- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) z) t/ O8 h* l. u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
) T3 J5 i9 j/ ^1 \) ^Exposure to Testosterone3 r* A! R: B, Q: d
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; ]8 h0 a6 ?4 J! L0 Rand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
& W4 C( ^0 v" |+ j; E4 }Clinical Pediatrics
( K( v+ {6 E" zVolume 46 Number 66 L: Y" L( C H8 a' Y: }; b
July 2007 540-543
+ @* f# o! v/ Q# b) T( K- a/ h% R© 2007 Sage Publications) T. l6 W7 d, A1 o k f: X
10.1177/00099228062966513 X9 L$ u, h( B5 X }1 b( C; D
http://clp.sagepub.com7 L* H6 T3 }0 n
hosted at1 o) R. {2 }- y, R F {( _
http://online.sagepub.com
4 n$ I- L6 A) w# f+ YPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 d+ h8 `6 E, a2 @is a significant concern for physicians. Central
; k* P) O- ]7 B( P+ K& x m3 Xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ ]# F1 ^# X; `through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- t* e" B" R5 P3 ?1 o m* h
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 T1 Y! [3 @: j% x# T+ G9 e
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 ]9 a5 {: Y2 S2 R
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, A+ J3 e; ?6 r8 L( t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 J& F* ^9 u: R+ v$ F, Acles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. \8 U Q+ _3 I A% ?report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* G, G: _% C( L2 u2 H. R! `0 Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 {" [: S/ C* Y4 ]& b/ \ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 E4 `1 |) I5 cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
{) u. K7 ?8 }# z( X6 d! Xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
" N* {, f$ j0 ~2 i% Qmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; d# d: ]( t8 k/ y! l6 {
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 w5 ]9 @( A2 ?* e! J' Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
( F% r7 D0 Q6 q) T) J7 ]1 T1 pbly more common than the rare case report in the) e. O& \- Y/ L [+ n6 u
literature.4
& d( D0 x/ H/ A5 t* ~5 `Patient Report
* f( g1 v! w! i* ^A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 Y. w8 N* m+ h( R6 v: pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- T, D& C5 l0 z" ?. L5 H) \0 A: jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& {5 f2 e2 S) F* i: N D2 ^; H% Mlight colored pubic hair development when he was4 x' s% B, }: f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 U" e/ o) x! ?7 \2 T5 jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.! M7 [$ o) `: F- m' @5 u0 Z
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ F4 D; x5 T# f) F& ?" g0 XProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 i0 n6 ]% s# _: ^% y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# m; c i7 e0 I' N8 Te-mail: [email protected].; ~4 m' m9 I- l, n/ h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became$ A6 n ]6 {+ b" b+ T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ X; B3 T9 q# v! A& P+ ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 b' |8 x+ _$ ~- X. M1 K9 W, q- k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( w, ]- Y/ T/ Z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 y& k7 f0 x- R* w20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# V) y4 k( k# }! @
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 \( D' t2 }: g) j: e8 _) ^solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 G- z# @ _/ Y* }and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' f, y9 a9 V; ^( k8 a4 d4 ? |was age appropriate.
* e, r: i U5 t! y8 [' PThe family history was remarkable for the father,) B; |# c. ~( G _7 j9 F- s
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, e( T: U x& f' o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
( x) _$ b! L& M* R; h3 t: X1 q) D$ ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 f: a( v6 `$ G' Gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 T1 U) K7 U# N: NThe father denied taking any other medication. The9 y: m( M1 [7 m+ `4 s. \6 J
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# z# B0 L8 r* X: Wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ Z1 C3 \3 Z( ~5 ^5 M( w: N" e$ o
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- |- y- _7 }4 c( Q7 Bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 N+ Q1 q2 W% M: Y, Htives. There were no siblings.
) _- S' G0 ?3 v0 E% Z) HPhysical Examination
4 B/ h( r* b3 \1 w( t9 MThe physical examination revealed a very active,
) Y) g7 a( p' J$ i) x# nplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ k2 f* h, M9 p* A
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, d4 m6 p) u$ D7 p7 M4 W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- q) `9 k! n% u! A$ ^, i1 k, U
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
: r& `( C/ k. E, ~, R: U. Wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* y. w: q/ @$ a/ Q9 M
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.! N# F) W' j. W. B
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 p6 B1 n5 U, m- \4 Y( Zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- w" B6 u2 A" o9 s1 a( H; U. Y8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" a8 I& J, [3 b) Q* e! \developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 i" ~5 B5 c, T7 }& m7 Q
5401 n$ Z6 o# G) X1 C1 B+ q( A# C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( M) D5 s. r1 @" T5 s5 T5 Zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
5 ?( R( s' E5 |; Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ _0 N. f A2 h. U: R* F
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
0 f) o7 w- f* y5 g" U* Doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) @& P F) l: D8 e: i# | @9 s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., ^; E+ t% N- J0 K
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 c/ Q7 A+ \+ Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 i! B2 V0 Y3 o6 oof papilledema.6 u4 P: H& n7 p. z+ F. \7 K
Laboratory Evaluation
\3 F5 B- H1 ]8 XThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by. a) h% [1 ]2 M: t- b% Y. ?0 {! O8 [* k
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; ^% t9 g1 s5 z4 Glogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 C, X3 }0 \3 D# u# L
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& N, k' S4 C) }' \4 Oshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( Z' H2 w2 c: _6 r! S' clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ g f/ V/ ]6 O2 B# Z0 w
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' R3 N; w! _% j' F. Z, Ourea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* u2 j: K* ?5 u7 O' L2 T* uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 x7 H5 V# I' F8 }% k6 V$ L) s- W2 M+ r% Gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL G: L. k2 e3 F! q
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 ~# j0 ]* L' m8 h# Z) r( ^ k( Sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 \4 }8 A5 K5 f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
6 H$ l3 L( y6 U, e E6 q1 Rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ f- N- f) I W( u& H" l
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 C' R* @3 P. c, Q6 M5 e4 Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-- F- ~2 {% j# b2 l+ G* [& L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 q! m+ e/ R- D& N% Q- _ b9 Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 n& |: A0 {$ Q$ ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 k+ p" n+ v3 ~7 o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 J. P, m$ S0 k. f# y d. Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 F% p! Z1 I& [1 V8 a, K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% q& O6 {( q! E p(prepubertal).0 H! \8 a0 r2 i' H) N! v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 ^' `, O, {- e1 j, S6 F9 W/ Zresults and were informed that all of the tests were
$ ~$ ~1 v8 r* Y" xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 n n4 t7 W7 m+ h) Hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
3 z# r' H9 t! k$ e; Zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* l8 f6 _$ i v) l7 k& @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 @6 G3 Z X' a8 i+ r! S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the6 `; {+ l$ p; m7 W, N: n$ h& ]/ I1 I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 ^; f% H S- k% t# |" V, Y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. c# [2 l, a3 o
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' H3 S+ ?- q& I; j# n1 p7 Dpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 Q% C. u4 t0 [the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 a1 H7 ]7 j+ y# t5 wmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) T$ T) z/ k( \9 j0 l" C, @The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 o- E. i0 j1 Z, i9 e7 U/ v
ing frequent erections.
0 F$ P4 \$ H- uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
% k* B; L2 ?3 h# A* h+ h# ?. I* T7 _' cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 B: l" E2 L2 V* @3 dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
3 p4 v, n. O6 L; F. ETopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, F4 E& l5 W M0 L" m, D
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 M: M) q0 A3 H% @8 @! S& Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, `; w+ s. F! D' Q) ]9 H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ \# ~$ n8 n- _8 n' N! xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. M6 i3 L+ P, R' s. O# k" m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: X3 r8 Y: [6 \) [9 A& L4 @% ]secondary to depression.
+ F% n6 V! j: w$ W; @& o! o ~4 fThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
& a+ Q, S# a: E( m) k. U; z+ ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 Q2 C; o; V' a0 U6 m- c) L
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# z! [/ C. ^( K/ t* {7 j
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, W; w: B0 N" R' ~% z) o2 gThe father also admitted that after the phone call,. V) T& @3 J8 v" z/ [5 D t
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ B$ R. ~" ?, o7 {, x8 Y5 i
was high, he then read the product information
8 E- O* s9 l# g y& kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 X2 s, }) v. h* b
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
) r j7 e4 h% K! A( u2 t: w% e1 C) adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" t$ D3 a/ Y, d4 S. X3 f
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) f8 g8 B+ B |; ^' sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 G9 t& C, K" Y r4 ~- e8 T: K
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; \( j7 c" f6 S7 B- X e; z
laboratory to obtain the test./ B- j6 b! p- F& O0 [" Q3 h
Discussion
$ Z+ e, M5 w# V8 f6 G0 S0 @4 L& PPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 P$ ^$ H/ q7 m3 r% H7 Wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 I; i. M. k3 p0 bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
8 a6 ]! F% ?0 r; M5 j3 B+ @8 ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 Z2 B: U9 l( h6 hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. x7 P3 A4 d& K% Z" R( v4 Z) e# C3 J p
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! e0 O1 \ S, _
may have a central nervous system lesion that is9 J7 \1 e+ Q! m. h! i4 Q. [2 O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
, G0 z3 v2 W5 F* Vamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 O0 g0 l. x7 L0 ^) M' {% E& K; a( |sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. g( u$ |$ d7 l3 T, c8 _
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril- b. D' k; h0 G6 \$ L" `9 M& [
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 A- z( S: c3 o; Z# `7 k
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. ~ x7 k( z4 }# e
gonadotropins.1,38 k; h9 b) F/ e
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; r9 G9 l/ `! ^' Z2 c3 U b
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! F4 j9 O/ k" \- ?& s; H B* sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& i- I4 s- Y& c& U" f5 Aexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( M7 @% H$ p- b' ?* J! e5 @* d' ~ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, N0 w6 H3 w0 }& _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ u; i: f( w) zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 V/ J5 o7 C% B; s& ]2 U8 P
puberty in boys.3,4
2 _! D. q3 Q7 T- G `7 QThe most common form of congenital adrenal: A: B7 I) T, c/ o
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* A- f4 _2 e* E" [7 A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% w0 J- `, {' \* N7 p- c
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* N; F s$ B/ i& t5 H8 X
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 W, q8 F1 T2 ]6 `5 N) S
excess.1,3 g9 F" u2 H' [' y. T3 E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 g- U/ _ T4 M, H4 A5 s5 E; W
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
: k- p) U) w# x i/ DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
% y, i5 `8 a0 D5 }4 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
" N; ~3 F0 ^) e' o, Yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 O! Y! f2 L! m) u6 qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
! X- T1 h/ y. k) T8 i7 Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: E9 Q. ?8 X9 t$ J6 F3 Cincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 Z" g5 l: r% L' r$ U3 ?: ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 K, J" D( m' v$ M# @
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- x$ P; Y& g4 W* A ]" N% l
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
\2 k- Q( K% Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: Q+ h! X/ h4 T1 q# K9 b% Oautosomal dominant disorder that affects only+ ^; O, R' Y- ]( K& K
males; therefore, other male members of the family: s, G) x; T3 N5 } z% ~
may have similar precocious puberty.3
9 k% Y8 V6 H2 B0 e1 O% N$ B& w) G5 hIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
F! t# A3 I2 q, |' M9 ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 {5 z: N) I) a r2 f: n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. F9 q! Q: F% f/ }% d* ^) J1 K
was in the differential diagnosis because his father7 }7 S6 j$ G2 M+ @
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 V- Q4 j5 N. ~1 p6 Q0 p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( h5 B6 U5 @7 \* W4 e
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( |" n1 G! F) Y: a- h! k0 d
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our F! |) T( D/ k; q6 \
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
7 `+ K) r6 ^8 w: T' S# G! _% Feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ R' _# u! [" u% D: s5 [' N- g5 z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. E; H/ T. } w0 l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, a0 s- n8 ^1 N, n( KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' N* h6 c& U/ S* c) ~
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 _9 r# m( }& a+ G4 Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ Q% c: ]: I; m1 S
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 X; ] u* a* G
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 O- T: ~" P1 l" N: r4 K* x; | bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was# a! K7 ]+ K; I, `
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) L0 Y% o; P2 D& T0 V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! Q" q( ?# n& [8 T3 c( i5 P3 ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to' o# v% j+ u3 r1 J' s
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- [" p) p, W# s1 K6 M9 \3 TSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; U* ~5 C; ?; pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to5 ~2 f( l7 S! x; n# S/ {; l* Z% f
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' ~9 S/ d9 S4 L" Wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" l1 x3 P1 O5 b( a$ j$ I2 r
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.$ t+ ?! U O% R+ D4 ^3 V" i
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ [/ F0 N; w/ a- V {, hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, i# x# T0 W3 s/ B% ?( ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& }. U4 B) p+ S! i' H* D) m
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. A, d) m1 {. Jactive in young children exposed to testosterone
3 t F5 l; z8 T8 k8 P* \exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. {( V! d8 |$ I% k fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 d) ^% l+ R" g! J+ lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: @( W4 B% B& H$ h
children results in an increase in growth velocity and! m- P/ {8 E( H$ v$ l1 t0 n
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient. l! l) S! m* `: z: _. c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 ~, ~6 ?; n* I3 s" k9 z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 i; ~- @+ E! w# U6 Gadult height are not fully known and always remain
/ T6 u# Q! n3 ?a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& A- N V E# L$ V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
8 v' m1 D9 s5 }& g% kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 u/ L& ~2 w* A" {' G8 g3 ^cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation* Q7 [; l( v3 h; e! T
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 v, O I; Q6 k; l8 i C
There are conflicting reports and controversy' |9 O7 }" s9 u0 v' {1 q, K
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, L. L1 v& b! x" g) Y; A3 c) l) Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 y9 \ e" k+ K( m/ ] a
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% A# y5 }( D% M1 n' e
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 n( i' {7 O4 ^2 J T" l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: L/ z8 n2 j5 W" w' B7 ^; echildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ W$ x0 k! K8 {8 V5 G$ hpenile length in clinical studies.
0 L/ v7 f) H( S0 @' ZNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! d4 e9 e; U4 u5 W, Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from3 _' N( F6 J. K F M
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 E4 p3 k2 T- [' ~7 {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ s2 U+ `. } j! g" r
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of/ I6 p! f2 P v' t
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
M. `; R( [& W+ u9 x. Qthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult: }& ]2 s1 M( J: B* C" j
height will not be affected.
. q! P+ N* O- [2 x- D" L0 B: lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-- @5 P1 n! Y: u2 d8 S M# X
ability of androgen products in our society may
5 K, {/ P( H# X b! m' y5 Q' Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female+ [) A7 U/ C. x' r
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 X. ~; h/ ~% M: t* [
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 i$ ^6 p0 S" z, Z/ U
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 z7 U: u g* P1 ]9 r K. pgel should be asked of the family members during
: a# L ~" ]2 d, i4 f* kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
/ o: f4 y1 U; X& b% Y6 c; k' E; uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& U9 b0 _9 l1 Q* e* lnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 M& @1 U; v$ K7 q" F# Tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
3 v$ H- v% e' uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' z( A$ d) p$ I# R# U+ `* |
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 K% I. U% W& I' s' x, e% M) d0 Oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' n \) p8 g+ V; i" Naware of this fact, because most of these children; }4 Y) [8 m- p2 C+ ^% J( i o
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# ]1 a9 D) g/ x. B
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
/ h, d! ~' V. l% jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 O7 O" m$ B2 \8 M5 O" I vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
( P7 s: P# M# I+ m! V& m% {# Kone using any of these products.7 K1 }% X" u: g( A$ {* Y
References, B8 N. Q0 ~, G- V
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( O' q! O4 p; c. o% h
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; K1 [* T; a; R% O' e7 E) f7 M% U
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- E/ D( D2 p. g6 g6 n2002: 565-628.+ a! N/ ^: \; W& t' d
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
7 M g6 e+ b1 }5 r1 [) A2 {puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|