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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 @- A( V) T, @: Y  J; Y* I( {3 gBoy Induced by Indirect Topical/ [& R0 r) `* i$ p# j
Exposure to Testosterone
( K4 T/ v( N4 q/ q! e1 \4 x# U* xSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& h5 m; `  }/ L( ^4 iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ k1 p; G  |3 x* E9 T3 U" k$ ^' `
Clinical Pediatrics) b' A5 S8 h9 Q! x
Volume 46 Number 6' e8 ~5 ^8 R1 j3 Y  g/ j
July 2007 540-543- n* R* k) p0 |. i
© 2007 Sage Publications5 I/ y, H3 Z3 v+ v9 @1 p  l+ L6 j! p
10.1177/0009922806296651
% F% D1 [; O; y# J1 P% Rhttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ s/ K7 F+ W* Q8 E' r; [6 J# ihosted at5 f3 O( h  r! T/ D. o
http://online.sagepub.com: d; E& P4 o9 n8 h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,& h  X! y( j0 ^& b# q" C' a1 J) o
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' b& h; F) B9 O+ e( Jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% h+ m: Y8 J8 v+ v5 Nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 {9 k! g. f4 X; S' ]# ja higher incidence of organic central nervous system. Y5 I" S% x  |
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- }% E! Q, v9 S7 a' F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ K/ C. m+ E" N- @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-1 E% X9 q0 b) d; b$ y0 B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ r" z1 c4 k; f; a4 H( O
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; W3 }3 ?( N) P9 p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' J) g3 z8 I" M( E) [+ ^ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 v4 @: b" V1 M+ U( ?to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( o! f3 I- i/ t# M$ ]7 {; W
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 d  U/ v0 F$ W+ M
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this: @. @* Z- W- t$ j, c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 w6 ]0 S  @% K8 N8 X0 B7 ^# T4 U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 V1 }3 y0 `( v# S* o. |) dbly more common than the rare case report in the
9 N  ]! a' z& |" C" l, X, Hliterature.4
. r! {: o8 l6 Y5 r1 Z1 ePatient Report8 Z/ J. e  x/ |
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& N7 \8 U& f# Cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 M+ B9 t+ U4 ?+ d  f+ n4 ~/ |+ M% {of early sexual development. His mother noticed
; e2 ?4 b# n1 K0 U8 n+ olight colored pubic hair development when he was8 |4 w8 Z" c7 A7 ~! C0 C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
+ N3 v, h+ f/ ~& w1 o% FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ c: y* Z& p5 W8 s5 a2 O7 SAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" P. z" Y  c& d# r$ [" a+ H, E5 aProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; T8 k' F$ p% k8 y* P
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: }' M' M( ]; a
e-mail: [email protected].7 [2 @  |1 ^$ [7 U( w+ V- B# h% }" h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became/ \1 X; ~: f% T4 g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; L# E7 I+ M6 kment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) Z; z: e6 j1 k8 ~0 |* W2 Y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& C% L( ~) @5 b. D7 Q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) U" {% @9 K' j6 N, d8 w8 Q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 ]8 Q! ^: u- X9 @- L7 r+ |9 k2 @/ t( rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with" C/ V6 y4 {+ B+ c% a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) }! U: ]/ r# U- D4 g: ~
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* H9 T) S1 b  R' ]6 Zwas age appropriate.( S: V: D8 U1 V% _% }
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- J6 h7 u) z6 [. D8 W3 N8 ^  Nwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 h' S' m9 L+ ^! \" ~* h, O/ H) ~0 M' @! Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( R/ [+ ?3 R$ u9 d' K* }5 N8 k
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ a; M& d7 K0 A
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 s# Y  I" f7 `, s9 b8 H# eThe father denied taking any other medication. The% h- u! t3 Z# W$ [8 Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& |5 q0 F/ H0 S. A" ~0 u4 s, Owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ i9 J6 m8 J$ I& e/ S* F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. M* H! b8 y' f  o3 V* {4 ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; M0 f: p  K; h! |tives. There were no siblings.
7 g' L8 m0 e& n# T5 B# xPhysical Examination
3 D* F# k% b" m& M3 r, O. iThe physical examination revealed a very active,( u$ r8 s7 ^( c9 \$ t9 I9 Y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
$ o* p4 G4 k1 F5 ba blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* ?$ c3 V5 f" {6 q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! Y5 w/ j+ W# A: B2 K; O4 S+ r9 B+ c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; [  R- S' q. J, u  \; A& O' W' dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- e: E! R" z# t0 ^9 }& D: R0 a) o$ f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 f; a. U, {8 H$ g, ]5 M
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% F. X7 V8 c& F3 j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; F* D5 n' u5 T* }) }8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% s1 q2 F% e8 x* q- t# Ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ U: k* l& Z- ^
5406 |6 P# r) D4 `* ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) r/ I' I& I- M9 p9 [# r/ ^4 e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- S& |" G( I* Q, R: Z3 R
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.8 O3 t5 _0 c; I* M) B
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" E# P6 ~' P: E& d" O
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 ]* g: [. }0 p' N4 [: S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 G# X) B9 n7 y9 ^% A) _+ sNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 L0 z$ b, T0 P# p" K' t8 K$ z6 d; c
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. B. K6 Y) m1 Z* s- }. n; W% Jof papilledema." a5 V* s9 J7 Z% N) ?
Laboratory Evaluation! z( H  a; ]  f2 i- g1 [
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ s5 J! i' G. m3 a
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 I$ ^  |; @2 p1 z' g& D: E+ {
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. ]5 @4 D: \$ F+ ^1 I9 {9 n0 F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# U- f9 P) ^; [4 M- P  \% u. D5 Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; T% W& B' d6 Y6 P/ clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' o; m& a" d( ~4 J1 QThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" j2 ~9 R! {) V- b& m% f, q2 wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  a' p0 ]7 a3 e1 y' N$ b3 D# xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration7 ?$ M. m$ I* t$ ^5 h7 i. E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 P, K9 M5 X2 R1 B7 L7 n
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& E% D  a" {3 N0 c9 A3 J
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! T; g9 X  p0 Y6 nterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ p7 y# g. }9 \! b2 i& s( ~. \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& K- R; @/ R) o) I( Z' t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) y( }- n! g5 A9 lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 h: F! v" I' U, r+ h( z/ etisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- p% A9 I9 A9 u, j' U" Q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 o/ }  E' |9 m- v% D; nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 S( ?* a% W( W6 a" r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& ~# o5 s+ ^' P
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone& k# D" V: ~0 ^( x3 m# A( M$ `, N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* o. `5 {0 q3 C/ a4 H+ A) r(prepubertal)., L$ i$ V% `3 f- U
The parents were notified about the laboratory; X4 M. H7 C( H" |5 c5 W7 W) D
results and were informed that all of the tests were% I8 @, K+ M# F- g% _) r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The; A& b' p" j1 ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% v. |4 \4 ?, s( a- P; q
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" f5 K" z4 |" l: T6 G; T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
/ L0 Z0 ~6 `; _; dPhysical examination at this time revealed that the0 H( x5 e% e2 w5 _+ }* w( ]
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  v  L* P+ j% q4 b1 U& d# Z2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 V, a& t1 w+ `+ V8 ^  Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-+ w- B3 W. s. `; o) l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- t3 p5 {9 b% P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 p% w+ \* x; N# h5 tmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ G( [& R: Q$ o' ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ a' N+ P" c# R- q$ s8 Ping frequent erections.
% }& A& e3 [2 L2 I& ~Both parents were again questioned about use of
: B) G* r" S7 h7 B$ w6 V( gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
( j0 g" `# d. j: e. Othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- v8 ?& p% N$ N& w2 s
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) c8 ]7 N' h, ?# @& a: P8 W; [( W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: P" o: V$ Y; D( q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for5 ~( E2 |4 r+ A  E1 [1 r7 c, l" R
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 e( `: [- H( H8 o8 `7 e( O% o: Vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% C3 Q8 z) b3 O- Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 Q' y1 e7 s( P
secondary to depression.
+ q! |" @( r7 Z2 CThe child slept in the same bed with parents.( t; p* J4 H7 K: o
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 R$ M% n& g6 v. L
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 v+ R8 L( {  a, a$ F
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 q) Q; d3 b% C( o, t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
$ l1 ?1 ?; v( T( M+ Pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 ]; r4 G6 `% a; E8 Q/ H/ ]was high, he then read the product information, M5 K% ]8 |  L  T* v
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; S* ~" v" R1 a& T+ y$ n) \son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 b: y. Z+ Q* b( r
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 A& ]5 w5 ^2 p- P( s: Kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; X9 a; L( F# }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 H/ d6 T, h! ~$ Ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. q* e9 r, f: e( M, S+ @: Jlaboratory to obtain the test.3 c7 a( }) n; J5 R4 s- u% g
Discussion
0 {2 a* M, N- R% M( m0 yPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 `: q8 A; b- I# r5 C" O
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( J* ?0 Z8 p! x" v; z5 @, E
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ \  V: W2 o7 r  sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; f8 B9 \2 t$ m% Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  A, A7 {: @7 R# pmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( X+ `6 Z9 u" h6 P8 V# g" hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is" M. p: n! W0 ?" @: Y! J
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 i9 M0 ]2 y5 H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! Y) p9 F6 z) Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, r* _' a0 Z) mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. i& x4 o: O  \ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; A2 L: Z. w  j( ]* T6 g8 l; w! o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 K6 ~% l7 T+ g" W# Vgonadotropins.1,34 j+ t. V, Q9 R+ _6 q7 r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 j) e7 }1 {( s8 s* D& E
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
: C6 U3 t0 n3 Z, Y! q$ Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 U: {6 L% L+ ]+ k6 @exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 `, w  [! g5 {! O# w" k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: G$ B% i- Y9 F# j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive& k1 V  A4 y+ f' V
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
' M8 E2 L# d  ]4 f; zpuberty in boys.3,4
3 {5 \7 Z! |2 V  y% G- \The most common form of congenital adrenal6 c: l5 F2 |% O: E+ }. h  n" \
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 t6 A7 v& G6 C+ r' jThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
7 t2 u6 K& i/ j1 W6 ^* J) iexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," o' Q+ _, Z* D' `3 o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 D; u  ~; v% B" Jexcess.1,3
7 W$ @/ P% Z' W# W- Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* n, `, B& Z/ i! k3 F; e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- o- o& D2 o! E' }A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ g3 e" v( Z1 S0 R/ V5 _2 e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) Q8 t5 I4 y7 F6 Z( L
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) U9 p7 ^, P# D1 u) n
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ S' ?0 H8 `2 jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
0 J; x  D# D, Y" U6 Z5 X. X/ Tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& r3 b- t; U- d& ~1 h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
* ?. ?* q& G7 C/ n* v# E; H3 Sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show$ I, }# \$ v2 l! E( L1 r7 n) B& O# z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; ], M6 [' \. J! F$ V" Q7 {% o- v
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' [. \5 E& t; l1 s& M- U0 B" Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* L% {  S2 t1 z8 w5 _males; therefore, other male members of the family: G$ a1 Y$ D5 e- Q7 ^
may have similar precocious puberty.3
1 K$ W3 X0 R9 s2 VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: W, _) r. t, G0 s  `3 H9 @% s3 psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 d& z3 Y8 T+ e" y; t* ^* e/ [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: K: X4 @8 Y+ T* ?) X% `+ S
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 ], }& i1 O8 c+ K) d2 Hstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 j+ s3 k) V  k% [7 F. C9 H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' I; ?& A  r" l, D  Y6 {beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
1 r# ?2 d, ?4 }( L; u9 Y; E% z/ aative initial history of androgen exposure, our0 K) [' r5 g6 }8 f; }+ z: H
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( W0 E, Q3 K. |7 f/ E/ F
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& M. R( [6 a. m- ^deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 |5 h- k: L# l9 d! jing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 q7 `+ u/ g& G1 l( r$ A. h! n. [+ w
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 j! S: R7 U4 m" I
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 }* J+ q! w9 n, kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 r* o8 _2 Z' Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' I, }& P3 u1 D& }, C" R: F- w& Kdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! V8 N# K6 i/ p$ M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ l6 n& H7 u5 M& [- l/ f; }using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% y; o$ O, D- s! o
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ a+ [, r$ ^; i7 L5 [cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 z. S4 y/ D; }: K7 Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. U/ M7 j7 D  ?2 `  zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, d3 ?- Z$ e1 O! Pbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% u% h7 G  [$ x" T. v3 o
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! I: N/ ~; E0 Q2 B; g3 Epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ {* ~1 O. p( Z) J+ A
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 y0 H8 C4 m  g/ @
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
+ f8 [4 S0 D% q2 b4 H) E8 xwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 U9 m: H( B1 R. `4 u  |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" K8 _# `3 y0 f. G" [$ N' }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! u- X7 ^) Y# U6 x! @+ [active in young children exposed to testosterone) }8 b3 Z6 R# b1 B0 N0 E
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 X" W: A! P4 Z' _% j. Q) l
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ H2 I1 v3 I; xvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: @6 M2 z  R2 i# _% Vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
& A& E+ O% T+ g! c& ?0 X& Padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 I3 t& W0 E: u0 e* i
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during( F# ], g' ~" ~2 r" W8 W
early childhood on pubertal development and final
: W; ]7 c9 r- ]* b' @% Vadult height are not fully known and always remain' e0 K1 O( \/ ^4 Z
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! y4 }, q1 |, y: S, h' O
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 H2 L4 v7 F( m) n/ s, c7 @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 Q4 s$ J3 Q1 b1 x5 U, m$ @$ dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 W$ D& n6 p" I  f' K6 k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  k& w% B( k- R* ?4 Q/ A+ RThere are conflicting reports and controversy+ F3 T  |" D4 x: }0 \2 ^, Y
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- u: p# u- l0 N  |* u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 M# a$ y) g) A# S# `/ y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 h$ x& z  ?: o' a
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 w+ ?! Z* }3 c! p: {0 e
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
( A2 g- u' v4 n2 i" B7 hchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' f2 g5 X! K& L1 R5 D
penile length in clinical studies., t& S. h0 K& ^
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( y; O" F( j7 ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from4 `4 A. v1 U. D
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* M' P  i* n6 L, W
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) v7 M" G& \2 v# A3 ~- X8 B0 CAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 j2 F" r  |8 f4 e, jdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' L6 Z0 Y' d7 {9 d
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# G" n# M4 _, {4 z& `8 h8 g& C( o
height will not be affected.
: h" e/ A% d5 SAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 Y9 D$ D& ~% J3 z& `1 B1 a
ability of androgen products in our society may
+ W, [4 W9 p/ Z8 w4 rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
# [- U- S. T5 v9 Lchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- l; m- j% W3 t9 _
gen products must be considered and specific ques-! f4 ?; J* K& n4 h/ s( v) o
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 g3 u/ u7 w- N$ ?' {( W) q2 @) hgel should be asked of the family members during
! i3 f. O3 W& s1 |/ [- z6 f# B6 c' @& j2 Uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. B" |1 g. S; ?& w4 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 d& Y2 G) F0 }  R3 q  [
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by# w: e" ?- F) q9 t% H7 {* G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: q0 Q" K/ v& j
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! b; a- h, d) l% o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 Y: I: \$ ~8 ?8 k0 h$ Z% W! Xinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- z, O4 W1 G% }- n  P' Yaware of this fact, because most of these children: |( q8 D) K; d' }; a7 ?
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. C5 j' e$ k, g, b( g9 f& ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& Y' m3 q7 Z% S0 Y+ @1 E( K
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or' X$ R2 A' ]2 k& b, V# p# @: \
female child who might come in contact with some-
" n1 g" P  @+ y. w1 zone using any of these products.2 i; F4 B% U, x# h
References
% R: X% ]  U- \8 @- }$ ^1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 B. n1 I+ k/ {5 L! |/ qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 i/ n. H6 M5 t$ |, J6 V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
! b7 `7 U1 E, g) ]& m9 J2002: 565-628.
9 b* d! t9 d  F0 Y  e" |! L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" K# I1 N# U$ f: w  m  c
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- r$ I+ E* h' s3 mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
- M; v& ~4 b$ K! tExposure to Testosterone
9 ], w" Z* [( A- X4 b9 _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 M) J1 U# j& @+ X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 {5 n' {& n7 S: q2 K  P& G
Clinical Pediatrics) K, W. y4 N2 `" x: q
Volume 46 Number 61 B( R; j* [( V. K
July 2007 540-543
6 r) i* \2 {  k+ `& K8 U© 2007 Sage Publications
2 C! }* t( }% j; O10.1177/00099228062966518 I+ k( _8 J( k3 ?. ?- c7 w
http://clp.sagepub.com
! T3 [5 q* P6 \& Whosted at4 A- r  \9 y! F$ g" b7 y
http://online.sagepub.com9 M7 N, h, U5 W% p( r* i
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; A: k" A* W& Jis a significant concern for physicians. Central0 k# d- U4 J. O* `: ]
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& ]9 U: K3 z7 t# u. t* pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: H& z2 |* ]; G/ l8 ~  o! b8 E- j
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* \8 H$ {- Q- D+ n' {
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 h. M- v2 s! e9 b. o3 \% v
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 w1 I/ ^+ n1 w. W- b
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 W7 K, N0 ]! `$ D! g+ j5 B9 @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& Y0 ]' w' Z1 N! E% G
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
- l" O* P, `3 u' Z& w9 Fenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: K2 k. i. b* @% j, Pment without testicular enlargement, which was due
3 o5 _, w% J2 A) b+ Xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 W- e) q1 i- _' f! I" B6 h1 |2 j
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 W& S: r; z0 f8 bmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 z) N' @9 c! K* T
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 c7 z) {" ^) p' Z0 ^# wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  M) v; U8 z1 u- K+ M- f! [bly more common than the rare case report in the
* F- f9 z2 J5 t" d: C- g) O" Iliterature.4
  Z$ T6 g4 e8 j) X5 bPatient Report
6 A3 ]: F; ?2 D7 ]- J5 wA 16-month-old white child was referred to the& t( ?* W3 I0 e
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern7 n% O! X. T: ]. O2 C
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 W: x& p' @6 s' `% Klight colored pubic hair development when he was
& ~9 U( E  T2 a0 n( JFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! h' o# F# M# P1 O, v( U0 hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 G, k: [9 n8 z! C/ X! }4 uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* ]3 }  N" W. I3 |  x: `( a  `! o# I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 \' w; _1 E3 y0 }% P) I7 HMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;' L' x7 S! }  Z+ e
e-mail: [email protected].9 `! L: N6 M0 {& Y6 l3 C$ K
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 ]5 D4 Y$ L- O1 m7 a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" g% t' {8 i2 {; Q3 C! d, Wment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) X! @$ U5 t/ @" \& Q( Ewas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 A3 I1 S# h8 \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 r! Q# i! f8 z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) ?- ^0 i3 n: q2 m3 k0 ]
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
( f2 g7 _; K1 C. i0 Qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
1 g& {+ s8 T7 Sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& z. [8 a  Z/ L8 i; {was age appropriate.. m9 o1 f( @" ~
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ \' ^/ u$ O* u4 c; lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 b+ J( e: P0 Y/ t9 P& [
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# d4 b3 [( e- p" V" Q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 E  f7 f5 `2 p5 Y: N- eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; d$ f% q2 I8 g" ^+ A+ _% _& }2 F
The father denied taking any other medication. The7 Z" @8 T) n8 |) p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' G* ^1 O! z2 ~# U+ p9 n9 Mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* q& B# _4 \' z/ w* [8 f
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 D# j5 O" {. ~8 C1 J! A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 P5 H: G* N6 e  H; w8 utives. There were no siblings.( c  Z4 N) u$ B/ d$ m
Physical Examination
$ \* e* ^) q  m% a" B; C9 MThe physical examination revealed a very active,
; e' Y7 ~! p* X' \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 o3 t0 l: j) U6 R2 R1 L9 B+ j! j$ [a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 P0 j3 g' w9 s7 l
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" y$ ~7 Z: K  s4 h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) k4 \) ~3 g5 ?8 M3 B$ w
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# Q5 H5 l( l2 _7 F+ {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) Z1 C- w& h) O) xThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" F6 Y! ~" v+ @" K$ fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: N3 ]; x8 z2 d6 w1 B$ `; [# ~8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 Y5 o1 S# X4 i; @/ ^3 o( j% Q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 u* a% Y- `& v
5405 R3 t4 {  @4 A/ X1 @! z2 T: c" g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- U, i" v2 v5 Pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, N, a  B' m) f% }+ W3 C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 e4 y% Z* y1 x1 g
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% q! j' w  |; v+ f/ P
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no8 ^  \* U6 N/ v/ l
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ w. |  d& p: t: P9 c
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 Q! U: n0 R. ?, ]0 Q' G
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! c4 h9 t; T( Z( T; o" }
of papilledema.' W2 U3 [1 U% G1 }! H. Y2 X( G+ |
Laboratory Evaluation7 C$ W, e6 p3 Q6 ~4 W
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 `( U1 O" W! A# W6 Z+ c# N* t. Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ ^5 R, B8 I" ?$ F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; b4 U3 f1 [! s) j7 f5 y- A
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 p1 x/ d" ?# V( p# ]0 e
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-3 I& p" H4 D1 S; m* ?& `1 t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ c6 W" j3 K; t) s0 x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- v+ {" x' F2 [7 Nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ }" a9 r) Q8 |; E3 g) ^within normal range for his age. The concentration0 r6 d  F% l$ X+ x  K" ]3 p" ^) o
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. O  \+ m; @* @& u4 K% y, u$ |
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& g: g, R% @0 u7 A; Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-2 R* [! l+ x9 N2 X- j8 v
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 D2 _: X, i5 X: Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' O) C8 |$ E7 A5 X49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- G0 `5 W7 F; C7 w+ S1 z& Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( x; ?5 i9 R( Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 c- Q+ c5 m! |9 Z& jtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' B  r% }8 ?, `" J( A2 O
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than9 X, D5 Q" w1 Z$ [
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 K* y' |: t. D* Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: X3 U8 I! V/ g6 D3 z% gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ X$ a' \8 Z. C1 @(prepubertal).
5 \) x4 w+ }! N' e. ?8 AThe parents were notified about the laboratory
  t" i) J0 |: c0 F/ g& uresults and were informed that all of the tests were: I' @  g2 Y' T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, n+ s, d6 q# b! u7 O! a: M6 K
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 T5 [( a; ~5 Mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( G0 |0 P! {! l$ J: }ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 D' k. p$ T2 ?$ X" ^/ h9 R' CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
: |1 I; `. h% S( M: D% Bchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 K6 G% d$ x( M& [- X* I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
6 h6 s, l3 S1 ~5 R, u( @$ O, [unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% O) X& P- F' X9 |2 o( q* l: e
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
7 D3 C* c  m; Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  ^. r0 G, x$ a0 o/ gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. j2 a: }- _7 R1 i* w& v2 e: N
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* y  G8 c0 |2 X6 e8 i( C
ing frequent erections.8 y2 o, J# g( H' Y; X
Both parents were again questioned about use of( b; n8 I7 z( O) J- [9 i) u
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 G, L. h% Z9 H; m( ~, Ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# X% O& P( [' }3 n1 Y# ]6 v/ _
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541: i. h, @3 G( O% c" A+ n6 k
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: ~8 ~6 s% @: `% i0 q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for9 Z# s4 X) P" B) h" S0 G
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# _* z4 E, R5 k' g; W8 @$ I0 Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 T$ Y; j7 m, o' O  Q2 s4 n9 Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 S& g; b1 y7 k. }3 H# F+ O9 lsecondary to depression.
' @: c7 P& P# D! i9 d  p( a3 sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
. V/ V2 ?3 p) L! EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his; a) L) \# l2 R% D! g
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ y  T$ ]8 _% H) J9 j6 B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 p; M4 L8 t& `The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  j- L" D) ?" s* q9 W3 _when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 j1 v$ p0 P+ Z5 F& \* I  jwas high, he then read the product information0 V  C6 s; k2 o; J- }' u, s9 v; p
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& [/ `7 a. V# F* W6 K6 c3 Mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' |4 h! h" u+ |3 D, i
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) V8 u$ F. ^; W" i( G5 Z# `1 Vfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ i! T+ T( I$ \been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
2 @" M1 b  g; _7 V6 {$ J3 g4 |test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 e" t) o  W$ V7 G9 ylaboratory to obtain the test.
$ `, I# z; u. G5 k7 ~' |# |Discussion& o" h# n" S8 k8 S" L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 P9 z# e1 Q' c& _+ j$ @: d% ?) Wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* J" o8 e9 x- x" r  l1 R& t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ _0 M# l3 c/ X  S; V6 v+ A
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" a& P! K* s+ j$ A2 c3 t- R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 [: H. x5 o8 L8 J0 T! ^  N
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ q! k" G* _2 S$ ~) amay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 A6 x. M$ p4 v: Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 Q# O* Z. M5 A, X0 u7 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) D7 P% F) A% o) csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) M8 r% M" H( L* Rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-; J$ z5 |. ]( `/ B, n7 T0 U
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( ^8 x' D0 D: H; k0 |2 }- D: A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 t6 H+ E6 Y1 l% y5 Q$ i" Z' A& M5 v
gonadotropins.1,37 X3 n' {2 N1 A
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 S9 s6 N: P  z( h8 r, m
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! i/ a5 X! }0 X4 k1 V" h: _: [' e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or2 U) D$ |& ^- `+ b9 J- L
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 H8 |8 |0 v2 Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
3 c2 k2 w1 B- e* i! ]' S& @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& Q9 `* y# h6 Y1 A) J* \adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 m' M% f; Z" i. e& _" w3 r4 j( b
puberty in boys.3,4
8 b- E2 `: X% O2 X& t5 }4 |The most common form of congenital adrenal! O& N; g" f- i" z% N' e
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 B2 H* j7 g% h$ R, }" G# s2 }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 Y3 f- m( v: vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 g: B0 {, c: E" Y2 |% Uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( m; b! |' p; R0 L% F, l6 Y$ x% R) Aexcess.1,3
/ G) v2 s* ]* i5 D8 x3 l5 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. p1 O/ Y; a- Z* z! @542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 S8 F- q% R* m3 e9 F% z8 TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. x' c" H% q& o4 y9 i; gindependent precocious puberty, which is also known) ], Q) D. p3 x4 J/ O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 J$ I5 n! S, Y* ^" ^6 S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 b1 x! y: c7 j" b2 e# c6 o' {with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 p. N1 ?0 M% n. M$ z# }: v- Tincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ Q7 ?, t; k; X5 Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 L9 u( w; }/ p" C0 R. Xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# t3 k6 u7 b/ y1 k- z5 Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- T& I- {& o) K6 e" D4 \* S7 Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ A, I# m* d) A0 R/ `  t) A# {autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( L: z  T- }& z2 U8 t$ o6 amales; therefore, other male members of the family
/ P; c$ Q" U9 Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
8 j" x- j! @0 e# ^8 q" J" P( r3 UIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
& C9 [& m+ V; u6 _sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 c2 e$ r# ^& e6 T+ ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' n: p0 N5 D& k. \  P' }was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 K; S* ~$ p& c  H& _2 w7 y0 M: f5 Lstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; i* u; r5 O8 W) b' ?  R
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* T$ O' U0 k- v5 Ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# I9 `# L: H0 k3 M$ Y4 l' fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
' G' Y* I, i3 v1 V9 S5 wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,( G  [; b' b$ E9 m2 g, }9 f
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# u( f- R, i( }2 E7 p) W
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% s  |. z! E, d- y0 Fing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 h# _/ J+ E3 bThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: a) \$ p, f9 _' ^
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; J1 R" ^6 \3 _, l; U' W9 Zthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-$ |+ ?1 L, k1 ^2 H
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 I% X( a0 l+ X+ v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 _2 T5 G9 {1 o+ L; D; tterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) J. B% D; b& b3 I1 O0 I
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 Z6 O$ z2 B; E1 ~9 z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( y. `" o- k0 O) [( i! I6 t
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to! j4 V9 x* n1 s4 `" t
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.8 X  P1 C! ]" i
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 {: m- T' z- q- U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to; _4 F. @$ m$ {2 o5 D9 l2 z1 g
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- k8 w5 Z5 c, e2 n- a
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 N* ~0 C) w! E3 |/ v) L; ttion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! A; @* f3 T% |2 t  ?; l2 h: a) S- Z
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: E2 Q. {. W6 Z! c! N9 i: j
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( }  j2 Q1 ^" d4 p6 K/ P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-& t! d' t4 N  R# a
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% ?" s, F0 r  y% N4 l9 Ractive in young children exposed to testosterone
# b% g/ w# {/ ?+ xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' J8 F, g: Y) P. Q
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* z9 Z" p1 x* P: D, T
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. j( {4 H: }: F  n6 L4 m' _* Tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, {1 K  @( F- r) C3 B; wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; q" \: M2 K* r7 P% ?/ oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) Q4 d) N! P1 A, y1 a5 ^( jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
; P- H/ c* U2 U% H+ F: h4 b& r8 Uadult height are not fully known and always remain
, m; a2 K8 {2 y$ a9 O+ m3 wa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* A5 o( X% T) x3 l" Gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some( O8 C, y$ \1 u: E! {! m; x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; o/ M( t) n" o% D5 {
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
# r, L- @8 D8 o1 Gdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; i; @  M- N4 g" R; X' h7 g3 d! eThere are conflicting reports and controversy% d5 W( t! h- e. e! ~, r2 k
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 M8 S. h. `7 w0 l9 Z: Apenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 c# ?: [( P' I% v2 `% eadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ G0 t! X/ o% l2 U6 H5 F" \
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,# U" I% Q. Z3 l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 Z7 T5 d$ p5 K, [  r
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: M+ k7 F+ A2 ?4 h' B4 Epenile length in clinical studies.9 {3 m0 M! I, M) Q- j
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 E3 l& G% o- V4 X0 w1 Mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 g+ @1 C$ V4 G7 F8 j
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. D3 C2 m5 x1 p0 H3 f4 e4 t
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  [0 c# ^( u) H8 @6 `' f# oAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 N2 n( q# c  L- V1 S" U9 z5 Cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% @9 F  Z4 K2 s; a0 u' U& sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* w& p. S6 `5 o3 p+ r
height will not be affected.3 `1 P7 S" ?6 W, r% p1 T5 J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 P0 d( s* n8 t0 pability of androgen products in our society may
7 V: v. }6 r4 c( I$ Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 I: t- B& L3 {# p3 Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* o! r# R! L: s/ ]: I3 G$ z: p# [
gen products must be considered and specific ques-$ x- w$ t$ y4 h4 w8 @& W: J2 |* j
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 j# @& K. g* n( |" A) D5 O2 {gel should be asked of the family members during
1 D0 Z- `; T' N+ e1 Zthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ O( i/ \; ^/ I1 lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 v/ U. X* ]5 o. G* d- K1 c* @+ Dnosis can be established by just a few tests and by- d$ P/ w" V, \6 z8 S) E7 ^
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, A) A% N' V! D/ Yhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% p7 d- j+ p: [" }
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" y$ w8 s  N  Y) \" [1 Rinvestigation. The primary care physician should be( d9 h) b9 {. d! R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 k+ J" B6 N3 W1 O3 ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 }, B% `) x: Y" v0 S- i
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 Z+ G/ J7 ^6 T0 ]9 i: i- k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- q8 A2 J: v! {  f" W' k9 u. T3 |: Rfemale child who might come in contact with some-
, I7 N. y, M9 ]( M) J6 n/ bone using any of these products.
9 i& s; M: e. C9 w  P/ g. u! j7 EReferences7 }% V( w% O$ m  \9 R. V
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 [0 v: e4 _( l# e6 g  Mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 S" P# w1 {' `) @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' S  _* u) H) X& E6 _2002: 565-628.* w$ m/ i. @/ `2 R' t+ R3 k
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 i& Q6 t8 e  x* b
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

( _- y0 }1 O7 l) x& s精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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