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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, I/ Q0 y7 ?- O2 r# l& u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical# z2 J4 C+ t& [! r& ^
Exposure to Testosterone
" O8 E" p$ |/ KSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ Y/ h+ w6 w3 ?; E1 p6 r0 Q( Q/ O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 F/ k/ }$ h- p: l7 W) U+ r) ]
Clinical Pediatrics
3 w/ T8 ^. K' J! {, Z! vVolume 46 Number 6
+ m" g3 a3 f( E* m) SJuly 2007 540-5430 V# K0 B* O4 x
© 2007 Sage Publications
' v1 T: [ S: F% s( t; B2 g8 N10.1177/0009922806296651# N) l! v5 W# H% _% f8 @
http://clp.sagepub.com: Z+ T1 F7 i+ y: d; H
hosted at
$ A2 z" v9 {/ F6 q4 [9 e Khttp://online.sagepub.com
! L; @+ V& z& ~2 j3 KPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% H5 N* X& P7 j5 K* uis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 S9 R( D S% |) \: W8 dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) H2 s4 l# x8 k- d. p; c1 h. uthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 h& m n- |4 e. ^$ Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 Y% C) e+ L$ x3 W+ y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# w+ v* [3 p9 k4 o+ Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" @ K8 F* K0 A A+ l& U9 chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
* u) X- Q( u/ a- tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We7 \- }0 I4 o( h4 U1 ]( l" H
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- X+ y+ J% y4 |4 n; [0 o/ o9 ?' @
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' |) S6 }* j& s5 F3 U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due& I* b) a/ d5 x8 J' a! r9 Z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% C" ]5 s) H: Q Athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ p; _* i$ @# J. Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 G4 Y8 i. h& r8 Wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 F) d9 ?- G* v2 c8 b. q2 P) dtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, ^2 `3 F9 W+ Jbly more common than the rare case report in the, Z6 X8 _- K( g! \! G1 f0 [
literature.48 Z' ^9 `4 L: n( ]# U4 |* c/ z
Patient Report
9 Z9 p2 d" f5 U1 L0 ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the" H( O+ V+ O7 b3 {
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 s; G7 |: X# n3 L
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# }* J0 E: p" Hlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! |5 B. h! q6 W" t: HFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of8 N- U# J0 r/ a7 {2 Z7 ?) W2 T0 @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.8 `% Q3 H g0 \* R) x" n$ ~* o
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% s7 _! N+ v' V9 @7 a4 v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& h% `9 I5 s, oMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. m2 [* q$ s) P, x6 |8 B8 T
e-mail: [email protected].8 Q" O( ~% ?1 ^0 N# _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" G& ]+ @0 E8 b1 Y$ Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. o T z$ t6 ~4 u( |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" k) c b* r" n5 m: z" b9 Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ H. R0 I& m9 |9 a( [; ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 ?, E# p( l+ Y/ [3 J3 A20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 a$ W. s# q* `$ U, ?3 q' n
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! r9 z- | e1 Wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 J+ \1 G( l* y! @7 u7 l5 d7 _5 Fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 y) b4 b. B+ j4 lwas age appropriate.
t& |. t$ [- d0 N. uThe family history was remarkable for the father,0 @, o) X: u8 c! k/ b6 n1 v
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, e8 T Q5 i! q$ \9 |3 Wwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# {8 Z! } z/ u9 O5 S% {/ Z3 cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
, @. O% f y- ]- |+ Kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ A) p; J$ g. t- V r; OThe father denied taking any other medication. The
& i7 s- S" t) }& M. Q! ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 e8 O0 T1 \# B! S' Gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 z% h9 q* I O
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 A6 F* b0 v, k) {
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, H( c" X3 _9 a- mtives. There were no siblings.
2 l- a% I5 u; Y+ j, Z9 q; iPhysical Examination
+ r6 ~0 Y# @' BThe physical examination revealed a very active,
, T: C W) {% H* Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* y% [9 F: ~, u7 J& o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 x* H) r9 G( c% n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ j, l0 c6 y) g5 P(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ i4 [! k9 {, Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 H7 A* S3 h& h8 i. ?9 ^" D7 ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& C4 M7 ?9 I S4 D. x& z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' w, p% U: ]3 G$ w* qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. t k2 a( g; G ?. N1 z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# m; O: |( J& j& i, j2 I! G
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. C% X6 `( V0 c% _9 C0 |" s' D; x9 `4 U
540" S; C5 D+ [2 V2 ~% {8 _0 D+ R* T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# m0 L& p. T* g0 Fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- ]8 j+ O6 _: O* u+ ~4 x0 o u
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., u7 Y9 Z! Y! n- ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" ^( Y7 g7 X$ k$ I9 K! n! Q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 Y0 _7 _) ~' ~- C$ I+ A
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ r. `( y6 o2 j* |( oNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 l0 |( M' X/ z2 j, a; ]
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& P/ w" a* l7 r3 \$ lof papilledema.
9 L6 `+ ~$ s9 c* y# m4 B% yLaboratory Evaluation$ N* l, R% o* ]# @% }' w
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 z% k8 C* V5 Y
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
5 w- G3 G+ {9 A! [" Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 g( w# L1 f9 E2 l& ?. Z6 N
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 i- [( x5 [, R, @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu- J9 }6 G+ `9 l- T0 O' ^) J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).8 E5 e+ \- C( r5 ]9 J7 a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 O: E; e2 N$ L0 g/ l& x+ t L/ purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* Q1 f, m4 V; A
within normal range for his age. The concentration, V( V% K# n/ q: t* C
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- c1 X- C1 E' {5 u4 Y1 d
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20) q% Y7 q! Z) E0 g. N @6 ~! U3 R
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( f5 t: s5 w: ~; |5 @
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 y& w$ b/ o2 |( U9 s+ b+ z, w
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 z) }& z1 s% p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" e: I* X8 F+ \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( W; y( A2 C4 h, U2 A# a$ m3 {- X
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# e; r* B- C, M
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& l+ M5 n$ J' Q% R9 l4 W9 Uand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 E! d; _% m8 S4 A4 A# G5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 H% c7 c% V) _
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
, B, n, a% r o' t0 ]( f) p ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL/ m% b( G; }5 ~4 ], I
(prepubertal).) |2 Q: q3 O/ O: i/ B1 X" U
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 |/ e- W+ b' x6 U6 R" W9 P$ ?results and were informed that all of the tests were
* |' ~. y$ F9 T7 ?' K* Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The5 E2 w9 g r- G! T
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' l! v5 W1 E1 c7 T" C* l j( K0 ]4 }5 qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( ~* e, y" P: r
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 Q0 P [5 t6 j) x9 N2 v8 o" W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the' O! T3 D6 d9 d+ o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ Z4 y3 B5 b/ Q* ?+ p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# A! z% ^# @0 O% Y$ I5 L
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 ^' q7 C' z4 E( u6 U# t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 p$ d4 `/ J, Y* W) p
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* q' I( A9 n& R- N7 t
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; }& M* e8 E# M) p
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' P; z/ s" P0 H0 h Ding frequent erections.
. Q; c- v: Q/ M5 `Both parents were again questioned about use of9 ]0 s4 T' m/ D, c( y' V% T1 A) @ n8 K! I
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 `2 F: H# k) m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 y7 {; G% |2 m$ S9 ~; G- RTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) \. d: O7 M1 q6 I
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) x9 A6 L; d! {! O& S H* b% l9 @' w; o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- H( Q0 v' O6 N `, i* @: s. La year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 B7 W; w0 ~6 ~+ {( h- E2 k/ n. X
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* A* i ]2 z6 J8 c/ ?1 j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( e7 c% P: R$ Y; D: i" `/ ksecondary to depression.
: R( v9 H/ c( Y* GThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ j) T' k- i# XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. s+ z Z; Y/ B8 S. f. B2 ^4 Uchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
: u+ M$ Q1 f6 S9 j! V4 ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( F4 _# N ~4 _8 ~
The father also admitted that after the phone call,! A( J$ P- ~$ X3 f z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' k/ b9 r& {/ D9 J1 ywas high, he then read the product information1 O( P2 J! A8 V' w# H) c+ ] Z. [, Y
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; I# H: h4 a: O7 K0 q0 o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
. r' v0 l0 E$ U& j8 mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the; Y$ P- W& N: c. s0 w* J
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ V8 m/ v4 D+ A- |3 h* `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
" z+ h: h4 i5 t; ~% F( ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 t5 `% T# \$ g& ^3 }3 D
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 h e; O$ }' C: Q5 o( m! {( mDiscussion, P1 {7 a8 z4 v5 h
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) |8 x8 z7 l4 b! gsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
- k5 r) U2 o4 G. SPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 v: S. r9 L' f; s2 d A
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 e! g N3 M) G- f
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" M \8 I2 ^* N& M/ jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# ]+ l% }* \5 S, C; smay have a central nervous system lesion that is& i, F' r7 `# m' q
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 _ a9 k; ^: b6 |) D7 Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: \4 k% [) v. M: m; P4 `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# q7 J, y+ \, q8 Mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. K& V& w2 J: r! p* \5 ^" rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, `/ G6 |% `. f$ t4 _- T) @# `
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 y6 K& s- h* _ L0 agonadotropins.1,3+ z6 z* y: `' q* R* B
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ \ t, @' m! G0 v( }6 j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 \. n" W1 w+ _0 `androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& d, `/ }% o4 a' q9 ~% Z+ B8 j1 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! R) p* J4 n( f; p+ f/ {ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing/ N3 b6 n$ f" k& V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 T" V% J+ D/ M7 r
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious# i( J4 T) j5 b" h/ o5 S P; O
puberty in boys.3,4
! Y7 r% E7 W5 v/ ^4 M" mThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 x' F, s+ |! y, G9 a1 O# i6 ]! a
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: Z* h% R# D; d1 eThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 n' y% j0 w& E$ p) V1 v
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( C0 A- I7 _# [; D% ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 u `5 }" c" N+ j& g+ @# s2 xexcess.1,3
! ]6 v g8 _: H: @. mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) |- T m; |6 ?( G542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- m- B i& m" q9 \7 W+ F' fA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) V# C" G9 `5 i w/ o
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 t0 R/ Q x6 x5 S9 o+ [4 yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; i2 L' |; I& b) H8 \5 @' A' M
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
$ J: C$ O! n9 y" J" F6 `. t9 z, Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ s: i" ]: k6 v8 `! g" s; Qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( t+ j9 k2 ?! {; s" Q4 T0 Dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( i9 X7 K5 i/ V
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 H( g$ u- ^! W! w" x4 Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 e2 p( E3 ], v7 Wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: @. O& f# e) K5 f- e: H" I# L& ?
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only6 {6 \& j9 G6 g+ q
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 p% s, v) X. o- q9 @, }8 I& P$ cmay have similar precocious puberty.3
, e" m4 Y* g/ Q/ @: a( qIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 P3 e7 Y4 [, H4 v: ~sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; ]5 D# Y0 [# Y/ icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 U; Z; ?- s, k! {was in the differential diagnosis because his father. A- H# d6 k4 x5 ]9 p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 v% b2 c) l/ b* C
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: {& n% J6 W7 x6 G! `, @( e$ }" qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% A8 t, N( e. P/ r; ]! f
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 ]* e1 G* k* I( f" \: ^biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# {8 m. H! {: b$ \8 L5 [
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 G2 S$ s4 B: \! S8 y9 zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ Y6 C& T* I9 H# r$ U! m2 A
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& L5 d7 }* Y3 B. e; L- n
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& n3 S* S3 X# q4 o; P- `
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because* A7 `& X. A0 H+ v$ p2 s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 X& g: B1 J. M4 }pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 {1 L) x/ g3 u& @' D( K, p5 |2 ?' Udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
: E. C* N+ c9 Z" W' Gterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& g3 t- D6 S& p2 E' d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’7 w2 C8 X4 n2 x1 h1 n5 @* j
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ x8 t# A& u/ J8 W+ V/ g ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 m2 ^" l7 Z4 g9 Yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. E$ ^7 o8 t) a9 c8 g0 R( P8 |Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. f0 [3 s8 s, ~( @; W1 i6 y1 e2 i. Kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 A$ b9 E( ^, w+ y+ \0 deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ l' r$ ?. a* t: k' Y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. X3 {+ {' |, W8 b
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." i0 @5 r$ N Q) ^2 a
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
8 Z6 n8 `) T7 k% iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that2 L1 W8 ~- C* c5 p/ p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 F3 `% o! E3 ^( g$ b+ n8 s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 ~, V) F) z# X( Z$ uactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' V& k# W4 R+ f8 u# U: T) eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-( T; I7 j( @. t# ]4 q$ i$ j
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ o! o. w6 v6 z! I2 i
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( H) J1 s) F) E- i7 w- Y2 ^/ \children results in an increase in growth velocity and
H9 M+ u! |& ]* Yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; x8 |9 ~" G9 h. H) R( a2 t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ [: e4 _1 F# S5 V; B/ J% N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; c- @- r% t+ Z- f" B1 ]adult height are not fully known and always remain$ V2 S8 Z2 a. ~; X" m
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 e5 `7 S6 ^6 Z0 \$ aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# J2 u8 \2 d4 B9 B0 g2 Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' ~2 S6 S2 S8 a3 g* z- @& Dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ t! |4 m$ Z" e @3 w9 p/ M+ j
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 ?" `2 `9 p4 b8 B5 _There are conflicting reports and controversy H+ _8 H4 K& N5 A# V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* m+ I7 ^2 Y/ u& \; X: y m
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 s" F. D5 k" o7 o4 Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 f# m. k" l- y- i
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# f! d j1 d; }Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 |! r* V, m5 N% @' w, h9 u) m* e0 w
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ M; V0 T! O, X n' {
penile length in clinical studies.' i9 j: z% G y; m
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' d% n, m$ D5 g/ L3 R3 y# X5 M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' u' x# J6 o- A/ T$ J3 t. B
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# J7 M! G" A& L* K$ w& g$ ^7 wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% L: f. X5 x3 k! _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ x- x& p! F' j+ Idiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at7 t: X. {9 b; j5 i0 y1 B4 J
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 H% A9 ~7 s' }6 Eheight will not be affected.
- d7 M9 P$ v, W; ?, t* o# YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' c# a- d' U5 N* X1 kability of androgen products in our society may
' O. R$ Y# y6 ~2 D Y# mindeed cause more virilization in male or female5 O6 S7 ]3 R8 O8 J9 H
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% }. V4 `' U6 @* ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-, e# C7 i- V! T/ M7 F- m* N
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 v, M; Q( w! c& f
gel should be asked of the family members during
8 O6 X4 R! x$ U. dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
}6 _. S4 w! E/ w: ~+ Dilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 x5 y6 ~6 r: \8 X
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ F( p. e& N2 t. rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ Z. e' p1 y6 G% S# A1 ghistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
6 C9 K! o, v6 Kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" Q! H- r3 H4 k5 ^5 G0 R. J3 @2 h- g' X, ?investigation. The primary care physician should be2 D( h q6 S1 T6 S
aware of this fact, because most of these children- e# U, @4 |* _- Q2 v2 y/ q' x9 k
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 ^8 y. l+ q. W) @/ Y! q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* G' {7 N5 ^- k8 M9 |6 |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 [1 W3 G4 A0 o$ e. mfemale child who might come in contact with some-, X$ W# F7 ^; ]& D f0 I1 u( I4 l
one using any of these products.
2 Q* d4 N5 j! n* n2 y9 R& d) ]( JReferences2 W% R: E) R; y2 T+ m8 ~( o
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 w/ k+ n0 A' Q; F- W! C' Band puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* U' ~3 G7 R. d+ ^4 A# bEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
# \- I$ E0 Q; I2002: 565-628.
: B( j4 z, V$ G( r& N( ?; k2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) o! k# Z3 B% _* Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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