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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old' U2 p. r, d% W  e, W3 l8 _3 i- y1 ~$ D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical1 r+ w+ H+ Y5 p) Q5 D0 x9 o* F# h
Exposure to Testosterone
3 G- H4 o  C/ Z. p2 T* JSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
# E& `' r" R9 A' [9 t3 K- |6 f6 [; jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1; E0 @( ^: o5 d' j; P% u7 T
Clinical Pediatrics
/ C: u. x0 x- p* V6 K4 r4 S" }Volume 46 Number 6, j5 z) \3 a6 A, X& O" |& @
July 2007 540-543
7 \) r3 h: W& R1 e$ u) g: }- D' R- @© 2007 Sage Publications
" Q3 V6 o  @3 F) _6 q10.1177/0009922806296651: T, T: `! s. Z5 L2 {
http://clp.sagepub.com- ~# i. |' o: X4 o. s% E
hosted at
2 A5 ?* j0 F" E7 X3 o- D" m. Shttp://online.sagepub.com/ R1 F# |) F% d. \- d- a
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 t5 J# {( K! q5 r- `2 P" C- Y- Z" his a significant concern for physicians. Central( G$ `; C7 z; S
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% L. B2 s) T& y% Z- I9 F7 h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- e& p$ o3 X( B1 a9 S% e& }* E% S/ ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
6 t) s  y4 {; V' v) G3 r& mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 x& j) B: f& O% @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 z% j1 i, Q! u: B! M
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 E$ O; u7 K& q5 B) G# m7 ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 K& g# y5 n. l( d1 E0 w$ _report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 l8 x$ K; v; m* r7 @8 c& \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ ?2 i# @, e: P% J) k* I( }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due  M: Q- q# J# T2 Z) t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by) \/ M1 F9 g; l; S/ O5 I" m
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-! z9 n- w2 P; t% i7 ]! M/ S
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
8 p+ q% g/ y( l( {+ W0 [child. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 M: L5 `1 q0 ]. t; M; v
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 {/ X5 L" v( H, ]5 x; a8 A3 R  Nbly more common than the rare case report in the! B2 v. H5 Q$ U* x$ P: A* C
literature.4
3 t. y* D- F* M# X9 K( KPatient Report% q% A  x8 m7 u) m0 O3 l4 X
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the- M. Q6 S% |( v" k* `) l7 W( {
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( K, J1 m6 U9 T  Z3 T8 hof early sexual development. His mother noticed1 M) h' r; _* G% S3 [- t/ _
light colored pubic hair development when he was
/ J4 }/ \1 J' c5 X& _; C4 t: WFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 ?1 V% m! Q' F/ v4 PSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: i: o2 R* d& N0 F- xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- i* Z! r  a) u% O, m/ ?& D4 c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ t# S' @: n, N, p/ v0 e' @& ^3 M7 V. PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 V* E- g- E% l7 f
e-mail: [email protected].
! Z8 k/ `! a3 ^: d3 a& e, I4 Vabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
! |" ]& V) X9 v" Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 O+ }' J' o3 u  L3 Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. P- r% c3 R7 R% Y  }was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" t8 C( G! p. i9 [/ b! b2 r0 ^# Va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( @/ e7 W" X2 P5 H! Z- p
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 d2 v! [: |) [- c: [of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. @' J( V' `2 }9 H2 f9 }0 C: G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; `6 g+ n9 l$ z& E4 E' w) pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" P! v4 k4 E% P, jwas age appropriate.
% M& w* G3 F' `0 G# C( pThe family history was remarkable for the father,2 _2 J  Z4 Y8 H1 [% y
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% t1 T3 ^, }( Y3 n- ], vwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& B0 x1 C# O8 [" f7 G
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: J) y& R& y2 t9 O- H. ?
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 a4 {. n2 [2 ^5 k; z$ jThe father denied taking any other medication. The
: G) q, X% Z3 |: z; w1 Gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 w* T  F2 Y! a1 Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) Z9 A5 k' i  o. G5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 s, ^8 c4 k- c- k- y8 {  q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 l5 _, H9 _, O5 K3 \  n! {tives. There were no siblings.
' q) L2 A9 K1 S& Z: GPhysical Examination
% B1 t" _' R3 G4 R8 TThe physical examination revealed a very active,! S. }* @) Y' y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 K8 p2 l, [( ]. F. v* j4 za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 E. h2 n3 f* s8 K: H/ {90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg1 R; [! A+ c; c+ Y' W# M
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
- v3 h. p1 x! _/ [/ u2 p) v3 ]velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ S- D. E) b4 n. j
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& f8 I# d" M! r  E: |) M/ q! Q3 f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
( v8 ^  `# P: |- zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 @4 q! _% k- F+ K/ C% S8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ E: M- D1 ~4 k4 W* Bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 r8 _0 X% `3 r" `( n! m, k. G540$ c2 P8 V1 Y% R$ ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 X2 H, O8 c& X0 w; z* ~, [the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 h5 o* R6 E$ M/ _; K* [& G
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& X: p$ l% b& Z2 C  d
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  m+ Q) L4 v4 F5 x
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& p4 m1 [3 z: Q$ g) T/ Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" P  H. m* H3 h$ @/ S8 QNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. n" m) M9 V! f: k0 E4 W
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' H+ ?) N# i* z: R8 g4 q# q
of papilledema.
' r4 P' i2 j6 \% @# ~) aLaboratory Evaluation
) q: q! I0 ~9 B! u2 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by, f; P% Z! c( y1 C' S2 o1 A* U
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 ^0 l  T, L2 u( `# A" U' @$ ]& C6 Z
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. [& Q; P! |) X. z" t- tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 R- K% N& O8 v- p+ ?/ fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 j" A$ `+ O8 W+ o$ y9 n9 t/ J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# ~; B+ \) ^6 {& W# N: hThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 a( \, Z1 U! v9 Gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* q. Z/ [) o+ X' G- i! h3 [within normal range for his age. The concentration) H1 g5 }- I' H: x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL3 i5 R8 Z! S+ h# m8 d% `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, Y$ A3 H. {- g' ?0 r, Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-, g* P, W( a( n. I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 e  F4 \! A* N8 d2 D
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! j/ z' x. r$ J4 r  k" c- i
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 t  E. o( r7 l  E# l6 v8 u8 Y  m! u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. V6 z  q0 s* C6 s/ v: E$ Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& H# N5 [2 d: d4 \/ F- A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ X( h' d2 @$ n; j* e6 P& y; e, V( ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) c8 D8 h! r# u$ i2 T$ F) Z
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( ^4 j6 u+ K2 X/ ?4 Gstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, m1 ^2 O8 t, m/ ]/ E* f( fconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 p9 R) w4 [1 B% j' s, D, w
(prepubertal).2 s8 S- P' ~3 U, d& m" d+ e
The parents were notified about the laboratory  G, b, t/ S  A' m" j7 N- l% J" A4 C
results and were informed that all of the tests were9 W" S. m/ b3 j; P) i
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 x# J9 k: ]  `# G) R) ~
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% q1 f* A, h3 y" Iobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 P6 U1 K( s  }; [8 L" T# o1 Lever, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 w: ^8 D9 N/ K" d( z9 V3 G7 hPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% |8 _5 o" y# jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  W# ?- O( B$ i5 f+ c) X
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! K% F* l$ g2 s+ O; u) ]" ?* bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
9 L9 C& V7 {) @5 L" y$ Y/ n* D1 {; `* x3 |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' [4 V# O" ?! A" E- u9 f5 T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
/ _0 Z: r' N4 T7 v5 `9 P3 L8 vmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 u: E: y  \) k* WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 x3 P2 w8 m# i! @( x2 r! @! Fing frequent erections.
7 u, b' U7 `' c: LBoth parents were again questioned about use of
8 }# d9 ]' N3 A9 E& E* L4 Jany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 f: s2 l. g" d# @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( r. n; p( k. @* \% l) \$ j# p) W  D
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 r( S- Z- w9 N: W4 m
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 t3 f+ x$ |% Z3 R. v, ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 E2 @" t' `- F4 Za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) g( ^0 V' X# P: a; _% q1 w- Uto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, t; Y  z) @1 J! Z7 o$ W9 A, G
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 T$ W  A4 P, ^2 u
secondary to depression.
6 ?$ U$ l1 Z3 u9 PThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 ?5 @* A3 X1 Z  X  G& \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his* ]! M2 x5 R8 [2 I
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) U2 v4 ]4 [4 y; J7 ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* T# A/ T# U# F3 m8 o; S
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 J; g* p& F  f1 }/ M# Z) m1 ?% ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 j* u9 m1 H- W  D6 Ywas high, he then read the product information
% \! g$ d; I' B3 X! [0 `packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 f; A! a( `( g! s
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( w9 d! b. _9 O* K3 u7 [( edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
* D. f7 y0 ^  t$ d) Z  {father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* N5 r# `' C2 }1 k4 `& C% tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  M- L- B$ `+ M  q; c+ w& Jtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
5 h5 Y$ f+ M* w+ j0 P3 llaboratory to obtain the test.
! M& ]4 A- B9 V0 k& h! j: lDiscussion
5 |" V- E* M$ e8 ]4 J, c% QPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 d8 M7 C3 x0 U1 S* m% e# i0 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( g1 p% w0 H! H  d' X% i
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when9 x- \9 M. U! M; [# B; `# H9 o
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) f2 p1 d; G5 r6 a& uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  m3 Y* t: E2 e: O: S1 _mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! j1 r) f7 J' s4 w# o$ E2 B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 p; x. }0 F, e7 w! Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-/ e, h* |2 O: a2 g3 ?' X+ c5 ]
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 K- ?5 @5 d0 g/ q) L" i3 R
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ v# A" c4 y8 }% k  N
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& ?% g) j* R  C! P6 h
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ C! r7 M1 @$ M6 @1 t
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
# \; L6 V) c8 l0 u9 Lgonadotropins.1,3. i: a6 L) a9 r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# d6 W4 `/ J1 ~! Z" i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 U! c8 k; m$ y& ?, n! wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or# Q# j2 C0 L4 c* x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-, I8 B- Y3 e3 n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 }+ ]0 @; V" u# |) v( S' c
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
# ?! A! a) J3 }) r9 Cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- S5 {0 S& Q! u6 _! H
puberty in boys.3,4
, R) X& K) ?1 @0 F1 }The most common form of congenital adrenal
$ R) K5 ~, S( f. jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 v" d' b4 G1 H2 E. p" `* C  r- f
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 S+ r, g( V. ^. ?$ p
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. Z* `9 U4 e+ T
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
6 i2 x2 W& D; D' p0 t" Uexcess.1,3- a* A; X& q; i$ T8 l/ q8 o
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ D$ M* J$ c. R3 C' ~  p4 n  h542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ m& l3 l5 I( SA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# e7 s0 r- E5 U: f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known$ o0 {3 _" E- s# W( k4 p
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- p* J& e1 z8 F; f
very young age. The physical findings in these boys8 W( p( Q# z1 C8 r2 Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' |$ U9 H; z5 d# k. K: N( ?including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, x; F1 g  f* V9 j0 w0 V- Iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 o/ j# x& K9 n; `( b" G: u# J
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 G) z# _0 `. y3 e0 G0 o$ ^; Cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
5 E  L' o. B9 G* E) Treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; d: {& Q: B4 L( H
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 M5 _5 e/ W/ J: O
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- C) @8 b7 Y# J6 `4 Imay have similar precocious puberty.39 g( H# A  G& G0 P$ r
In our patient, physical examination was incon-+ G! c4 }  d9 E- v
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 ]: a$ e5 @7 I3 |7 S6 U& ~
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# M& {0 n; V# O! I- J5 cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 v( L5 E' Z& Ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 ?; N8 w& z; ]6 S# w1 X5 Ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ j5 w3 H* ~) b% _* q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# p! U, Z3 z6 G5 Y8 E  k  E1 p: j# Native initial history of androgen exposure, our8 N: U3 G5 I% l) d. @5 x0 o
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' X6 d2 x8 C2 M! |; K1 L: geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* @; M1 U% f1 M% p
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 |5 O+ p/ i; Z7 o* L7 C( fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% P$ E# e; W' E' m; A# i  ]$ sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- B6 {+ [/ T. l' S  Hsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) f, ~  j4 o, I' ]the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
! f/ s" q5 B+ J2 a4 E% Xpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and* z- k+ E1 d# P, `5 T7 A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-# l" Y: F* r, |
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; F# ~4 u& `- B0 `, O8 z& z" J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 ^: n' V& `8 _) F0 o  LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ C# A1 m8 l) [0 r, q; m- G$ L% B, Z8 Ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( `) r+ a( t7 j: D* O  I; eunprotected females through direct skin exposure.: K4 E3 X% n! Q6 [* S  h5 `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the0 |$ \# }9 u% s( j/ r$ S3 O! G+ g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, C7 o$ V+ X& Leven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 i2 b- v) K$ n! |9 h1 n$ |( F9 Spartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. V( W4 A/ {9 K) g8 k; A4 v, Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 V5 `4 V# e/ ^8 l. {+ _
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; \  I; `; J# U: J8 k
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ K3 k) Q7 Y% _" k% c
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) X; x$ j  ]3 Y5 n- A' nterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: {# u: q# d4 ?3 V
active in young children exposed to testosterone" k' T5 }2 m# @- |0 S  y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
/ r& _: y2 F% r/ u( _% v2 Ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  @& z! d- T9 Q$ }5 T
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
) ]( T2 p: W) \1 E: Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ F! s/ G8 Q) `( l2 B1 Z! w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( z; q" r; r2 Z/ _; V! A+ s
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during8 w' D# e3 B7 q9 z" q$ B  S
early childhood on pubertal development and final7 N* f: r7 n  K8 R' ^  u$ L. g
adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 [" g- v2 Q3 k% ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 j, U+ ~. `/ W& k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 F; M8 {" a& {: ?acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ |' f) k9 ]1 w5 _: M6 I, ]. ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
$ x  |4 E8 n% w- b, k3 Cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. l; i5 b, R9 \# s* z
There are conflicting reports and controversy$ U: b+ [9 a( `% d- @
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, M4 U7 g- E5 R+ d5 b$ fpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& y- T  v0 W$ M# U* c; ~; J$ p4 Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; b* v0 n( `) Y* V  ?2 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 n( M. r$ I' {# D
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: R8 J& b$ Y# achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% d5 j$ k% s9 Q0 M* P0 V8 ~
penile length in clinical studies.
; S- y2 W2 B1 z# |' r. }Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
& b9 J0 C0 |5 `+ @1 m, n% {going to experience any of the untoward effects from
5 @$ C: z9 ?" s8 L- q% T1 atestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 s7 j9 n9 Q+ q4 v) Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 L- ?& `( s, C: D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* |( l' G; b( p# c$ u( `( N# d
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, w  c* n! A9 |
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult6 N6 h- i  f$ W) D, q; ^, l/ t6 ~' o
height will not be affected.
2 n& V! b% d6 Q; Q3 U- c; GAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ Q. Z. r( `. O! o% `8 C
ability of androgen products in our society may6 f% C$ r6 _# g0 ^
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. I+ r$ W! u/ B8 U8 B5 S2 D
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 U1 g( Q9 ]' N. d6 c3 t. p% q( _gen products must be considered and specific ques-5 g: j1 k+ b9 K9 J3 v: o+ ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, L6 _& d& r" M& o
gel should be asked of the family members during
; l  w. [3 A! y  Bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 {+ m/ c2 U8 p7 l  q' r5 ]
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 M3 B$ z, r1 m* l
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! s8 A/ i! Q. j' v% ~. ]appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ K3 d6 _5 C0 }) thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ o! _7 H& f& \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive3 P! l$ g5 x* h
investigation. The primary care physician should be
5 w' e, K$ V* baware of this fact, because most of these children+ E! ^) N6 p, J( G
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
; K9 _/ I, \! a- C! n7 [* v1 dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. @% ]  l* l) swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 L- Y7 D: l+ h$ Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-
( C5 G* l. @6 X' q! mone using any of these products.
/ b6 u9 \) _: G- e/ H3 l% \! u; Y0 aReferences
3 S* H% h4 \( b" K1 s, h" X8 A1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 m% p9 p# R3 ]* m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. y5 L  U9 X# A, `1 w3 _1 ?
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& P6 D* L- S6 |: C- q# [2002: 565-628.. }7 ^1 e" H9 H$ g" l- I
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
& R4 \0 Q7 {) Dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: d  E* v0 {* f) F5 r7 |8 ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ y4 G# s6 R* d; y& M7 Q6 Y$ ^Exposure to Testosterone
" O; a4 T9 i9 ^' w: aSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; l+ }2 a1 J4 d: ~# O6 I) S% v1 ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ c& \4 i" b' x( M0 l1 I( ^( |Clinical Pediatrics
9 x5 ~4 D, e, t. y0 L) q" ZVolume 46 Number 6
0 @3 n# r  c0 i2 p, GJuly 2007 540-543$ q6 E0 a- I4 S, H) d& J% [% T
© 2007 Sage Publications8 m' Q  ?$ p+ Y7 w" A' N1 u& Q
10.1177/0009922806296651/ U* X0 J$ L6 u0 s1 z! M0 Z
http://clp.sagepub.com
$ K, _0 ]0 q1 i$ Thosted at
: L2 w: ]- _  d3 }6 A; q& bhttp://online.sagepub.com
% m. Q4 e2 p; p2 U2 xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
4 P% z" R# ?2 m, m5 S1 S& d1 _is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 {" l7 Q; ^2 `9 O  v5 A$ t* Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: y. S9 o; q" y$ C1 a: a% [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 W8 u. @+ C  ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: @" w7 O; N# flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 V  h  J( {1 c# c+ a
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 s  ?5 B2 V9 Y$ T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! B5 G9 M; z5 n- Acles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' k8 N2 u) y- ^6 N. C) C# F) v. ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 [) r# Z, W, |$ z0 B6 ]# B" R  Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 p; \0 A' L& Y4 R4 R3 N9 _
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; {8 U5 L) z; V) a  kto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 A" p8 D  ~  r4 o, F: S9 N- K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! m7 N) v' U4 C/ ^; ~0 Y, [mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 [& J$ b5 f9 c" @7 jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: T9 x- t; D! N0 ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( r( X/ _2 |; k- y5 Ybly more common than the rare case report in the: ?& I; ^% ^$ \" I. e/ `
literature.44 u3 {3 R6 R) {/ D; j
Patient Report
( t: ^$ ^, J- U; b8 ~A 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 n2 P  o% x. G
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
$ }2 Z: I" `+ x/ Kof early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 `, p: I. X9 T' F: I: p  flight colored pubic hair development when he was
) X3 ]% d  Z! t; Y: _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) H3 @4 ~6 j7 d$ B9 C- V. kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.5 L: }2 f5 R: w  P
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& I% B( s! J& D# j0 l9 p2 H: {' U
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) O' j. h# B; o: B/ {4 R! |0 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ Z, Q0 r9 h8 f- l2 ?
e-mail: [email protected].
$ F* g& o" \+ L/ C$ r% c" cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- f$ y  `  z; g  t+ Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
0 m- l7 w( B3 Y# |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ o# U- E; A, _% H+ _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% q6 q' j& u4 Y$ k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) \' p" j: \% |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
7 D4 _1 I' t+ ]) Z" E+ bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& P5 k; e& U+ v; E4 xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,! t* E$ y' G2 O' I. h' d/ D! H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ F: S% A7 v1 T1 H* c
was age appropriate.
& ?  I5 H. P0 ~* U+ VThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 c$ U( e: Y8 }, A$ Hwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 I4 y. E7 r0 H$ |! }which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( q( `6 R- p$ _3 q( E1 m. D1 t: Fheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. F. o- Q6 T: m" l& z" a8 Hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  B( K- J" e+ p" G' w: r! h% BThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) b& X6 ]7 R5 m' xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" d9 o  s( y0 c* j% @$ e
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% I- `' k$ f: C. _. s; Z7 _
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: _1 I4 _( d; I1 j7 y1 Jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
0 f; g2 o+ D2 m9 @tives. There were no siblings.
; D; t/ R$ f! y8 hPhysical Examination
+ b$ c4 J" y: i# v% w1 ^0 f1 QThe physical examination revealed a very active,1 k4 y! D! E5 R0 F- E
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' }, E% D/ T! s! n2 z; q& [, ta blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 e: ]$ ]% F( I' w% }: K4 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
& u& X9 e/ z& Z, r(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. U  \# E; I. v* I3 y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 _. p1 c) L$ `; X3 X
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! e* Y9 e5 s2 g$ r* D& \
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 Y' O" h* E! P8 k1 W+ A
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ \7 O! O  z0 b! O$ c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ o& y2 _. C( ^8 @1 }developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 m6 g* N3 J, A6 G$ k6 ?% U8 R) }
540
; y) u9 s0 u0 O8 ?6 cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. D4 ]2 F; w9 _! m- k1 E9 Ethe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; x4 E, d6 ^0 q3 `' p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 Y, @- w1 L+ i/ r# E7 l
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 t9 h# g& e; B/ r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 A" Q, d& m3 ~+ v: labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& S" |$ I4 Z% a/ `$ M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 K* g! A( \$ y: ~2 `- }* cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* t- j. s4 b2 W1 N
of papilledema.1 M6 T; ~5 K* A% k7 b3 T
Laboratory Evaluation# L  e6 T$ z$ ]/ J- \
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' I* u, M0 H) i3 N2 u- i/ L% Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 Z3 |; V" p: u9 H) O, L
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; M/ A3 @) E: i( s
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% b+ Y* {5 s# {* s6 ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 Q  F6 F& A. u4 Q1 g1 z* {
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
& ~6 i* b3 o% S$ C" ~; O  s; k( uThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% S9 M9 C' J0 }2 Q. J: |* Furea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 a6 z& A$ D' ?; ^within normal range for his age. The concentration3 j- l8 H, b1 A7 ?/ [# c& }
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 q5 r& ^6 k+ B(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
6 p5 l1 Y# w) ~  y( w2 vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-. [( ^5 v- Y6 b% |4 Y7 C7 d
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 N0 x, @2 |# R% M8 u) M- }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& O2 {- X0 ^% f% M" j5 q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 v$ h, Y  V( K% U; c0 zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 \# L; m; c# h. a" j9 x: R# ]
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! X  l; q, f2 p% \0 |! L
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, i9 c% @# c3 e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& N$ I6 |( z7 g' V! G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: H* W( _- d$ W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ {: n3 x. u- pconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
: B) {: B$ ^5 w. S3 a6 g: K(prepubertal).! Z" |! I5 X" g4 c9 f4 f" s% H
The parents were notified about the laboratory
3 h8 P1 C7 O( I, }  q- aresults and were informed that all of the tests were
. k* e, x$ G' b" {. Pnormal except the testosterone level was high. The' A4 J5 ]9 ^' b' B7 q# W, j7 G% u. h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' B* @# B( G* V% Y/ N# e1 Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( [$ G+ ?& V! \$ @8 t- a, E- w% V1 aever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 L8 x7 y  n2 k6 O7 WPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
' _- `+ s/ c2 {* b1 t! ~5 s7 h) a" _9 Ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. S( J/ I# U% `+ j( q+ N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 b+ i; O  q- runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! y4 F+ c! I! S$ v' w& R
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at+ g& g) p# ~) R8 d8 o) V. L
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 D2 ?: o( E9 p4 R. ~mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
7 j) J- [; W, S4 _# ~The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* S- n: ?$ G& K3 |' P6 a+ g( b  ~
ing frequent erections.
0 n( p* n1 I8 v* ?Both parents were again questioned about use of
. |' x8 }3 p4 s' n. fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to- _- w9 z: v! Y; p
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ `& \7 v: S8 x0 u! s# U. s2 [
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# A; p4 w8 Q* j! u( m( Z- V
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 b+ l' y( |. a+ I* ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- A& d  {# d: l4 v1 S& ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ ^9 S$ Y$ E4 i4 x; t7 Ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
& k* }& a+ \! N1 gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 _7 P. U' H+ F$ I3 Vsecondary to depression.* @: r% S1 p9 F, c3 m
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ O* t' u7 n& A9 F% dThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! Y- x+ N: _0 s1 G$ p: w! }& Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) v' f7 u% L& }2 ~nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 ^9 [$ _5 P& s8 R8 t; o( ~The father also admitted that after the phone call,& ~# y, d6 O  m2 d: @6 f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 E% A  }0 |/ y
was high, he then read the product information7 o7 Z' P" H1 V9 K% ^' B7 x
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 l3 p* N$ H. Q5 H$ l' h+ f# H( o) Z1 I. w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 T1 ?6 e# q: ]4 X
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 c  n, d& [; Q1 M; j0 \& Pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 |4 \0 ^" }/ W3 Z; b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
, ~/ d& n% {& j6 j5 W& qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ l- ~+ @' J6 `* [' j) \- X" e
laboratory to obtain the test.
( M( ]4 C; I$ b6 g$ LDiscussion
4 z. Q5 y# J! d; U) yPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 h: @8 z0 |5 s% j
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 }5 Q. |( O8 U
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 w0 C# }6 X0 g! Y/ Q3 Z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 _( b! B5 f1 H$ y6 ~
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% S# I- {/ B* x3 E, J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 Z! J& d( u& ?/ X% p  J# O
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" S/ P3 }$ q* ]+ l" lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  \4 @! ~. s. G2 s- f
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; H. A: j! Z7 F! ?! X: n( Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* A7 S' r9 n- a4 ]9 kboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
/ `) Z1 }! E% Q: @; ?/ [( iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( t, r* j- p. j# drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. a5 P: T7 O0 B/ S6 jgonadotropins.1,3
. \! c4 w9 Z" v- e  K, gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: m  a& q4 K* m: w! c0 U% xcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; `  T& `& b+ i" j6 X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or8 [  S+ Y% T  W
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 {% x' x# j" b
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 a  f% Z% ~% t$ b: X9 ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% B  H& q( o9 {% I8 M
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. S0 _  Y6 G9 y5 i& ~7 O. ~2 Y
puberty in boys.3,4$ R5 z3 P  M' ^; L3 Y8 P: d$ O
The most common form of congenital adrenal
  N* k  \4 ~- J+ K$ T4 w+ khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- ^2 T+ b6 b- n6 M$ b2 Z% R; g$ {. i! nThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% ^& J+ H1 ~; R& M$ P! b& W
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; z3 [+ J" P/ h& w# Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" n7 W# m9 g2 B) l( n7 Gexcess.1,3
& ^7 z( o; p" C  Q, B, jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 N6 S/ l7 X) x+ S! ~0 s
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 D  Q6 T1 b% x3 b3 d
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 v" O: B/ X% Y! d! O- c9 S+ Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known, N" C6 W  ?, q! W9 F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; t3 @2 |  Y" c' }& T* J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; R. _+ O& m4 _with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- c& I  d& c( m2 \! f9 ~+ c9 iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 v9 H: b8 F& s) n9 A# u# n, }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 |3 f4 Z+ z  W' S8 d
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
9 U1 [# l' c! p/ jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 g9 z, I& C  Q6 y& s& t: W1 v3 M
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 n7 K/ _6 y2 V0 G( iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ p/ E/ S$ B# d' L0 K
males; therefore, other male members of the family- ?5 P- b3 m' @+ `+ {4 F
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- j9 R, {8 F$ |2 X1 u; }In our patient, physical examination was incon-* x+ s% x; t  i1 T+ ]
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( A, q5 ~: l5 C) {1 I( A+ m8 C7 gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: H/ Z. W: F: q; y/ @9 C
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 g$ V: k% e. g4 u& j- i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ @& J0 y7 p" _
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
$ {4 Q, V# D; y* q2 `3 X( I7 bbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" z4 j" C8 V  U3 Y/ B& h% t( gative initial history of androgen exposure, our" p. M- G+ G! S$ ]3 W
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- ^5 F* ~" Q3 O/ Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( I* j) Q! Z- o' K: J% X) R7 _! A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* X3 Q: P8 }6 F- M: L/ V
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# v8 l) @; H: [( I' X/ U) vThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% u8 P; B" ~9 v+ Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 v& y6 Q  u1 Z) d3 a
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 O- E; U& T3 w' f% V- e1 Z: f/ \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 M2 H" @( f* @+ r, U5 k% y6 Rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! p. |* U; T2 [* ?& H' J- h
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 D" h. S5 g7 {4 W. c/ ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’8 I' @0 t7 o! o6 {
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. D) d5 ~0 W$ Q8 l" x+ s
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- @$ n% n2 R) Q6 \. ]. v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! r" u1 d0 {( h
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% U7 o2 V. I' J7 a: w. p$ C2 u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: U% M  @8 f8 [( g% _5 keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. N9 H4 y: G7 s2 A) C& J7 [; {* cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: c, F2 q6 g! k) v0 S. A1 \
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." B) x9 s/ H% r) V% Z3 G2 y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 ~+ B8 d: S* l
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
& V' d, G) z5 mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 C# Z3 K6 h4 w* L2 t+ v: _
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
3 F0 n' B+ L& y4 B9 t; r5 oactive in young children exposed to testosterone  N; q& h' ^: z, O) |5 Q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 [9 u8 b8 X* }) h. i* S: Rdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* L: _% k0 n: P" f+ M9 r4 svirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
6 T  k& K; X! h/ i. I9 Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
- l. g) \7 Z/ X/ p- e8 zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
6 |, A7 V% q( F8 hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 [/ L( s- k& k/ ]. S9 J4 f" u% Rearly childhood on pubertal development and final: T' }  A+ I. e+ @0 q
adult height are not fully known and always remain" Y% M" C5 k5 _* u# ~. Q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 O! C5 V- E. d2 {- y/ V4 s0 ^
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. }" F# {. H$ B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after# R+ S3 f5 g0 n( N3 i) Q" t) k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 Q) _0 Y' n# M( A8 o! Zdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' |  W( z0 R9 }* H. Z. V$ P) l1 QThere are conflicting reports and controversy" v3 \5 ^9 `+ |  J, |
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 R) s3 y# B1 G$ C% D
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% z6 C5 c9 J& J2 o3 Q; c
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  n3 ?3 C( P9 X  [- T/ Lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) l8 _* [/ w0 [9 ~' B
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( k- Y( E7 F3 |3 l4 J9 u# ^7 M2 j
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; o" I) n$ ]. I3 [1 z* lpenile length in clinical studies.8 Z5 i) l: E. w9 g! l
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" s: c8 y  S) b' O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from1 _9 x  S# Q8 ~  y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ K9 |1 s" y: X# j& [  Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- J6 r# c! O  e5 k9 l6 C5 p  wAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of; W& k) w* V4 v" n$ w, r3 q
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# R. k( {+ T% V" A6 V0 z* O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, \, h& E5 H3 P' X5 x6 @9 Nheight will not be affected.
3 f2 X2 |, g& n; l: H4 {( p# bAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: u+ G9 ~$ H6 f5 g9 a8 _
ability of androgen products in our society may
' m9 p* s: o: B- Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female" g* r' _& x  H; R$ a/ v8 S
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 G# _! V# z- G9 A/ O8 z) m  T) [gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 S' C  j- @7 i" ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or* M) T/ F# \# G5 a) e3 \) Z2 H; u
gel should be asked of the family members during
- K  @4 S7 |- v9 A6 [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-* f' i9 _. D4 H) k3 G, z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
  P1 e! v2 M. R2 inosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) H( \6 p7 F! W) W6 u* m. w4 D2 F2 Qappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 O. m5 Q# q% v- l& chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; g: X0 |6 M- j, R% j( X2 ~5 i8 F/ g; gresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
- ]" V: L; L6 ^! ^$ X) q; v9 q2 L- y# Uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
! _+ N7 v2 Y$ _8 Q. `& z0 c# X$ oaware of this fact, because most of these children% Y  _0 z2 N8 [5 j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, e/ Z- v) v! W' ~3 E
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, J' g( D1 |& E. owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ C- T; }" Y' H1 W# nfemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 e' I% Z( T+ n9 F! \8 Z5 M+ u) Y- ]& v& n$ Wone using any of these products.+ d$ o2 H+ @) v9 i, \  d- B, v
References0 g) E0 L5 N% `+ d& u' P
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! A9 ]% X) b* E: T* D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 ^) N5 q( @8 Y; ?0 d: M& T
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 F# z# `: @2 m, L- S: b1 `
2002: 565-628./ j: c" I! q6 J, j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! d% f5 k0 b% W4 [6 Epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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