b: fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
L N8 V/ a+ n5 N3 s! A( N1 Uexcess.1,3
! o" C2 W# P: o, gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. [! _2 v4 R- y7 w9 ?% Z0 X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 o; ?' q, S# g2 t4 S& QA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" P9 q% X/ l# H1 kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known' `5 O% r% V, s$ k7 @% D% i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 a1 S, ^% k! \' _4 ]* Jvery young age. The physical findings in these boys: X# B3 N. c$ L* ^. L5 Z, R0 g+ ]
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
J3 L5 m% ~+ r+ ], g8 e9 zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
; U2 N1 ]5 p7 nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, l) Q* q& F% Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, K, p/ M7 P3 x. x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 m" f' H- a2 z' q1 f
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" s3 D$ d( Z, _2 F
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" Y( i* O4 x7 b- l+ j$ l5 Ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 C. n" f( h6 ~( ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 \3 ?3 e5 B% {' }2 W: j; FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-/ R/ V) R% U0 g! d, o
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% o: {7 ^+ C& E/ {2 d" q" Wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: y) \ m, p3 M1 C Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 o* `! u/ S% P4 u4 N0 ^$ w7 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 V- g6 Q' ]: B* a$ c1 w
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ \) c; C# ~* ~& K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ ~% e- T- _+ r9 p8 B3 n: h* lative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( f4 I4 V- s9 N/ m1 S) ]biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 {: N+ c4 r; ?* \& X6 Deither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* _0 H3 _; s2 k
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& H0 C# w: o3 m% p5 F2 ?9 Qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 d& p1 X" s! M1 P3 A5 [5 R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& W$ s2 x& Y4 Q* }
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 o Y7 n- r% Rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# e' ^% q7 h% z$ H# Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. m: A( S- }! m8 ?. v& W
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: o& n' X7 H% y0 t2 x9 l' i3 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 i/ s7 Y, q, x! s/ ]using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! i& N r" X! G. \! gDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* v: Y, s5 ?, _4 Ocream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: e/ U( ?& _; v5 Q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: e' ]" `+ G; }/ L5 z2 G6 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
# O7 K3 s4 g4 Z# R! wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to `& Y' B( G4 ]
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male+ W5 c! m$ A `5 e; a6 L0 ]1 }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-$ Q8 ?5 ?$ p' j( f+ H/ D5 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( Z. \' K _: K7 s' G% L8 dOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 Y3 U, \" _# mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ | D6 Q! ?: C& K" kdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% H2 ^' _% @7 M- T4 n Kterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- d3 R% l! x8 \8 }2 i3 s; a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
9 ]- ^, v: j9 T1 \7 Hexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; z; ~6 D9 R4 M3 n1 ^* r4 A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% w6 t. M# t- [" k, f
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; @, v* o, c Z; o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 V9 b7 p) E8 R0 Y1 H/ R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
( B! Q/ @: X4 b/ @9 O. Z+ ^7 vThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( B1 e& T5 m q+ fearly childhood on pubertal development and final: W1 |! F5 Y+ t5 D
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 f. m6 k; d3 \4 i; h
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, @ A d. w; K& I& y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% m; g1 R3 T$ z. u
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% z; v% u* E: s; ]/ I0 J8 |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 l' V' P9 v3 Q% U9 M+ w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 N+ p5 W' T( _, [) e8 yThere are conflicting reports and controversy/ c3 n9 C" K, [ Q7 u9 U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! a/ V7 p; ?$ l3 ?8 f6 x x2 J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( m- {2 q) w$ g5 }2 ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 e# S6 P7 ~/ x# i! R+ e
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,' i+ r1 y2 t* ]0 f0 I3 l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 T, x7 e! L. g7 a T% Tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ Z" A9 m% J. J Ypenile length in clinical studies.: S8 K( f* a4 u) i' Z( T H0 N
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' @4 \, {& M9 [going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& g& f7 X- G6 ]' ]testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 b# U- @4 c* @2 dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.3 `- S* R1 @8 w# c6 }: j. e
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& x0 {; a/ r4 ?! B1 M4 [, {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' `) v8 U* u9 w& w( w
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 c. _$ s" Q0 l* o* C9 K: R4 Vheight will not be affected. p: @, g& ^* }, d+ y1 t' g# Y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% i: `: Z% `4 P8 v; A$ r8 V% F
ability of androgen products in our society may2 W9 C, t8 ~) i1 h* y' ~
indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 x5 }( @8 i) E+ g8 z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
3 b9 Y9 C" H( a2 U6 o5 xgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 ?. y! g4 b1 B& ^: @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or' z: f- d2 g9 d0 X
gel should be asked of the family members during3 |8 g3 K$ Y: p" Q% _2 \# N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& w+ c) S% \. ~4 b7 X; J
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ |+ j* y# J* S6 X$ @5 ?5 `. @5 E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. j9 ?5 R9 e1 F# r. F- B6 |5 C5 ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 z7 n* b6 i% Z3 w; {( h
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& ?9 ]) ?6 T) p
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 W+ X! v% X, Kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! W+ d* p" z- H5 Caware of this fact, because most of these children
2 X4 t. Z( e8 q( S% H; G( @% |may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 g T6 U) Y% K' P5 u! b
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a& @* u( d8 x, ?, A1 _, Z0 a3 {+ q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or b) p! F" ?+ q* N
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 f0 T# E+ @3 Y$ m. `; Mone using any of these products.4 U# U: w% }" `
References
! B ]+ a7 \% Z! I7 n: |/ w+ w1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
1 Q& x; x3 M) k" Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( q9 P Z4 p& k$ |8 r
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* s: |: y4 n& A3 e. |) }
2002: 565-628.+ `, e& l6 _3 h( ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( p' }7 T2 C o1 o0 a
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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